Page 1 : 1|Page, , Chemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 16, Chemistry in Everyday Life, , Medicines or Drugs, , Chemicals which may be used for the treatment of diseases and for reducing the suffering from, pain are called medicines or drugs., , The branch of science which makes use of chemicals for the treatment of disseases [therapeutic, effect] is called chemotherapy., Some important classes of drugs are, , Antacid, , The chemical substances which neutralize the excess acid in gastric juice and raise the pH to an, appropriate level in stomach are raUed antacids., , The most commonly used antacids are weak bases such as sodium bicarbonate [sodium, hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO;), magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH),] and aluminium hydroxide, [AI(OH)3]., , Generally liquid antacids are more effective than tablets because .. have more surface area, available for interaction and neutralisation acid., , Milk is a weak antacid., , Histamine stimulates the secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid. The drug cimetidine, [Tegamet] was designed to prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the, stomach Cimetidine binds to the receptors tbat triggers the release of acid the stomach. This, results in release of lesser amount of acid. Now ranitidine (zantac), omeprazole and, lansoprazole are used hyperacidity., , Tranquilizers (Psychotherapeutic Drugs), , Chemical substances used for the treatment of stress, anxiety, irritability and mild or even, severe mental diseases, are known as tranquilizers. These affect the central nervous system and, induce sleep for the patients as well as eliminate the symptoms of emotional distress. They are, the common constituents of sleeping pills., , Noradrenaline is one of the neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood change. If the level, of noradrenaline is low, the signal sending activity becomes low, and the person suffers from, depression. In such situations antidepressant drugs are required. These drugs inhibit the, enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline. If the enzyme is inhibited, this, important neurotransmitter is slowly metabolized and can activate its receptor for longer, , Scanned with Cases

Page 2 : 2|Page, , periods of time, thus counteracting the effect of depression. Iproniazid and phenelzine are two, such drugs., , Barbituric acid and its derivatives viz. veronal, amytal, nembutal, luminal, seconal are, known as barbiturates. Barbiturates are hypnotic, i.e., sleep producing agents., , oO Oo o :, NH E NH Et NH, A Et A Et shes, oO 7 o eo x 0 . ¥, H H H, barbituric acid luminal veronal, , Equanil is used to control depression and hypertension., , Non-hypnotic chlorodiazepoxide and meprobamate are relatively mild tranquilizers suitable for, relieving tension., , Analgesics, Medicines used for getting relief from pain are called analgesics. These are of two types :, 1. Narcotics, , Drugs which produce sleep and unconsciousness are called narcotics. Mhese are habit forming, drugs. For example, morphine and codeine. Morphine diacetate is commonly known as heroin., , 2. Non-narcotics, , These are non-habit forming chemicals which reduce mild to moderate llatn such as headache,, toothache, muscle and joint pain, etc. These are also termed as non-addicti,ve. These drugs do, not produce sleep unconsciousness. Aspirin (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is most commonly used, analgesic with antipyretic properties. Now these days because its anti-blood clotting action,, aspirin is widely used to, , heart-attacks., , Scanned with Cases

Page 3 : 3|Page, , , , Aspirin is toxic for liver and sometimes also causes bleeding from- stomach. So, naproxen,, ibuprofen, paracetamol,dichlorofenac sodium are other widely used analgesics., , Antipyretics, These are the chemical substance which reduce body temperature during high fever., , Paracetamol, aspirin, phenacetin (4-hydroxy acetanilide), analgin and novalgin, etc., are, common antipyretics. Out of these, paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol) is most common., , OH, , , , NHCOCHs, paracetamol, Antimicrobials, , An antimicrobial tends to kill or prevent development of microbes CII inhibit the pathogenic, action of microbes such as bacteria, fungi and virus selectively., , [Sulpha drugs constitute a group of drugs which are derivatives of sulphanilamide and have, , great antimicrobial capacity, thus, these are widely used against diseases such as dyptheria,, dysentry, tubercu losis, etc.], , Scanned with Cases

Page 4 : 4|Page, , , , , , sulphanilamide sulphadiazine, , CHg, , so wa sou s0,NH-CO, , “ \_4 = \ 4 NN,, , CHs ~>, , |, , NH, NH» NHe, , sulphadimidine sulphapyridine sulphaguanidine, , In structure these drugs are analogues of p-amino benzoic acid Different types of, antimicrobial drugs are as follows :, , 1. Antibiotics, , These are the substances (produced wholly or partially by chemical synthesis) which in low, concentrations inhibit the growth of microorganisms or destroy them by intervening in their, metabolic processes., , Antibiotics are products of microbial growth and thus, antibiotic therapy has been likened to, “setting on.e thief against another’,, , Antibiotics are of two types :, 1. Bactericidal antibiotics have cidal (killing) effect on microbes. For example, penicillin,, ofloxacin, amino glycosides, etc., 2. Bacteriostatic antibiotics have a static (inhibitory) effect on microbes. For example,, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, etc, , Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered (by Alexander Fleming) in 1929. It is a narrowspectrum antibiotic. Ampicillin and amoxicillin are semi-synthetic [lodifications of penicillin., , Scanned with Cases

Page 5 : 5|Page, , Penicillin is not suitable to all persons and some Personsare allergic to it. Consequently, it is, essential to test the patients for sensitivity (or allergy) to penicillin, before it is administered., , In India, penicillin is manufactured at Pimpri and Rishikesh (Uttarakhand)., , Broad-spectrum antibiotics also called antibiotics, are antibiotics which are effective, against different types of harmful microorganisms. e.g., Tetracycline, chloramphenicoltgiven, in case of typhoid, dysentery, fever ofloxacin, etc., , 2. Antiseptics, These are the chemicals which either kill or prevent the growth microorganisms. Antiseptics, are applied to the living tissues such wounds, cuts, ulcers and skin diseases in the form of, , antiseptic creams like furacin and soframycin. e.g., Some important examples of antiseptics are, , (i) Dettol is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol., , OH CH3, , H3C CHs, , , , cl H;C OH, , chlorexylenol terpineol, , (ii) Bithional is added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties to reduce the odours produced by, bacterial organic matter on the skin., , cl OH OH Cl, , @:-@, Cl QQ, bithional, (iii) Tincture of iodine is a 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol, which is a powerful antiseptic, for wounds., (iv) Iodoform (CHI;) is also used as an antiseptic for wounds., , (v) Boric acid in dilute aqueous solution is weak anIUS4!pa eyes., , 3. Disinfectants, , Scanned with Cases