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Experiment 12, PAIM, To identify common disease causing organisms like ascaris, entamoeba, plasmodium, ringworm and, comment on the symptoms of the disease that they cause through permanent slides or specimens., Requirements: Specimen and permanent slides of above organisms and compound microscope., Theory : Any physical or functional change from normal state that causes discomfort or disability or impairs, the health of a living organism is called a disease OR malfunctioning of body or some part of it with specific, Symptoms is termed disease. Diseases may be infectious or non-infectious. Infectious diseases are caused by, pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans and worms. These spread to other persons by different, means., Mouth-, Observations:, I Ascaris lumbricoides: Points of Identification:, 1. Body is elongated, unsegmented, cylindrical and tapering at both ends., 2. Sexes are separate. Female is longer than male., 3. In male ascaris, tail is ventrally curved while straight in female., 4. Male ascaris has a pair of needle like penial setae in cloaca., 5. Body of ascaris is covered by shiny, translucent elastic cuticle which is protective, to host's juices., 6. It is an endoparasite of human intestine., Disease and its symptoms : Diseases caused by ascaris is ascariasis. Symptoms, of this disease are :, 1. Blockage of intestinal passage., 2. Impaired digestion, diarrhoea and vomiting., 3. Abdominal discomforts like colic pain., Excretory poré, Mouth, su, Gonopore-, Excretory, pore, Lateral, line, Penial setae, Cloaca-, -snuy, Female, Male, Anaemia and weakness., e i, Asceris, II. Entamoeba histolytica : Various species of entamoeba are Entamoeba histolytica,, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba gingivalis, etc. out of these Entamoeba histolytica is most commonly occuring species., Points of Identification:, 1., It is an endoparasite of human intestine., poo, vacuoles, Nucleus, 2. It is unicellular and microscopic organism., Plasmalemma, A single lobose pseudopodium called lobopodium is present., 4. A single prominent nucleus is present in the centre., 5. Captured red blood cells are present in the cytoplasm., 3., Ectoplasm, Endoplasm, Disease and its symptoms : Disease caused by Entamoeba, histolytica is amoebiasis or amoebic dysentery. Symptoms are:, 1. Stools with excess mucus and blood clots., 2. "Recurrent diarrhoea" accompanied with abdominal pain Ingested, and weakness., Ingested red, blood cells, bacteria, 3. Intermittent colic pain may takes place., III, Plasmodium : Four species of plasmodium (P. vivax, P. ovale, P., falciparum and P. malariae) infect human beings. P. vivax is widely, known species of Plasmodium., Points of Identification:, 1. Plasmodium enters the human body in sporozoites stage by, the bites of female Anopheles mosquito., 2. Sporozoite is spindle shaped and uninucleate., 3. Sporozoite infect the liver cells and produce, cryptomerozoites, then produce metacryptomerozoites., These enter RBCS and passes trophozoite signet ring stage, and amoeboid stage and produce schizont and merozoites., Fig. 21. Entamoeba histolytica, Cytoplasm Pellicle, Nucleus, Fig. 22. Sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax., BIOLOGY-12, 33

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4. Merozoites reach fresh RBCS and produce gametocytes which produce male and female gametes in, mosquito's stomach., Disease and its symptoms : Plasmodium causes malaria in humans. Symptoms are :, 1. Early symptoms are restlessness, less appetite, slight sleeplessness followed by muscular pain, headache, and feeling of Chilling and Shivering., 2. Body temperature starts rising and may reach 105-106°F at the height of fever., 3. Excessive sweating and temperature goes down to normal, till the next attack which takes place after 4-8, hours., Ans. Piercing and, 15., Name the pn, Ans. Female Anop, 16., Which spec, causes cerel, Ans. Falciparum., 17., How are dis, Ans. Diseases are, visible, IV. Ringworm: There are three common genera-, Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton., Points of Identification:, 1. Fine mycelium occur in breaks in dermis., 2 Hyphae emerge from sheath., 3. Spores are borne on hyphae., 4. Spores are very small and produced in great, numbers., Disease and symptoms Ringworm is, ectoparasite of human skin., 1. Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on skin,, nails and scalp., 2. Feeling of intense itching in lesions., sym, Name a pat, Ans. Plasmodium, 18., What is the, Ans. Malarial, 19., A. A colony to Trichophyton, 20., What is am, Ans. It is a disea, 21., How doe, human?, Ans. Human, consumin, playing im, 22., What is th, B. Microsporum, C. Epidermophyton, Ans. It spreads, Fig. 23. A. A colony of Trichophyton, B. Microsporum,, C. Epidermophyton, 23., What is th, Entamoet, Ans. It has a si, www, Viva-Voce, 24., What is a