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MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE, FOCUS AREA TOPICS, MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules, MICROBES AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS, TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE, MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, ●, , We use microbes or products derived, from them everyday., , ●, , A common example is the production of, curd from milk., , ●, , Micro-organisms such as Lactobacillus, and others commonly called, , lactic acid bacteria (LAB), grow in milk and convert it to curd., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, , lactic acid bacteria (LAB), ●, , During growth, the LAB produce, acids that coagulate and partially, digest the milk proteins., , ●, , A small amount of curd added to, the fresh milk as inoculum or, starter contain millions of LAB,, which, , at, , suitable, , temperatures, , multiply, thus converting milk to, curd., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, , lactic acid bacteria (LAB), ●, , Curd improves its, nutritional quality, by increasing, vitamin B12 ., , ●, , In our stomach, LAB, play very beneficial, role, , in, , checking, , disease-causing, microbes., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, ●, , ●, , The dough, which is used for making foods such as, dosa and idli is also fermented by bacteria., The puffed-up appearance of dough is due to the, production of CO2 gas., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, The dough, which is used for, making bread, is fermented using, , baker’s yeast, (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, , ●, , A number of traditional drinks and, foods are also made by fermentation, by the microbes., , ●, , ‘Toddy’, a traditional drink of, some parts of southern India is, made by fermenting sap from palms., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, , ●, , Microbes are also used to, ferment, , ●, , fish,, , ●, , soyabean and, , ●, , bamboo-shoots to make, foods., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, , ●, , Cheese, is one of the oldest food, items in which microbes were, used., , ●, , Different varieties of cheese are, known, , by, , their, , characteristic, , texture, flavour and taste, the, specificity, , coming, , from, , the, , microbes used., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, ●, , For example, the large holes in, , ‘Swiss cheese’ are due to, production of a large amount, of CO2 by a bacterium named, , Propionibacterium sharmanii., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, ●, , The, , ‘Roquefort cheese’ are, , ripened by growing a specific, fungi on them, which gives them, a particular flavour., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules, , ●, , Microbes are used for commercial, and industrial production of certain, chemicals, , like, , organic, , acids,, , alcohols and enzymes., , Examples of acid producers, ●, , Aspergillus niger (a fungus), produces citric acid,, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules, Microbes used for production of enzymes, ●, , Lipases, , are used in detergent, , formulations and are helpful in, removing, , oily, , stains, , from, , the, , laundry., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules, Microbes used for production of enzymes, Pectinases and Proteases, ●, , bottled, , fruit, , juices, , bought, , from the market are clearer as, compared to those made at, home., ●, , This is because the bottled, juices are clarified by the use, of pectinases and proteases., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules, Microbes used for production of enzymes, Streptokinase, ●, , Streptokinase, , produced, , by, , Streptococcus, , bacterium, , the, and, , modified by genetic engineering is, used, , as, , a, , removing, vessels, , ‘clot, , clots, of, , undergone, , buster’, , from, , patients, myocardial, , for, , the, , blood, , who, , have, , infarction, , leading to heart attack., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules, , Statins, ●, , Statins, , produced, , by, , the, , yeast, , Monascus, , purpureus have been, , commercialised as blood-cholesterol lowering agents., ●, , It acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for synthesis of, cholesterol., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS, Biocontrol, ●, , Biocontrol refers to the use of, biological, , methods, , for, , controlling plant diseases and, pests., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES, MICROBES, ASIN, BIOCONTROL, HUMAN WELFARE, AGENTS, , ●, , In modern society, these, problems have been tackled, increasingly by the use of, chemicals, , –, , by, , use, , of, , insecticides and pesticides., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES, MICROBES, ASIN, BIOCONTROL, HUMAN WELFARE, AGENTS, ●, , In modern society, these problems, have been tackled increasingly by, the use of chemicals – by use of, insecticides and pesticides., , ●, , These chemicals are toxic and, extremely, , harmful,, , to, , human, , beings and animals alike, and have, been polluting our environment, (soil,, , ground, , water),, , fruits,, , vegetables and crop plants., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES, MICROBES, ASIN, BIOCONTROL, HUMAN WELFARE, AGENTS, ●, , Our soil is also polluted through, our use of weedicides to remove, weeds., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES, MICROBES, ASIN, BIOCONTROL, HUMAN WELFARE, AGENTS, ●, , The, , biocontrol measures will greatly, , reduce, , our, , dependence, , on, , toxic, , chemicals and pesticides., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES, MICROBES, ASIN, BIOCONTROL, HUMAN WELFARE, AGENTS, ●, , The very familiar beetle with red and black, markings – the Ladybird, and Dragonflies, , are useful to get rid of aphids and, mosquitoes,respectively., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES, MICROBES, ASIN, BIOCONTROL, HUMAN WELFARE, AGENTS, Example of microbial biocontrol agentsBacillus thuringiensis, ●, , These are available in sachets as dried spores which, are mixed with water and sprayed onto vulnerable, plants such as brassicas and fruit trees, where these, are eaten by the insect larvae., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES, MICROBES, ASIN, BIOCONTROL, HUMAN WELFARE, AGENTS, Bacillus thuringiensis, ●, , In the gut of the larvae, the, toxin, , is, , released, , and, , the, , larvae get killed., ●, , The bacterial disease will kill, the, , caterpillars,, , but, , leave, , other insects unharmed., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES, MICROBES, ASIN, BIOCONTROL, HUMAN WELFARE, AGENTS, Bacillus thuringiensis, ●, , Because of the development of methods of genetic engineering in the last decade or, so, the scientists have introduced B. Thuringiensis toxin genes into plants., , ●, , Such plants are resistant to attack by insect pests., , ●, , Bt-cotton is one such example, which is being cultivated in some states of our, country., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES

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MICROBES, MICROBES, ASIN, BIOCONTROL, HUMAN WELFARE, AGENTS, Example of microbial biocontrol agentsTrichoderma, ●, , Trichoderma species are free-living, fungi that are very common in the, root ecosystems., , ●, , They are effective biocontrol agents, of several plant pathogens., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES