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For More updates Visit: python4csip.com, dskjbhfkjfhppythonwww.python4csip.com, , Need of Computer Network, , Resource Sharing :- Resource Sharing means to make all programs,, data and peripherals available to anyone on the network irrespective, of the physical location of the resources and the user., Reliability :- Reliability means to keep the copy of a file on two or more, different machines, so if one of them is unavailable (due to some, hardware crash or any other) them its other copy can be used., Cost Factor :- Cost factor means it greatly reduces the cost since the, resources can be shared., , Application of Computer, Networks, 1. Sharing of data, services and resources, 2. Access to remote database, 3. Communication facilities, 4. Time saving, , Elementary Terminology of Networks :1. Nodes (Workstations):- The term nodes refer to the computers that, are attached to a network and are seeking to share the resources., CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More updates Visit: python4csip.com, dskjbhfkjfhppythonwww.python4csip.com, Server:- A computer that facilitates the sharing of data, software and, hardware resources on the network., , MAC Address: A (Media access Control) address is a hardware identification, number that uniquely identifies each device on a network (assigned to a NIC, by the manufacturer)., , IP Address: Each computer on internet is identified by a unique number, called IP Address. E.g: 192.168.1.1, , Types of Computer Networks, LAN (Local Area Network): A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network, that is limited to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a, geographic area such as a school building, office or a university, campus. It is generally privately owned networks over a distance, not more than 5 Km. e.g. network in a college, school, hospital etc., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More updates Visit: python4csip.com, dskjbhfkjfhppythonwww.python4csip.com, WAN (Wide Area Network): These are the networks spread over, large distances, say across countries or even continents through, cabling or satellite uplinks are called WAN. E.g. Internet, , PAN, , (Personal, , Area, , Network):, , A, , PAN, , is, , a, , network, , of, , communicating devices (Computer, Phone, MP3/MP4 Player, Camera, etc.) organized around an individual person. A PAN can be set up, using, , guided, , media (USB, , cable), , or unguided media (Bluetooth,, , Infrared)., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More updates Visit: python4csip.com, dskjbhfkjfhppythonwww.python4csip.com, , Network Devices, 1., , Modem:-A, , modem, , (modulator/demodulator), , is, , a, , hardware, , device that allows a computer to send and receive information over, telephone, , lines., , When sending, , a signal,, , the modem, , converts, , (modulates) digital data to an analog signal and transmit it over a, telephone line. Similarly when an analog signal is received, the, modem converts it back (demodulates) to a digital signal., 2., , Hub :- A Hub is an electronic device that connects several, , computers together to form a network and redirects the received, information to, , all the connected nodes in broadcast mode. The, , computer(s) for which the information is intended receive(s) this, information and accept(s) it. Other computers on the network simply, reject this information., Example of how a hub works is shown below., Computer A wants to send a message to computer B. It sends the, message through the Ethernet cable to the hub, then the hub repeats, the message to all of the connected computers., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , Types of HubPassive Hub: This type of does not amplify or boost the signal. It, does not manipulate or view the traffic that crosses it., , Active Hub: It amplifies the incoming signal before passing it to the other, ports., , 3., , Switch, , :-, , A switch is a network device which is used to, , interconnect computers or devices on a network. It filters and, forwards data packets across a network. The main difference between, hub and switch is that hub replicates what it receives on one port onto, all the other ports while switch keeps a record of the MAC addresses, of the devices attached to it and forwards data packets onto the ports, for which it is addressed across a network, that’s why switch is, intelligent Hub., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , Diagram of A 4-Port Switch, Example of how a switch works is shown below. Using a switch,, computer A sends a message to computer B—the other computers do not, see the message. Those computers can send other messages at the same, time without interfering., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, 4. Repeater :- A Repeater is a device that is used to amplify and, regenerate a signal which is on its way through a communication, channel. A repeater regenerates the received signal and re-transmits, it to its destination., , 5. Router :- A device that forwards data packets from one network, to another by finding the shortest route, based on an internal routing, table and the address of the destination network in the incoming, packet, the router determines whether to send the packet out (in, other network) or keep it or forward within the own network., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , Bus Topology, , :-Bus topology is a topology for a Local Area, , Network (LAN) in which all the nodes are connected to a single cable., The starting and ending point of cable is called terminator., , ADVANTAGES, • It is easy to install., • It requires less cable length and hence it is cost effective., • Failure of a node does not affect the network., , DISADVANTAGES, • In case of cable or terminator fault, the entire network breaks, down., • Not suitable for large number of computers., • At a time only one node can transmit data., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , The STAR Topology: -, , A STAR topology is based on a central node which acts as a hub. In, star topology each node is directly connected to a Hub/Switch ., , Advantages:, • Easy to troubleshoot, • A single node failure does not affect the entire network., • Fault detection and removal of faulty parts is easier., • In case a workstation fails, the network is not affected., , Disadvantages:• Difficult to expand., • Longer cable is required., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , • The cost of the hub and the longer cables makes it expensive, over others., • In case hub fails, the entire network stop working., , TREE Topology, Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topologies. It is used to, combine multiple star topology networks. All the stars are connected, together like a bus., , Features of Tree Topology, • Ideal if workstations are located in groups., • Used in Wide Area Network., , Advantages of Tree Topology, • Extension of bus and star topologies., • Expansion of nodes is possible and easy., • Easily managed and maintained., CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , • Error detection is easily done, , Disadvantages of Tree Topology, • Heavily cabled., • Costly., • If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult., • Central hub fails, network fails., , Mesh Topology :-, , Mesh topology is a group of nodes which are all connected to each, other and many types of connections are possible in a mesh topology., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, Advantage of Mesh Topology, •, , The arrangement of the network nodes is such that it is, , possible to transmit data from one node to many other nodes, at the same time., •, , Fault is diagnosed easily., , Disadvantage of Mesh Topology, •, , Installation and configuration is difficult., , •, , Cabling cost is more., , •, , Bulk wiring is required., , Introduction to Internet, The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking, infrastructure., globally,, , It, , forming, , connects, a, , millions, , network, , in, , of, , which, , computers, any, , together, , computer, , can, , communicate with another computer as long as they are both, connected to the Internet. The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way or medium of accessing information over the Internet. It, is an information sharing model that is built on top of the, Internet., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , ” The Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but, did not become visible to the general public until the early, 1990s. By 2020, approximately 4.5 billion people, or more, than half of the world’s population, were estimated to have, access to the Internet”., The Internet provides a capability so powerful and general that it, can be used for almost any purpose that depends on information,, and it, , is accessible by every individual who connects to one of, , its associated networks., , URL :- URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is, nothing more than the address of a given unique resource on the, Web or address of a website. The URL is an address that matches, users to a specific resource online, such as webpage., Example- http://www.python4csip.com, , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, WWW, , : The World Wide WEB (WWW), commonly known as the, , ‘Web’. It is an information system where all the web resources, are identified by Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Tim BernersLee invented the WWW in 1989. He wrote the first web browser, in 1990., The World Wide WEB (WWW) or ‘Web’ is a collection of, WebPages found over the internet. Web browser uses the, internet to access the ‘Web’., , Application of Internet, Web 2.0 :, The term web 2.0 is used to refer to a new generation of websites, that are supposed to let people to publish and share information, online. It aims to encourage the sharing of information and views,, creativity that can be consume by the other users. E.g:Youtube, , The Main characteristics of web 2.0 are:, ✓ Makes web more interactive through online social media webbased forums, communities, social networking sites., ✓ It is a website design and development world which aim to, encourage sharing of information and views, creativity and, user interactivity between the users., ✓ Video sharing possible in the websites, , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, Web 3.0: It refers to the 3rd Generation of web where user will, interact by using artificial intelligence and with 3-D portals. Web 3.0, supports semantic web which improves web technologies to create,, connect and share content through the intelligent search and the, analysis based on the, , meaning of the words, instead of on the, , keywords and numbers., , e-mail : email (or e-mail) is defined as the transmission of, messages, , over, , communications, , networks., , Typically, , the, , messages are notes entered from keyboard and sent over, internet using computer or mobile., , Chat : Chat may refer to any kind of communication over the, Internet that offers a real-time transmission of text messages, from sender to receiver. Chat messages are generally short in, order to enable other participants to respond quickly., , Voip :- Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that, allows you to make voice calls using a broadband Internet, connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line. VoIP, services convert your voice into a digital signal that travels, over the Internet. If you are calling a regular phone number, the, signal is converted to a regular telephone signal before it reaches, the destination. VoIP can allow you to make a call directly from a, computer. Examples of Voip:-Whatsapp, Skype, Google Chat etc., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , Advantage of Voip:, ✓ Save a lot of money., ✓ More than two people can communicate or speak., ✓ Supports great audio transfer., ✓ Provide conferencing facility., ✓ More than voice (can transfer text, image, video along with, voice)., , Disadvantages of Voip:, ✓ Reliable Internet connection required., ✓ No location tracking for emergency calls., , Website :- a website is a, , group of web pages, containing, , text, images and all types of multi-media files., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , Difference between Website and Webpage :Website, Webpage, 1. A, , collection, , of, , web, , pages A, , document, , which, , can, , be, , which are grouped together displayed in a web browser such, and, , usually, , together, , in, , connected as, various, , Google, , Chrome,, , ways, Opera, Microsoft Internet, , Often called a "web site" or, simply a "site.", 2. Has content about, , Firefox,, , Explorer etc., , various Has content about single entity., , entity., 3. More, , development, , time, , is Less, , required., 4. Website, , development, , time, , is, , depends, , on, , required., address, , does, , not Webpage, , depend on Webpage address., , address, , Website address., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , Difference between Static and Dynamic webpage :Static Webpage, , Dynamic Webpage, , The static web pages display the, , In the dynamic Web pages, the, , same content each time when, , page content changes according, , someone visits it., , to the user., , It takes less time to load over, , Dynamic web pages take more, , internet., , time while loading., , No Database used., , A database is used in at the, server end in a dynamic, , web, , page., Changes rarely., , Changes frequently., , Web Server :- a web server is a computer that stores web, server software and a website's component files (e.g. HTML, documents, images, CSS style sheets, and JavaScript files)., When client sends request for a web page, the web server search, for the requested page if requested page is found then it will send it, to client with an HTTP response. If the requested web page is not, found, web server will the send an HTTP response :Error 404 Not, found., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , The basic objective of the web server is to store,, process and deliver web pages to the users using Hypertext Transfer, Protocol (HTTP). Apart from HTTP, a web server also supports SMTP, (Simple Mail transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol) protocol, for e-mailing, for file transfer and storage., , Web Hosting :- Web hosting is an online service that enables, you to publish your website or web application on the internet., When you sign up for a hosting service, you basically rent some, space on a server on which you can store all the files and data, necessary for your website to work properly., A, , server, , is, , a, , physical, , computer, , that, , runs, , without, , any, , interruption so that your website is available all the time for, anyone who wants to see it., CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, Types of Web Hosting:, , One server acts as, multiple servers for, multiple websites., , One can use the space, allotted to him to host, websites for other third, party users., , Web Browswer :- A web browser, or simply "browser," is an, application used to access and view websites. Common web, browsers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome,, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari., , Plug-ins:- a plug-in (or plugin, add-in, add-on) is a software, component that adds a specific feature to an existing computer, program., , When, , a, , program, , supports, , plug-ins,, , it, , enables, , customization. Plug-ins are commonly used in Internet browsers, but also can be utilized in numerous other types of applications., CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com, , Add-ons( in terms of H/W): An Add-on is either a hardware, unit that can be added to a computer to increase the, capabilities, , or, , a, , program, , unit, , that, , enhances, , primary, , program. Some manufacturers and software developers use, the term add-on., Examples of add-ons for a computer include, card for sound, graphic acceleration, modem capability and, memory. Software add- ons are common for games, wordprocessing and accounting programs., , Cookies :- cookies are small files which are stored on a, user’s, , computer, , and, , contains, , information, , like, , which, , Web, , pages visited in the past, logging details Password etc. They, are designed to hold a modest amount of data specific to a, particular client and website and can be accessed by the web, server or the client computer., Cookies are stored in Hard-drive and are referenced by, web browser., , CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT (CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD, KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
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