Page 1 : Chapter - 11, Biotechnology principles and proces:, of biology to develop technologies and products forthe welfare of human beings ts k, ‘has various applications in diferent fields such as therapeutics, diagnostics, processed food, waste management, enersy, ‘roduction, genetically maxified crops ete., , ‘The European Federation of Biotechnology defines biotechnology as “The Integration of natural science and organisms,, ‘cols, parts thereof, and melecular analogues for products and services, , , , 11.1; Principles of Biotechnology, ‘The two core techniques that give rise to modern biotechnology are, , + Genetic engineering: Genetic engineering is defined asthe direct manipulation of DNA and RNA in the genome of, ‘an organism. it involves the transfer of new genes to improve the function or trait. The most important technique, ‘of penetic engineering is gene cloning,, , , , ‘simportant forthe manufacturing of antibiotics, vaccines, drugs ete., {asic Principles of Biotechnology:, , Genetic engineering allows the isolation and introduction of only the desired genes into the organism without introducing, ‘the undesirable genes. The steps involved in genetic engineering are:, , 1, Development of recombinant DNA (rDNA)., , 2. Cloning of desired gene, , 3. Transfer of the cloned gene into suitable host organism,, , > Origin of replication {or}: A specific ONA sequence in the chromosome that can initiate ONA replication. The, foreign ONA introduced into the host genome has to be linked to the origin of replication inthe host chromosome, {for the gene to be able to multiply f the foreign gene is not linked to the ori vequence it may not be able to, mutt, , > Cloning: The process of making multiple identical copies of a template ONA, , > Plasmid: A circular extra-chromosomal material that is capable of autonomous replication. Plasmids are used as, ‘vectors for cloning and expression. Foreign gene is introduced into a plasmid and the plasmid is allowed to, ‘multiply. This causes the multiplication ofthe desired gene., , > Antibiotic resistance gene: The gene in certain microorganisms that bestows on them the ability to grow inthe, _revence of the specific antibiotic as the gene gives them resistance. These genes are present on plasmids. These, “are used as indicators of cloning and transformation.