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yr Cewuered, , ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, , Third Edition ~ | *

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS, , Elaine Rich received her PhD in Computer Science from Carnegie-Meljon in 1979 after, which she served as a faculty at the Department of Computer Science, University of Texas., Later, she joined the Microelectronic and Computing Technology Corporation (MCC) to, become the Director of the Artificial Intelligence Lab. In 1998, Dr Rich returned to the CS, department at the University of Texas at Austin as a Senior Lecturer and has been teaching, Automata Theory. Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing. In 1991,, Dr Rich was elected a Fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence., Dr Rich has also published a book entitled, “Automata, Computability and Complexity:, Theory and Applications” in 2007., , Kevin Knight received his B.A. in Computer Science from Harvard University and his, PhD in Computer Science from Carnegie Melton University. Presently, he is Senior Research, Scientist and IS] Fellow at Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California., He is also Research Associate Professor in the Computer Science Department at the same, university, His research interests include machine translation, natural language processing,, artificial intelligence, semantics, statistical modeling, heuristic search, and decipherment., , Shivashankar B Nair received his Master’s and Doctoral degrees in Engineering from, Amravati University, Amravati, where he served as a faculty member from 1986 to 1998., He later joined the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, where he is an Associate, Professor in Computer Science and Engineering. Presently, he is on a sabbatical as a Visiting, Professor (Korean Brain Pool) at the Human-Centred Advanced Research Education Centre,, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea. His major areas of interest include realworld Artificial Immune System Applications, Intelligent and Emotional Robotics, Natural, Language Processing, Genetic Algorithms and Mobile Agent Systems.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, , Third Edition, , Elaine Rich, Senior Lecturer, The University of Texas at Austin, , Kevin Knight, Senior Research Scientist, and iSI Fellow, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, , Shivashankar B Nair, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, , BHANDARKARS' COLLEGE LIBRARY, ‘00!, , CCN. NO. PT 839, WO, , Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, NEW DELHI, McGraw-Hill Offices, New Delhi New York StLouis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas, Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal, San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

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Fe, , , , , , Su AaB: auth sul a@T Y, CGO DAPOCR s 8 r, Set Dee de wic ,, , , , wen NPT :, Dawe Tf Aes,, , , , I Tata McGraw-Hill, , , , Copyright © 2009 by Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, , Fourth reprint 2010, DZXCRRDZRCXYA, , No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic,, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without, the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and., executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication, , This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, , ISBN- 13: 978-0-07-008770-5, ISBN-10: 0-07-008770-9, , Managing Director: Ajay Shukla, , General Manager: Publishing—-SEM & Tech Ed: Vibha Mahajan, Sponsoring Editor: Shalini Sha, , Js. Sponsoring Editor: Nalanjan Chakravarty, , Sr. Copy Editor: Dipika Dey, , Sr. Production Manager: P L Pandita, , General Manager: Marketing—Higher Education & School: Michael J Cruz, Product Manager: SEM & Tech Ed: Biju Ganesan, , Controller—Production: Rajender P Ghansela, Asst. General Manager—Production: B L, Dogra, , , , Information contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw-Hill, from sources belicved to |, be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness, ‘of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible, for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with, the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting:, to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an, appropriate professional should be sought, , , , , , , , Published by Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited,, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110-008, typeset at Bukprint India, B-180A, Guru Nanak Pura,, Laxmi Nagar 110 092 and printed at Gopsons Papers Ltd., Noida 201 301, , Cover: Gopsons Papers Ltd., , , , The McGraw-Hill Companies