Page 1 :
3. THERMOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT, Experiment No. 3.1, Aim: To, , determine, , the, , heat of solution of potassium, , nitrate, , or copper, , sulphate, Definition: The amount of heat energy liberated or absorbed when I mole of a solute is completely, dissolved in excess of solvent such that the further dilution does not alter the heat change is called heat, of solution., , Apparatus required: 250 mL ofpolythene bottle with stirrer, Thermometer (1/10)C, , taq, KNOe, Chemicals required: 10gKNO, (or 10g CuSO,.5H,0), Procedure: About 10 g powdered KNO, crystals are taken in a clean and dry weighing bottle. It is, Reaction:KNO, , 250 mL, weighed accurately and the mass m, g of it is noted. 200 mL of distilled water is taken in a, noted. The crystals in, polythene bottle fitted with a thermometer and stirrer and its temperature T,K is, into the polythene bottle and stoppered immediately. It is, the weighing bottle are transferred carefully dissolves, by decreasing the temperature of solution. The, stirred gently to dissolve the crystals. KNO,, and its mass, lowest temperature attained (T, K) is noted. Now the empty weighing bottle is weighed, m, g is noted., , Observations:, , 1.Mass ofweighing bottle +KNO,crystals-m=., , 2. Mass ofempty weighing bottle=m, 3. Mass ofKNO,crystals taken=Wm,- m,., 4. Temperature of distilled water=TC., 5. Lowest temperature attained by thesolution = T, C=.., , K, , 6. Fall in temperature=t=(T,- T)C=....K, , 7. Mass ofsolutionm=(200+W)=.g, , 8. Specific heat ofwater=s=4.2JKg, Calculations:, mass of, , Heat absorbed=, , solution, m), , X, , ...J, X ' .**********.*.., , Heat absorbedby 101.1gKNO,(I mole)=, Result: Heatofsolutionof KNO,=AH=..., , specific heat, of solution, , X, , temperature, , 101.1 x X, , J/mol, W, ...kJ/mol, , of, replace CuSO,, Note: To determine the the heat ofsolution KNO,, , (249.5g CuSO.5H,0=I mole=,, , fall in, , J/mol)

Page 2 :
Experiment No. 3.2, Aim:To determine the heat ofneutralization ofstrong, , acid (HCI) with a, , strong, strong base, , (NaOH), Solutions required:100mL IN HCl& 100mLINNaOH, when I g equivalent mass of an acid is, Definition: The amount of heat energy liberated or absorbed, 1s called heat of, base in dilute solution, completely neutralized by 1g equivalent mass of a, neutralization., , HC +NaOH,, , NaC+H,O+aH-ve, , Procedure: Take a 250 mL polythene bottle fitted with a two holed cork. A thermometerand a stirrer, , are inserted into the bottle through the cork. This serves as calorimeter (because heat absorbed by the, calorimeter is neglected). 100 ml of INHCIis taken in the polythéne bottle and its temperature (t) is, , noted. 100 mL of1 N NaOH is taken in a beaker and itstemperature (t)isnoted. Now pour the NaOH, solution into the polythene botle, it is immediately stoppered and stirred gently, HCI & NaOH make, exothermic reaction liberating heat energy. Therefore the temperature of the solution will increase. The, , maximum temperature attained by the solution(T)isnoted, , Observations:, 1., , Temperature ofHClsolution=1, , 2., , Temperature of NaOHsolution=, , 3., , Average temperature beforemixingTC-, , .K, , **, , K, , K, , 4. Maximumtemperatureattainedbythemixture = T,C, 5., , Rise in temperature=t(T T)C., **, , 6., , Mass ofsolution (100 mL HCI100mL NaOH) = m= 200g., , 7., , Specific heat ofwater y4.2JK"g, , .K, , Calculations, Heat liberafed =q=(m) mass of solution x (s) specific heat x (t) rise in temperature, q=200 x 4.2 x t, .J, 100 mLof i Nacid or base contain 0.1 gram equivalent mass, , 1000 mL ofacid or base contains 1gram equivalent mass, Heat liberated by the neutralization of 1000 mLof IN, , HCl=10xqJ=., , Result: Heat ofneutralization of HCl with NaOH=AH.., ..., , -8-, , kJ, , .X10°kJ

Page 3 :
Experiment No. 3.3, Aim: To, , determine the enthalpy change on, mixing Chloroform and Acetone., Principle : Acetone and chloroform is a real solution, showing-ve deviation from Roult's law. Acetone, mixed with chloroform, by forming H- bond along with release of heat energy., , Equation:(CH,), C-0+H-CC,, Chemicals required: Acetone,, , (CH,),C-O.H-CC,, , chloroform, , Apparatus required: Polythene bottle, stirrer, thermometer, Procedure:, 8.14 mLofchloroform, , (0.1 mol) is taken in a 50 mLbeaker andíts temperature ís noted(,C), , 7.34 mL of acetone (0.1, , ('C), , mol) is taken in a 100 mL polythène bottle and, , its, , temperature is noted, , Chloroform is added into polythene bottle,, stoppered and shakeh wéll for uniform mixing., Acetone mixed with chloroform, liberating heat energy, increase in temperature of mixture is, noted (Tc), , Calculation:, 1., , Initial temperature of chloroform, , 2., , Initialtemperatureofacetone:, , 3., , Average temperature, , 4, , Temperatureofmixtureofchloroform and Acetone= TC=., , 5., , Rise in temperature t=, , 6., , C, tC=....., , 2TC-, , c, ., , (T-T)., Water equivalent ofcalorimeter=wg=. .... 6, , 7., , Density ofchloroform=1.47g/cm, , 8., , Density ofacetone= 0.787 g/cm, , 9., , Specific heat ofchloroform=S=0.96J/g, , 10. Specific heat of acetone, , =, , Enthalpy ofmixture, , S,-2.18 J/g, , Wx sp.heat x t, =, , [(8.14x 1.47xS,)+(7.34x 0.79 xS,)]xt, , Result: Enthalpy of mixture of Acetone and chloroform is H , . . ., , -9

Page 4 :
TEST FOR FUNCTIONAL GrOUPS IN ORGANIC COMPoUNDS., Aim:To identify the functional groups present in organie compounds., , 9., , . TEST FOR UNSATURATION. a) Bromine water test., Test, , Inference, , Observatlon, Indicates, , the, , Indicates, , the, , presence, , Organic eompound is dissolved Orange colourofthe bromine is, unsaturated compound., in CCL+ ew drops ofbromine | discharged., , ot, , waterwith continuous shaking., b) Baeyer's test., , Organic compound dissolved in | Pink colour, acetone+few drops of alkaline | discharged., , of the KMn), is, , presence, , ot, , unsaturated compotunds., , KMnO, solution., , ., , TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP (R-OH). a) Ceric ammonium nitratetest., Test, , Observation, , Organic compound + few drops, , Red colourappears, , Inference, Indicates the presence of, alcoholic group, , of Ceric ammonium nitrate, solution shaken well, , (b) Lucas reagent test:, Organic compound + Lucas, , Layers separate immediately, reagent (mixture of anhydrous Layers separate within s, ZnCl, & Cone. HCI ) shaken | minutes, , Layers donot separate, , well., , 3 alcohol, 2 alcohol, , 1alcohol, , chloride test., II. TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUP (AR-OH). a) Neutral Ferric, , Observation, , Test, , Inference, Indicates the presence of, , Organic compound +fewdrops Aviolet colouris obtained., phenolic gnroup., of neutral FeCl, solution, test (It is used to detect Phenol), (b) Phthalein dye test or Phthalein fusion, colour is obtained. The | Indicates the presence of|, Organic compound +a pinch of| A pink, +, on addition |phenolic group.(Ar-OH), Conc.colour disappears solution, phthalic anhydride cool, & | ofexcess of NaOH, H,SO, heat the mixture,, pour into dilute NaOH solution, KETONES GROUP, , IV. TEST FOR ALDEHYDES AND, test for aldehydes & ketones), a) 2,4-DNP test.(It is a general, , Inference, Observation, precipitate isContirms the presence of|, + 2,4-DNP| Crystallineorange, Organic compound, carbonyl group. (aldehyde or, (dinitrophenyl hydrazine obtained., ketone), solution), Silver mirror test:, Tollen's reagent test or, (b), (-CHO), for, aldehydes, Test, mirror or blackAldehyde groupis present, compound + Tollen's|Silver, Test, , Organic, , reagent, heated, , on a water, , bath,, , obtained, precipitate is, , cool the content., , T, , 41

Page 5 :
c)Benedict's/Fehling's reagent test., , Organic compound +Benedict's A brick, reagent Fehling's solution & obtained, , precipitate is | Aldehyde;group isis pres, prese, , red, , heated, , d) Schiff's reagent test., , Organic compound, , +, , reagent, , Test for Ketones (-CO-), , Schiff's|A pink, , colour is obtainea, , Aldehyde group, , is, , present, , a) m-dinitro benzene test, , Test, |Organic compound +a small|, amount of powdered m-|, dinitrobenzene + NaOH, , Observation, A violet colour is obtained., , Inference, Ketonic group is prèsent., , solution, shaken well, b) Sodium nitroprusside test:, , Organic compound, , Sodium|A, nitroprusside+ NaOH solution, Test for, , +, , red colour is obtained., , carboxyl group (-COOH) a) Litmus, Test, , Ketonic group is present., , paper test, , Observation, , Inference, , Organic compound + blue litmus paper | Blue litmus, paperturns red, (b) Sodium bicarbonate test:, , Thecarboxylic group is present, , Organic compound + NaHCO, solution Brisk, effervescence is obtained., c) Esterification test, , The carboxylic, , Organic compound +few, A fruity smell is obtained, of alcohol+2-3 drops of drops, cono, , The carboxylic group is present, , H,SO,, heat, cool & pour tbe, , mixture, , into, , VI. TEST, , group is present, , Na,CO, solution, , FOR PRIMARY AMINES (NH). a) Litmus, paper test i a Test, , Observation, , Organic compound +red litmus| Red litmus paper turns blue, , paper, , taneoRE, , 3, , Inference, Primary amine is present, , b) Carbylamine test, , Organic compound+CHC, +| Offensive, , alcoholic KOH, beat, , bad smell, , obtained, , c) Diazotisation or Azo dye test (Test for aromatic, , Organic compound dissolved inA redor orange, , dil.HCl and cooled in ice + ice, , cooled NaNO, solution + ice, , is| Primary amine, , is, , (aliphatic/aromatic), , present}, , primary amine), dye is obtained Primary aromatic, amine, present, , cooled solution of B-naphthol in, NaOH, 42-, , is

Page 7 :
10. PREPARATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Experiment No. 10.1, Aim:Preparation of ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS or Mohr's Salt), , Apparatus, , &, , Chemicals, , Required: Two 25 mL beakers, a glass rod, china dish, funnel, stand, wirs, , gauze, tripod stand & filter paper, 14, , e, , gof FeSO,,6.5gof (NH),SO, & 2nml dil.H,SO,, , An equimolar, , FeSO, & (NH,),SO, solution upon concentration & cooling gives pale green crystals, of, FAS (Mohr's salt) are formed., Reaction:, , Procedure:, 1., , FeSO,+(NH,),SO, +6H,O, , Ferrous, , sulphate, , heat, , Ammonium, , FeSO,(NH,)SO, 6H,0, FAS, , sulphate, , 14g of FeSO, are treated with 2ml of dil. H,S0, in a 100 ml, beaker. About 6.5 g (NH,J,SO, crystals, , are added into it., , 2., , Dissolve the contents of, beaker in 50 ml of distilled water. The solution is then boiled & cooled to, the crystals of FAS., get, , 3. The crystals are, , separated by filtration& purified by, , Result: The yield of FAS, , =., , recrystallisation from hot water., , 10.2, , Preparation of potash alum (K^SO, AL, (SO, ),24H,0)., Chemicals required:6.6gAL(SO,),,24gK SO, and, dil.HSO,, Procedure:, 1. 6.6, gAl(SO,, , ), and 0.5 mL dilH,SO, are, , dissolved in10mL of hot water & about 2.4 g of KSO,, crystals are added into it, 2. The mixture is heated, with constant stirring until K,SO, dissolves, completely., 3. The solution is, cooled to get, , white crystals of potash alum. The crystals are, filtrationand dried between folds, finally separated by, of filtçr paper., K,SO, +AlSO,), +24H,O, K,SO,.AL(SO,),. 24H,O, Result:Yield of potash alum, g, 10.3, of potassium trioxalatoferrate (III), Chemicals required: 3gofoxalic acid, 3.8, g ofKOH, 2.5 gof FeCl,, Procedure:, 1. 3g oxalic acid, is dissolved in 15 mL, distilled, , Preparation, , of hot, water and 3.8 g KOH are, with constant stirring., dissolved ina beaker, 2. 2.5 g FeCl, are added into the, above solution with constant, stirring. The solution is then boiled &, cooled to get white crystals of, potassium, trioxalatoferrate, (III). The crystals are separated by, filtration and dried between the folds of filter, paper., , FeCl,+6KOH +3 H,C,O,, , heat, , K,Fe(C,O,),1+3KCI+ 6H,0, , Result: Yield of potassium trioxalatoferrate (III), , =, , ., , 44-

Page 10 :
VIVA QUESTIONS, PRACTICAL EXAMINATION, PUC, YEAR, 13. II, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN, FOR, ALCOHOLS, , Which is the functional group, , Ans., , -OH(Alcoholic group), , 2., , Name a test for alcohols, , Ans., , Ceric ammonium nitrate test., , 3., , Explain Ceric ammonium, , Ans., , 4., Ans., , When an alcohol is, , nitrate test., or red colour, ammonium nitrate solution, pink, shaken with Ceric, , reacts slowly, Which type of alcohol, , appears, , with Lucas reagent?, , Primary alcohols., , reacts instantaneously with Lucas reagent?, Which type of alcohol, , 5., , Tertiary alcohols., , Ans., , Name the chemical, , 6., , ofalcohol?, , reagent used to distinguish primary alcohol, secondary algohol, , and, , tertiary, , alcohol?, , Ans., , Lucas reagent., , 7., , What is Lucas reagent?, , Ans., , Ans., , Amixture of anhydrous ZnCl, and Conc. HCl is called Lucas reageht., , Ans., , What is the meaning of2' alcohol?, carbon atom., The alcohol in which-OH group is attached to secondary, , 9., , What is the general formula of primary alcohol?, , Ans., , R-CH-OH, , 10., Ans., , What is the general formula of secondary alcohol?, , 8., , R-CH-R, , OH, , PHENOLS, , 1., , Whatis phenolic-OH group?, , Ans., , -OH group which is dirctly, , bonded to Benzene ring., , Phenol does not displace CO, from NaHCO, solution (Sodium hydrogen carbonate) Why?, , 2, Ans., , Sincephcnolisless acidic than carbonic acid., , 3., , Write anytwo tests for phenols., , Ans., , i) Neutral Ferri Chloride test, ii) Phthalein dye test, , Ans., , 5., Ans., , Neutral ferric chloride test for phenol., Explain, When phenol is treated with Neutral ferric chloride, a violet colour is obtained., , Explain, phthalein dye testfor phenol., Phenol is mixed with phthalic anhydride and Conc. HSO.The mixture is beated, cooled and, poured into a dilute sodium hydroxide. Apink coloured salution is formned., , 6., Ans., , Why pink colour is formed in phthalein dye test ?, It is due to formation ofphenolphthalein., 49

Page 11 :
7., , Ans., 8., Ans., , Name the organic compound formed in, phthalein dye test for phenoi., phenolphthalein., , What is neutral ferric chloride, solution?, Aqueous solution of Neutral ferric chloride is acidic due to hydrolysis. It is made neutral by, , adding NH,OH, 9., Ans., , CH,OH, , 10., Ans., , Itis highly corrosive., , Write the formula of, , phenol., , Why phenol should not touch with bear hands?, , ALDEHYDES AND KETONES, 1., What is the common functional group found in, aldehydes and ketones?, Ans. Carbonylgnroup (>C-0), , 2., Ans., , What is the functional group of, aldehydes?, CHO (aldehydic group), , 3., Ans., , What is the functional group of, ketones?, Co(ketonic group), , 4., , Name the common test for aldehydes and ketones, , Ans., , 2,4-DNPhydrazine test, , 5., , Expand 2,4-DNPhydrazine, 2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine, , Ans., , 6., , Which coloured precipitate. is obtained when an aldehyde or ketone is treated with 2,4- DNP, hydrazine ?, , Ans., , Orangecolouredprecipitate, , 7, , Name the orange coloured product formed when benzaldehyde is treated with 2,4-DNP, , hydrazine., , Ans., , Benzaldchyde 2,4-DNPhydrazone, , 8., , What is Tollen'sreagent?, , Ans., , Ammonical silver nitrate solution is called Tollen's reagent., , Explain Tollen's reagent test., , 9., Ans., , Vhen anadldehydeis heated with Tollen's reagent, a black ppt. (silver) is formed, , 10., , Nameatest for ketones., , Ans., , m-dinitrobenzene tést or Sodium nitroprusside test., , CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, 1., , Whatisthe functional group ofCaboxylic acids?, , Ans., , COOH (Carboxyl group), , 2., , Explain litmus test for carboxylic acids., When a blue litmus paper or blue litmus solution is treated with a carboxylic acid, it turns to red., , Ans., , 3., , Ans., , Explain Sodium bicarbonate test for, , caboxylic, When a carboxylic acid is treated with, sodiumacids., bicarbonate solution, effervescence occurs due, to the liberation of CO, gas., , -50

Page 12 :
How can you confim the liberation of CO, gas during sodium bicarbonate test for carboxylic, acids?, , Ans. Bypassing CO, gasintolime water which turns milky., 5., Ans., , What is lime water?, Asolution of calcium hydroxide., , 6., Ans., , Explain Esterification test for carboxylic acids., , 7., , Name the ester formed when acetic acid is heated with ethyl alcchol in presence of Conc., , A carboxylic acid is mixed with an alcohol and a few drops of Conc. H, SO,. The mixture is, heated and pour into sodium carbonate solution, fruity odour is obtained., , Ans., , HSO, , Ethyl acetate., , carboxylic acidwhich acid isused inesterificationtest?, .Ans. Otherthan, Conc. H, S0,., Ans., , What is the role of Conc. H,SO, in esterification?, Dehydrating agent., , 10., Ans., , Name the tests for carboxylic acids., 1. Litmus paper test, 2. Sodiumbicarbonate test, , 9., , 3. Esterification test, , AMINESS, 1., Ans., , What is the general formula of 1", 2 and 3 amines?, , 2, , Name the confirmatory test for, , Ans., , Carbylamine test which is answeredby both aliphatic and aromatic primary amines., , 1'amines:R-NH,, , 2amines:R-NH-R, , 3'amines: R-N-R', , primaryamines., , 3., , How do you distinguish between aliphatic and aromatic primary amines?, , Ans., , By azo-dye test which ia answeredonly by aromatic primary amines., , 4., , Which is the functional group of primary amines?, , Ans., , NH,amino group), , 5., Ans., , Which type ofamines answers carbylamine test?, All primary amines., , 6., , What type of odour is observed in carbylamine test?, Offensive or bad odour is observed., , Ans., , Explain azo dye test for primary amine, Ans., , An aromatic primary amine is dissolved in dil.HCl and mixed with ice cold sodium nitrite, , solution, to this B-naphthol solution in NaOH is added, a red dye is formed., 8., Ans., , Explain carbylamine test for primary amines., When a primary amine is heated with chloroform and alcoholic potash (KOH), a bad smell of, , carbylamine is obtained., 9., , Ans., 10., Ans., , Why bad, , smell is obtained in carbylamine test?, Due to liberation of carbylamine., , What is alcoholic potash?, A solution ofKOH dissolved in alcohol., , -51