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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , Scientists and Related Fields, 1., , Ernst Mayr (1904-2004), , :, , Evolutionary Biologist, , 2., , Matthias Schleiden, , :, , German Botanist, , 3., , Julius von Sachs, , :, , German Botanist, , 4., , Theodore Schwann, , :, , British Zoologist, , 5., , Cornelius van Niel, , :, , Microbiologist, , 6., , Alfonso Corti, , :, , Italian Anatomist, , 7., , Dr. W. Dudgeon, , :, , American Missionary Te ache r., , 8., , P. Mahe shwari, , :, , Indian Botanist, , 9., , Reginald C. Punnet, , :, , British Ge neticist, , 10. George Gammow, , :, , Physicist, , 11. Alfred Wallace, , :, , Naturalist, , 12. Lamarck, , :, , French Naturalist, , 13. Edward Wilson, , :, , Sociobiologist., , 14. Paul Ehrlich, , :, , Stanford Ecologist, , 15. Ramdeo Misra, , :, , Indian Ecologist, , 16. Francois Jacob, , :, , Gene ticist, , 17. Jacque Monad, , :, , Biochemist, , 18. Alexander von Humboldt, , :, , German Naturalist & Geographer, , 19. Rene Descartes, , :, , French Philosopher,, Mathematician and Biologist., , Sizes in NCERT Biology, 1., , Diameter of pollen grain, , :, , 25-50 micrometer., , 2., , Diameter of RBC, , :, , 7 micrometer., , 3., , Smallest cell, , :, , Mycoplasma (0.3 micron in length), , 4., , Largest cell, , :, , Egg of an ostrich, , 5., , Typical eukaryotic cell, , :, , 10-20 Micron, , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 1, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 6., , Typical eukaryotic plant cell :, , 50 micrometer, , 7., , Typical plant ce ll, , Onion cell, , 8., , Typical eukaryotic cell cycle :, , Human cells in culture., , 9., , Size of bacteria, , :, :, , 3-5 micron, , 10. Typical bacteria, , :, , 1-2 micrometer, , 11. Viruses, , :, , 0.02 - 0.2 micrometer, , 12. Diameter of G.B. cisternae, , :, , 0.5-1 Micron, , 13. Diameter of mitochondria, , :, , 0.2-1 µm (Average 0.5 µm), , 14. Length of mitochondria, , :, , 1-4.1 micron, , 15. Length of chloroplast, , :, , 5-10 micrometer (µm), , 16. Width of chloroplast, , :, , 2-4 micrometer, , 17. Length of E. coli DNA, , :, , 1.36 mm, , 18. Length of Human DNA, , :, , 2.2 m, , Experimental Materials, 1., , Engleman experiment, , :, , Cladophora (green algae)., , 2., , Priestely experiment, , :, , Mint plant, , 3., , Van Niel experiment, , :, , Purple & green sulphur bacteria, , 4., , Mendel’s work, , :, , Garden pea (Pisum sativum)., , 5., , Hugo de Vries work on mutation :, , Eve ning primrose., , 6., , Morgan’s work, , :, , Drosophila melanogaster., , 7., , Griffith e xperime nt, , :, , Streptococcus pneumoniae., , 8., , Hershy & Chase experiment, , :, , Bacteriophage [Bacterial viruses], , 9., , Meselson & Stahl experiment, , :, , E. coli bacteria., , 10. Taylor’s work, , :, , Vicia faba (faba beans), , 11. Me lvin Calvin’s work, , :, , Algal photosynthesis., , Ph.D., 1., , 1931 : Katherine Esau (United state)., , 2., , 1937 : Ramdeo Misra - In Ecology (From Leeds University, U.K.), , 3., , 1949 : G.N. Ramachanadaran (From Cambridge university), , 4., , 1950 : Watson-The effect of hard X-rays on bacteriophage multiplication, , 5., , 1954 : Crick - X-ray diffraction: polypeptides & protein., , 6., , 1935 : Melvin Calvin-Ph.D. in chemistry (from University of Minnesota)., NOBEL PRIZES, , 1., , 1945 : Fleming, Chain & Florey., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 2, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 2., , 1961 : Calvin (in Chemistry), , 3., , 1962 : Watson, Crick & Wilkins., , 4., , 1968 : Holley, Nirenberg & Hargobind Khorana., , 5., , 2005 : Chavin, Grubbs & Shrock (in chemistry)., OTHER PRIZES, , 1., , Padma Bhushan Award : M.S. Swaminathan, , 2., , Sanjay Gandhi Award in Environment and Ecology : Ramdeo Misra., , 3., , Triple Crown (Balzan Prize in 1983, the international prize for biology, in 1994, and the crafoord prize in 1999) : Ernst Mayr., , 4., , Lasker Award : Watson & Crick., Term coined by, , 1., , Term Virus, , : Ivanowsky (NCERT Correction-2019-20), , 2., , Term Chromatin, , : Flemming, , 3., , Term Linkage, , : Morgan, , 4., , Term Recombination, , : Morgan, , 5., , Term Mutation, , : Hugo de Vries, , 6., , Term Biodiversity popularised by : Edward Wilson., Units, , 1., , Unit of classification, , :, , Taxon/cate gory/rank., , 2., , Unit of Neural system, , :, , Neurons, , 3., , Functional unit of kidney, , :, , Nephron., , 4., , Anatomical unit of muscle, , :, , Muscle fibre/muscle cell., , 5., , Functional unit of contraction, , :, , Sarcomere, , 6., , Functional unit of inheritance, , :, , Genes., , 7., , Unit of Noise Pollution, , :, , dB (Decibel)., , 8., , Unit of ozone layer thickness, , :, , DU (Dobson Units)., , 9., , Functional unit of Nature, , :, , Ecosystem., , 10. Structural and functional unit of all living organisms : Cell., 11. Reproductive unit in the angiosperms : Flower, 12. Unit of water potential : Pascals (Pa) or any other pressure unit., 13. Structural and functional units of liver : Hepatic lobules, 14. Structural and functional unit between developing embryo (foetus) and, maternal body : Placenta, 15. Functional unit of kidney : Nephron, Data of NCERT for Humans, , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 3, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 1., , Weight of Liver, , :, , 1.2 to 1.5 kg, , 2., , Weight of Kidney, , :, , 120 to 170 gm, , 3., , Number of lobes in Liver, , :, , 2, , 4., , Number of salivary glands, , :, , 3 pairs, , 5., , Number of portions in stomach :, , 4 (Cardiac, fundic, body & Pyloric)., , 6., , Stomach stores food for, , :, , 4 to 5 hours., , 7., , pH of saliva, , :, , 6.8, , 8., , pH of gastric juice, , :, , 1.8, , 9., , pH in duodenum, , :, , 7.8, , 10. pH of urine, , :, , 6.0, , 11. Breathing rate, , :, , 12-16 times/minute, , 12. Tidal volume, , :, , 500 mL, , 13. IRV, , :, , 2500 - 3000 mL, , 14. ERV, , :, , 1000 - 1100 mL, , 15. RV, , :, , 1100 - 1200 mL, , 16. Water in plasma, , :, , 90-92%, , 17. Water in watermelon, , :, , 92% ., , 18. Water in herbaceous plants, , :, , 85-90%., , 19. Water in human cell, , :, , 70-90%., , 20. Colon is divided in : 4 parts (Ascending, transverse, descending and, sigmoid parts). (NCERT Correction-2019-20), 21. Solubility of CO 2 is 20-25 times higher than that of O 2., 22. Diffusion membrane is made up of 3 layers., 23. Total thickness of diffusion membrane : < 1 mm, 24. No. of wall layers in alimentary canal (from oesophagus to rectum) : 4, 25. Gastric gland have 3 type of cells : Mucus neck cells, chief cells and, parietal cells, 26. Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver how much O 2 to tissues, : 5 mL, 27. Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers how much CO 2 to the, alveoli : 4 mL, Shapes in NCERT Biology, 1., , Pollen grains are generally, , :, , Sphe rical, , 2., , Nucle olus, , :, , Sphe rical, , 3., , Ce ntriole, , :, , Cylindrical, , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 4, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 4., , Mitochondria, , :, , Sausage shaped or cylindrical, , 5., , RBCs, , :, , Round & biconcave, , 6., , Me sophyll ce ll, , :, , Round & Oval, , 7., , Trachie d, , :, , Elongated, , 8., , Columnar epithelium, , :, , Long & narrow., , 9., , WBCs, , :, , Amoeboid., , 10. Nerve cell (longest cell), , :, , Long & Branched, , 11. Henle’s loop, , :, , Hairpin bend, , 12. Stomach, , :, , J-shaped, , 13. Spleen & kidney, , :, , Bean shaped, , 14. Thymus, , :, , Lobed organ., , 15. Pate lla, , :, , Cup shaped, , 16. Bowman’s capsule, , :, , Double walled cup-like structure, , 17. Heart, , :, , Clenched fist (size), , 18. Oxygen dissociation curve, , :, , Sigmoid., , 19. Diaphragm, , :, , Dome shaped., , 20. Smooth muscle, , :, , Fusiform., , 21. Setae, , :, , S-shaped, , 22. Intestinal caecae, , :, , Conical, , 23. Root hair, , :, , Thre ad like, , 24. Root cap, , :, , Thimble like, , 25. Tongue of frog, , :, , Bilobed, , 26. Nucleus of vegetative cells, , :, , Irregular, , 27. Generative cell, , :, , Spindle shaped., , 28. Ommatidia of cockroach, , :, , He xagonal, , 29. Anthe r, , :, , Four sided (Tetragonal), , 30. Cotyledon (maize/grass), , :, , Shield shaped., , 31. Archegonium of bryophytes, , :, , Flask shaped., , 32. Gills of molluscs, , :, , Feather like., , 33. Radula of molluscs, , :, , File like, , 34. Chiasmata, , :, , X- shaped, , 35. Te stis, , :, , Oval, , 36. Uterus, , :, , Inverted pear., , 37. Fimbriae & Clitoris, , :, , Finge r like ., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 5, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 19. Hepatic cells or hepatocytes- Found in liver., 20. JG (Juxtaglomerular) cells- Release renin & erythropoietin hormones, 21. Neurosecretory cells (Nuclei) found in hypothalamus, which se crete, hormone s., 22. Ganglion cells- Found in retina, 23. Bipolar cells- Found in retina, 24. Photoreceptor cells- Found in retina, 25. Rod cells- For twilight (scotopic vision), 26. Cone cells- For day light (photopic vision), 27. Organ of Corti contains hair cells, 28. Adipocytes- Cells of adipose tissue, 29. PMNL (Polymorpho Nuclear Leukocytes)- A type of neutrophil providing, cellular barrier in innate immunity., 30. Natural killer cells- Type of lymphocyte providing cellular barrier., 31. Macrophages- Present in tissue (areolar tissue) that can phagocytose, & destroy microbes providing cellular barrier., 32. Inner cell mass of human blastocyst contains stem cells which have, the potency to give rise to all the tissues & organs., 33. The epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule called podocytes., Contributions of Biologists, 1., , Binomial nomenclature was given by Carolus Linnaeus., , 2., , Two kingdom system of classification was given by Carolus Linnaeus., , 3., , Systema Naturae was written by Carolus Linnaeus., , 4., , Artificial system of classification was given by Carolus Linnaeus., , 5., , Natural Syste m of classification for flowe ring plants was give n by, George Bentham & J.D. Hooker., , 6., , 5 kingdom system of classification was given by R.H. Whittaker (1969)., , 7., , Aristotle was the e arlie st to atte mpt a more scie ntific basis for, classification., , 8., , Biological classification of plants & animals was first propose d by, Aristotle ., , 9., , Causal organism of the mosaic disease of tabacco is recognised by D.J., Ivanowsky (1892)., , 10. Contagium vivum fluidum is called by M.W. Beijerinek (1898)., 11. Viruses crystallised by W.M. Stanley (1935)., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 11, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 12. Viroids were discovered by T.O. Diener (1971)., 13. ‘Anatomy of Seed Plants’ published by Katherine Esau (1960)., 14. Curly top virus spreads through a plant via phloem tissue, it is reported, by Katherine Esau, 15. Founder of Madras School of Conformational analysis of biopolymers, was G.N. Ramachandran., 16. Triple helical model of collagen was given by G.N. Ramachandran, 17. Ramachandran was influenced by Linus Pauling, 18. Darwin was influenced by Malthus, 19. P. Maheshwari was influenced by Dr. W. Dudegon, 20. - helix & - sheet structures was published by Linus Pauling, 21. Anton von Leeuwenhoek first saw & described a live cell., 22. Cell theory was given by Schleiden & Schwann., 23. Cell theory was modified by Rudolf Virchow (1855), 24. Fluid mosaic model was given by Singer & Nicolson (1972), 25. Golgi bodies was discovere d by Camillo Golgi (1898), 26. Ribosome was discovered by George Palade (1953), 27. Nucleus was first discovered and described by Robert Brown (1831), 28. Melvin Calvin earn Nobel Prize in 1961 for mapping of the pathway of, carbon assimilation in PHS., 29. Calvin work with J.A. Bassham, 30. Hydroponics technique developed by Julius von Sachs (1860)., 31. O2 was discovered by Joseph Priestley (1774), 32. Priestley revealed the essential role of air in growth of green plants, (1770)., 33. Jan Ingenhousz used a similar setup as the one used by Priestley., 34. Jan Ingenhousz showed that sunlight is essential to the plant process., 35. Jan Ingenhousz showed that it is only the green part of the plants, that could release oxygen., 36. Julius von Sachs provide evidence for production of glucose when, plants grow., 37. Sachs shows that the green susbtance in plants (chlorophyll) is located, in special bodies (later called chloroplasts) within plant cells., 38. Sachs found that the green parts in plants is where glucose is made &, that the glucose is usually stored as starch., 39. First action spectrum of PHS was described by T.W. Englemann., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 12, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 40. Van Nie l de monstrate d that PHS is e sse ntially a light-de pe nde nt, re action in which hydroge n from a suitable oxidisable compound, reduces carbon dioxide to carbohydrate., 41. Van Niel inferred that the O 2 evolved by green plant comes from H 2O,, not from CO 2., 42. Calvin use radioactive C 14 in algal photosynthesis studies that led the, discovery that the first CO2 fixation product was a 3-carbon organic acid., 43. Whole pathway of C 3 - cycle was worked by Calvin and Benson., 44. C 4 - pathway was discovered by Hatch & Slack, 45. Law of limiting factors was given by Blackmann (1905), 46. Scheme of Glycolysis was given by Embden, Meyerhof & Parnas. (EMP), 47. Discovery of PGRs is started with the observation of Charles Darwin, & his son Francis Darwin, 48. Charles Darwin & Francis Darwin observed that the coleoptiles of, canary grass respond to unilateral illumination by growing towards, the light source (Phototropism)., 49. Auxin was isolated from tips of coleoptiles of oat seedlings by F.W. Went., 50. E. Kurosawa reported the appearence of symptoms of “Bakane (foolish, seedlings) disease” in uninfe cte d rice se e dlings whe n they we re, treated with sterile filtrates of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi., 51. Skoog & his Co-workers observed that from the internodal segments of, tobacco stems the callus proliferate only if, in addition to auxins, the, nutrient medium was supplemented with one of the following : extract, of vascular tissue, Yeast Extract, Coconut milk or DNA., 52. Skoog & Miller identified, crystallised & termed Kinetin., 53. Cousins confirme d the re le ase of volatile substance from ripe ne d, oranges that hastened the ripening of stored unripened bananas., 54. P. Maheshwari established department of botany at university of Delhi, as important centre of research in Embryology & Tissue culture., 55. P. Maheshwari emphasised the need for initiation of work on artificial, culture of immature embryos., 56. P. Maheshwari work on test-tube fertilisation & intra-ovarian pollination, 57. P. Mahe shwari popularise d the use of e mbryological character in, taxonomy., 58. P. Maheshwari & Ramdeo Misra was awarde d by INSA (Indian, National Science Academy)., 59. Sanjay Gandhi Award in Environment & Ecology is given to Ramdeo Misra., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 13, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 60. M.S. Swaminathan is awarded by Padma Bhushan., 61. Lasker award given to Watson & Crick, 62. Balzen prize given to Ernst Mayr, 63. P.Mahe shwari was honoure d with Fe llowship of Royal Socie ty of, London (FRS)., 64. Short-duration high-yie lding varie tie s of rice (including sce nte d, Basmati) was developed by M.S. Swaminathan., 65. M.S. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, 66. M.S. Swaminathan is initiator of Lab-to-land & food security., 67. M.S. Swaminathan is known for the de velopment of the concept of, crop cafeteria & crop scheduling., 68. Good humor hypothesis was given by Hippocrates & Indian Ayurveda System, 69. Good humor hypothesis was disproved by William Harvey., 70. Blood circulation was discovered by - William Harvey, 71. Rivet popper hypothesis was given by Paul Ehrlich (Stanford Ecologist), 72. Polyblend is formed by Ahmed Khan & his company., 73. Ramesh Chandra Dagar is re lated to organic farming., 74. Semi-dwarf wheat at ICWMI were developed by Norman Borlaug., 75. Herbert Boyer observed that the restriction enzymes have the capability, of cutting DNA strands in a particular fashion (1969)., 76. Stanley Cohen developed a method of removing plasmids from the cell, & then reinserting them in other cells., 77. First recombinant DNA was formed by Cohen & Boyer., 78. Watso n study on the “Effe ct of har d X-rays o n bacte rio phage, multiplication” (1950), 79. Crick study on “X-ray diffraction: polypeptides & proteins” (1954), 80. Double helical model of B-DNA was given by Watson & Crick (1953), 81. Mendal proposed laws of inheritance in living organisms., 82. Punnet square were developed by R.C. Punnet., 83. Me nde l’s re sults we re re discove re d by de Vrie s, Corre ns & von, Tsche rmark independently in 1900., 84. Sutton & Boveri noted that the behaviour of chromosome was parallel, to the behaviour of genes., 85. Chromosomal theory of inheritance was given by Sutton & Boveri., 86. Experimental verification of the chromosomal theory of inheritance, was given by T.H. Morgan, , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 14, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 87. Sutton & Bove ri argue d that the pairing & se paration of a pair of, chromosomes would lead to the segregation of a pair of factors they, carrie d., 88. Genetic map discovered by Alfred Sturtevent., 89. He nking trace a spe cific nucle ar structure (X-body) all through, spermatogenesis in a few insects (1891)., 90. Down’s syndrome was first described by Langdon Down (1866), 91. DNA (Nuclein) was first identified by Friedrich Meischer (1869)., 92. X-ray diffraction data produced by Wilkins & Franklin., 93. Transforming principle was given by Griffith (1928)., 94. Biochemical characterisation of transforming principle was given by, Avery, MacLeod & Mc Carty., 95. Une quivoal proof that DNA is the ge ne tic material came from the, experiements of Hershey & Chase (1952)., 96. Replication scheme was given by Watson & Crick., 97. Central dogma of biology was given by Crick., 98. The experimental proof that DNA replicate s semiconservatively was, given in prokaryotes by Meselson & Stahl (1958)., 99. The experimental proof that DNA replicate s semiconservatively was, given in eukaryotes by Taylor (1958)., 100. George Gamow (a physicist) proposed that codon was triplet., 101. Har Gobind Khorana synthe size s RNA mole cule s with de fine d, combination of bases (homopolyers & copolymers)., 102. Nirenberg in cell-free system for protein synthesis finally helped the, code to be deciphered., 103. Polynucleotide phosphorylase is called Severo Ochoa enzyme, 104. Lac operon was given by Jacob & Monad., 105. Automated DNA seque ncers worked on the principle of a method, developed by Frederick Sanger, 106. Frederick Sanger developed the method for determination of amino, acid sequences in proteins., 107. DNA fingerprinting technique was developed by Alec Jeffreys., 108. Spontaneous generation theory was dismissed by Louis Pasteur., 109. Life comes from pre-existing life it is told by Louis Pasteur., 110. Oparin & Haldane propose d that the first form of life could have, come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 15, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 111. Darwin made a sea voyage in a sail ship (H.M.S. Beagle)., 112. Alfred Wallace worked in Malay Archipelago., 113. ‘Use and disuse of organs’ theory of evolution was given by Lamarck, (French Naturalist)., 114. Malthus work on population., 115. Hugo de Vries brought forth the idea of mutations., 116. Hugo de Vries used the term saltation., 117. Ramdeo Misra revered as the father of ecology in India., 118. Ramdeo Misra formulated the first postgraduate course in ecology in, India., 119. “Competitive Exclusion principle” was given by Gause., 120. Resource partitioning was given by Mac Arthur., 121. Cost of ecosystem services was given by Robert Costanza., 122. Term Biodiversity popularised by Edward Wilson (Sociobiologist), 123. Species-area relationship was given by Alexander von Humboldt., 124. The importance of species diversity to the ecosystem was given by, David Tilman, Dependency in NCERT Biology, 1., , Algae are classified into 3 classes, depending on the type of pigment, and the type of stored food., , 2., , Kingdom fungi is divided into various classes based on morphology of, the mycelium, mode of spore formation & fruiting bodies., , 3., , Simple e pithe lium is divided into 3 types (squamous, cuboidal and, columnar) on the basis of structural modifications of the cells., , 4., , Pollination can be divide d into 3 types (autogamy, geitonogamy &, xenogamy) depending on the source of pollen., , 5., , Respiratory quotient depends upon the type of respiratory substrate, used during respiration., , 6., , Neurons can be divided into 3 type s (multipolar, bipolar & unipolar), based on the number of axon & dendrites., , 7., , Muscles are of 3 types (skele tal, visceral & cardiac) based on their, location., , 8., , Muscles are classified as red & white fibres based primarily on the, amount of red coloured myoglobin pigment in them., , 9., , Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with their habitat &, the demand of the situation., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 16, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 10. Nature of nitrogenous wastes formed & their e xcretion vary among, animals, mainly depending on the habitat (availability of water)., 11. ABO blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of the 2, surface antigens on the RBCs namely A & B., 12. Me chanism of bre athing vary among diffe re nt groups of animals, depending mainly on their habitats & level of organisation., 13. Chromosome s can be classifie d into 4 type s (me tace ntric, submetacentric, acrocentric & telocentric) based on the position of the, centromere or 1 0 constriction., 14. Enzymes are classifed into 6 classes based on the type of reactions, they catalyse., 15. Prophase - I is divided into 5 phases (Code : LZPDD Lata Zara Pani, De Do) based on chromosomal behaviour., 16. Me mbrane prote in can be classifie d as inte rgral or pe riphe ral, depending on the e ase of extraction., 17. Succession of plants is called hydrarch or xerarch, based on the nautre, of the habitat., 18. Nature & properties of soil is dependent on the climate, weathering, process, soil is transported or sedimentary & how soil development, occured., 19. Primary productivity depends on the : (i) Plant spe cies inhabiting a, particular area, (ii) Variety of environmental factors, (iii) Availability, of nutrients and (iv) Photosynthetic capacity of plants., 20. The rate of decomposition is controlled by che mical composition of, detritus & climatic factors (temperature & soil moisture), 21. Organism occupy a specific place in the food chain or a trophic level,, based on source of the ir nutrition or food., 22. In 2 0 succession the species that invade depends on the : (i) Condition of soil, (ii) Availability of water, (iii) Environment and (iv) Seed or, other propagules present., 23. In dairy form, milk yield is primarily de pendent on the quality of, breeds in the farm., 24. Different type of alcoholic drinks are obtained depending on the :, (i), , Type of raw material used for fermentation., , (ii) Type of processing (with or without distillation)., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 17, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, Cities and Countries in NCERT, , 1., , Famous Royal Botanical Garden : Kew (England), , 2., , Indian Botanical Garden : Howrah (India), , 3., , National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) : Lucknow, , 4., , Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) : Lucknow, , 5., , Strobilanthus kunthiana found in : Kerela, Karnataka & Tamilnadu., , 6., , Lupinus arcticus (Lupine) excavated from : Arctic Tundra, , 7., , Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm) excavated from : King Herod’s Palace, near Dead Sea., , 8., , Sa hiw al Co w bre d in : Pu nj ab (t hroug h art ificia l se le ctio n &, domestication), , 9., , Hisardale (Sheep) develop in : Punjab (by cross -breeding), , 10. Oparin : Russia, 11. Haldane : England, 12. S.L. Miller : America, 13. Wallace Worked in : Malay Archipelago, 14. Observation supporting evolution by natural selection comes from :, England, 15. Darwin worked in : Galapagos Islands, 16. Coelcanth (fish) caught in : South Africa (1938)., 17. Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered in : Ethiopia & Tanzania., 18. About 3-4 mya man - like primate walked in : Eastern Africa, 19. Australopithecus lived in : East African Grasslands., 20. Fossils of Homo erectus discovered in : Java (1891), 21. Neanderthal man lived in : Near East & Central Asia, 22. Homo sapiens Arose in : Africa, 23. Erythroxylum coca is native of : South America, 24. > 70% live stock population is in : India & China, 25. Saccharum barberi grown in : North India, 26. Saccharum officinarum grown in : South India, 27. IARI : New De lhi, 28. IRRI : Phillippine s, 29. ICWMI : Mexico, 30. Taichung Native-I develops from : Taiwan., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 18, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 31. IR-8 developed from : IRRI, Philippines, 32. Borlaug developed semi-dwarf wheat at : ICWMI, Mexico., 33. Jaya & Ratna developed in : India, 34. Toddy is used in : South India, 35. Penicillin was used during world war-II to treat : American soldiers, 36. Eli lily is an : American company., 37. A company which got patent rights on basmati rice : American Company, 38. Mango tree do not & can not grow in : Canada & Germany, 39. Snow leopard are not found in : Kerela forests, 40. High altitude place s (>3500 m) : Rohtang pass ne ar Manali &, Mansarovar (in China occupied Tibet), 41. In 1920’s prickly pear cactus introduced in : Australia, 42. Visiting flamingoe s & reside nt fishes compete in : South Ame rican, lakes, 43. Abingdon tortoise were found in : Galapagos Island., 44. Barnacle Balanus & Chathamalus found in : Rocky Sea Coasts of, Scotland, 45. Rauwolfia vomitoria growing in : Himalaya, 46. Amazonian Rain Forest found in : South America, 47. Alexander von Humboldt explored in : South America Jungles, 48. Dodo extinct from : Mauritius., 49. Quagga extinct from : Africa, 50. Thylacine extinct from : Australia, 51. Stellar’s sea cow extinct from : Russia, 52. Lake Victoria found in : East Africa, 53. Clarius geriepinus is African catfish, 54. Earth Summit held in : Rio de Janeiro, 55. World Summit held in : Johannesburg (South Africa), 56. Montreal Protocol held in : Montreal (Canada), 57. Khasi & Jaintia hills in : Meghalaya, 58. Aravalli hills in : Rajasthan, 59. Western Ghat regions are found in : Karnataka & Maharastra, 60. Sarguja, Chanda & Bastar areas are found in : Madhya Pradesh, 61. Ahmed Khan belongs to : Bangalore, 62. Ramesh Chandra Dagar related to : Sonipat (Haryana), , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 19, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 63. Ozone hole is particularly marked over : Antarctic region, 64. Slash & Burn cultivation or Jhum cultivation done in : North-eastern, states of India., 65. Amrita Devi Bishnoi relate d to : Jodhpur (Rajasthan), 66. Chipko movement started in : Garhwal Himalayas, 67. Keolado National Park : Bharatpur (Rajasthan), 68. Kangaroo rat found in : North American desert., Years and Contribution of Scientists, 1., , 1770 : Joseph Priestley - Essential role of air in growth of green plant., , 2., , 1774 : Joseph Priestley - Discovered O 2., , 3., , 1831 : Robert Brown - I st discovered and described nucleus., , 4., , 1838 : Schleiden (German Botanist) - Work on plants., , 5., , 1839 : Schwann(British Zoologist) - Work on both plants & animals., , 6., , 1855 : Rudolf Virchow - Omnis cellula-e-cellula (cells arises from, pre-e xisting ce lls)., , 7., , Life originate from pre-existing life : Pasteur (Yeast)., , 8., , Life originate from non-living (decaying & rotting matter) : Spontaneous, generation., , 9., , Life originate from pre-existing non-living organic mole cules (RNA,, Protein)- Oparin (Russia) & Haldane (England)- Chemical Evolution., , 10. 1856 - 1863 : Mendal experiment on garden pea. (7 years), 11. 1860 : Julius von Sachs - De veloped hydroponics., 12. 1865 : Mendal published his work., 13. 1866 : Langdon Down - Down’s syndrome., 14. 1869 : Friedrich Meischer - Ist identified DNA and named it nuclein., 15. 1891 : Henking - Discovered X-body., 16. 1891 : Fossil discovered in Java - Homo erectus., 17. 1892 : Ivanowsky - Discovered virus., 18. 1898 : Beijerinek - Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid)., 19. 1898 : Camillo Golgi - Discovered (observed) G.B., 20. 1900 : d e V r ie s , Co r r e ns a nd v on Ts ch e r ma k ind e p e n d e nt ly, rediscovered Mendel’s results., 21. 1902 : Chromosome movement during meiosis has been worked out., 22. 1905 : Law of limiting factor (Blackmann)., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 20, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 23. 1928 : Fredrick Griffith - Transforming experiment with Streptococcus, pneumoniae (Diplococcus)., 24. 1935 : Stanley - Crystallised viruses., 25. 1937 : R a md e o M is ra o b ta in e d P h. D . in Eco lo g y f r om L e e d s, university (U.K.)., 26. 1938 : Coelocanth fish caught in South Africa., 27. 1945 : Fleming, Chain & Florey - Awarded Nobel prize., 28. 1950 : Watson obtained Ph.D. on a study of the effect of hard X-rays, on bacteriophage multiplication., 29. 1951 : Family planning programme started in India., 30. 1952 : Hershey & Chase-experiment on bacteriophage or Bacterial virus, gives unequivocal proof that DNA is the genetic material., 31. 1953 : Mille r expe rime nt - Methane, ammonia, hydroge n & wate r, vapour., 32. 1953 : Watson & Crick - Double he lical structure of B-DNA &, replication sche me., 33. 1953 : Palade : Discovered ribosome., 34. 1954 : Ramachandran - Triple helical model of collagen, published, in Nature., 35. 1954 : Crick comple te d Ph.D. on a the sis “X-rays diffraction :, polypeptides and proteins., 36. 1958 : Meselson & Stahl - Work on E.coli proves semiconse rvative, replication of DNA in prokaryotes., 37. 1958 : Taylor - Work on Vicia faba proves semiconservative replication, of DNA in eukaryotes., 38. 1960 : Katherine Esau - Published “Anatomy of Seed Plants.”, 39. 1961 : Melvin Calvin - Nobel Prize., 40. 1962 : Watson, Crick and Wilikins - Nobel Prize., 41. 1963 : Wheat varieties (Sonalika & Kalyan sona) introduced., 42. 1963 : Two enzyme responsible for restricting growth of bacteriophage, in E.coli were isolated., 43. 1966 : Derivative of IR-8 & Taichung native-I introduced., 44. 1969 : Whittaker - Five kingdom classification., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 21, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582

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NCERT Tablet, , Dr. Hariom Gangwar, , 45. 1971 : Govt. of India legalized MTP., 46. 1971 : Diener- Discovered Viroid(free RNA without capsid)., 47. 1972 : Singer & Nicolson - Fluid mosaic model., 48. 1972 : Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boyer - Formed Ist recombinant DNA., 49. 1972 : Es ta b lis h m e nt o f N C EPC - Na t ion a l, Environmental Planning & Coordination., , Co m m itt e e, , for, , 50. 1974 : Water act., 51. 1980 : Joint forest management, (JFM)., 52. 1981 : AIDS was I st reported., 53. 1981 : Air act., 54. 1983 : Eli Lily (An American company) produces insulin in E.coli by, recombinant DNA technology., 55. 1984 : Establishment of MOEF : Ministry of Environment & Forest., 56. 1986 : Environment Protection Act., 57. 1987 : Montreal protocol. Held in Montreal, Canada., 58. 1987 : Air act amended to include noise as an air pollutant., 59. 1988 : National Forest Policy., 60. 1989 : Montreal protocol effective., 61. 1990 : Ist clinical gene therepy., 62. 1990 : HGP launche d., 63. 1992 : The Earth summit : Rio de Janeiro., 64. 1997 : Ist transgenic cow- Rosie. It produces human protein enriched, milk (2.4 grams pe r litre ). The milk contain the human alphalactalbumin, 65. 1997 : An American company got patent rights on Basmati Rice., 66. 1997 : Kyoto protocol : Held in Kyoto(Japan)., 67. 2002 : World summit. Held in Johannesburg (South Africa)., 68. 2002 : All buses of Delhi we re converted by CNG., 69. 2005 : Nobe l prize of chemistry given to ‘Green chemists’ Chauvin,, Grubbs & Schrock., , GANGWAR I NST I T UT E, , 22, , 1st Floor, Pratap Bhawan, Hazratganj, Lucknow., Cont. : 0522-4109-582, 8400-582-582, 8604-582-582