Page 1 :
Understanding, Culture, Society, and Politics

Page 3 :
Understanding, Culture, Society, and Politics, Nature, Goals and Perspectives, in Anthropology, Sociology and, Political Science, Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, Nature, Goals and Perspectives in Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science, First Edition, 2020, Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the, Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for, exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties., Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this, module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use, these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over, them., Published by the Department of Education, Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones, Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio, Development Team of the Module, Writer:, Editors:, Reviewers:, Illustrators:, Layout Artists:, Management Team:, , Armando D. Ison, Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año, Leonardo C. Cargullo, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting,, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo, Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Armando D. Ison, Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Armando D. Ison, Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Doris DJ. Estalilla, Daisy Z. Miranda, Laura O. Garcia,, Ma. Criscel R. Negosa, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Maria Heidi Alaine T. Nietes, , Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON, Office Address:, Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal 1800, Telefax:, 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487, E-mail Address:, [email protected]

Page 4 :
Introductory Message, For the Facilitator:, Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module., This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to as sist you, the teacher or, facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in, schooling., This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also, aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances., As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them, to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module., For the Learner:, Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module., The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the, relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!, This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will, be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner., This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:, What I Need to Know, , What I Know, , What’s In, , What’s New, , What is It, , What’s More, , What I Have Learned, , What I Can Do, , Assessment, , Additional Activities, , Answer Key, , This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module., , This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If, you get all the answers correct (100% ), you may decide to skip this module., This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one., , In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a, poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation., , This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand, new concepts and skills., , This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the, topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module., , This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from, the lesson., , This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real, life situations or concerns., , This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency., In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson, learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts., This contains answers to all activities in the module., , At the end of this module you will also find:, , References, , This is a list of all sources used in developing this module., , 1

Page 5 :
Week, , 1, , What I Need to Know, This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master, the nature of Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope of this module, permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used, recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow, the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be, changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using., The module is about the Nature, Goals and Perspectives in Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science, After going through this module, you are expected to:, 1. Identify the nature, goals, and perspectives in anthropology, sociology and, political science;, 2. Recognize the concepts and the subjects of inquiries of anthropology, sociology, and political science; and, 3. Appreciate the importance of the goals of anthropology, sociology and political, science., , What’s In, Before you proceed, go back with some of the important concepts about culture that, is the main focus of the discussion., Learning Task 1: #Walang Forever –, Change is inevitable because it is the law of nature. Similarly, society does not, remain static. It changes, as the world continues to change, most especially with the, advent of new discoveries in science and technology. It is not new to us how our ways, of life before is no longer the ways of life of today’s generation. People should be open, for changes. It is very important that we understand and accept the challenges these, changes are imposing on us and recognize all the factors that brought these changes., Since change is already happening at present, let us realize how social change, occurs because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Tell the changes on some, aspects of your life by completing the table below., Before COVID-19, Way of life, View of the world, Priorities in life, , Relationships with, others, , 2, , During COVID-19

Page 6 :
Answer the following question:, 1. Can we consider these changes as examples of social change? Why or why, not?, 2. What are the roles of government in protecting us from the harmful effects of, this pandemic?, 3. Aside from the government, how do you think other sectors of the community, like schools, churches, and industries, can cope with these changes?, 4. What are your fears related to this unexpected event in your life? How do you, deal with your worries during this time of COVID-19 pandemic?, , What’s New, Learning Task 2: #PIN-POINT, , Using the given illustration above, identify the concepts that you can relate to, culture, society and politics., , Culture, , Society, , Politics, , After doing the activity, give your own definition of culture, society and politics., Culture, __________________________________________________________________________________, Society, _________________________________________________________________________________, Politics, __________________________________________________________________________________, , 3

Page 7 :
What is It, In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to deepen your, understanding about culture., Please continue reading with comprehension as you discover further, knowledge that will help you out in your quest on the remaining phases of this, lesson., Since our course is Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, we can deepen our, understanding of ourselves as members of society by studying these three specialized, fields, namely: anthropology for culture, sociology for society and political science for, politics, A lot of us are likely confused with the difference between sociology and, anthropology. Confusion might come from their commonalities as the two are dealing, with society and culture. Both of them study human behavior and the different, factors that affects our social relations. Since these two fields are most likely similar, to each other, let us first draw out its differences, To find out the difference between anthropology and sociology, let us study, the similar and various concepts between each field below:, Anthropology, Answers the, question.., , What does, human?, , it, , mean, , Sociology, to, , be, , What are the things that you, think influence your life?, , Who are you?, , Where did it, start?, , How do we study society?, , Where do you come from?, , What is life to people living in, places with different culture and, behavior?, , Anthropology started as a, science during the time of, exploration when European, countries started to colonize, what they considered as, primitive societies where people, were believed to be savages and, barbaric., , Sociology, emerged, as, an, academic field right at the height, of Industrial Revolution, in, Europe which mobilized the, entire population in a way that, had never been before in human, history. These era had brought, great changes in the way people, live in a society., , Sociology started as the study of, Let it be clear that anthropology, European society by European, started as the study of nonpeople (inward)., European people by European, people (outward)., During that time, emerging, institutions arose and replaced, During their colonial encounter, the old ones such as how science, with these people, Europeans, was taking over religion, when the, , 4

Page 8 :
started to make a written, records about non-Europeans., They, focus, on, kinship,, language,, race,, religion,, cultural, perceptions,, and, others., , reign of kings and queens fell, down, and when the era of, feudalism had ended. People saw, the importance of studying these, emerging institutions and how, they started and what impact, they could make to an individual, and the new society in general., , Who started, this field?, , Franz Boas –considered as the, father of modern American, anthropology. His study led to, the doctrine of “historical, particularism,” where he stated, that each society is considered, as having a unique form of, culture, that, cannot, be, understood under an overall, definiton of general culture., , Auguste, Comte, –, French, philosopher and mathematician., He coined the term sociology. He, saw the need for a systematic, science of studying society and in, dealing with the solution of its, basic problems., , Concept, , Anthroplogy is the study of Sociology is the study of society,, people and their culture., patterns of social interactions,, and culture of everyday life., It uses a special research, Unlike, anthropology,, the, method known as ethnography, knowledge created by sociology is, in which antropologists are, used to understand one’s own, required to live with their, society., subject of study for a long, period of time in order to make Sociologists, use, qualitative, their writings more reliable and research method in doing their, credible., studies., , Subjects of, Inquiry, , Biological anthropology refers, to the study of human origins, (genetics,, race,, evolutions,, fossils, primates)., , Anything in a society that, influences people’s lives can be, subjects of inquiry, like different, social phenomena, issues, and, problems., , Cultural anthropology is the, study of living people (religion,, social, system,, language,, Sociologists can also look into, clothing,, foods,, beliefs,, things that influence life like, traditions, etc)., family, background,, socioLinguistics is the study of economic status, ethnicity, social, language, its evolution, its classes, religion, gender, beliefs,, connection to other languages, traditions, norms, among others., and others., Some, fields, are, social, Archeology refers to the study organization, social psychology,, of dead culture (religion, social applied sociology, and human, system, language, how they ecology., , 5

Page 9 :
dress, foods, beliefs, traditions,, etc)., , Goals, , The goals of anthropology are The goals of Sociology are the, the following:, following:, -, , -, , -, , -, , -, , See, the, commonalities, among people (tradition,, language, kinship, etc)., Look at what makes us the, same to understand more, about human nature., Discover what makes people, different from each other in, order to understand and, preserve diversity., Produce new knowledge and, new theories about mankind, and behavior., Look at one’s own culture, more objectively., , -Obtain possible theories and, principles about society as well, as various aspects of social life., - Study the nature of humanity, to further examine our roles, within a society., - Appreciate that all things in, society are interdependent., - Expose our minds to different, perspectives in attaining truth., , After finding out the difference between anthropology and sociology, let us now, proceed with another discipline in social science that plays another important role, in our life., Politics impacts our lives directly or indirectly, whether we are aware of its, effects or not. If there is a crime that took place, we call a police, and this scheme is, part of government. If there was a fire that occured, we call the fire department, and, that’s also a part of government. Military is government as well, let alone our civil, liberty and our rights which have influences on us daily. In school, you were asked, to read by heart the Constitution. When you are apprehended by an authority, you, asked your violation and insisted on your legal rights. Even inside your house, there, are still set of rules that are being enforced and followed. All these things are related, to a field called Political Science., Description/Explanation, Origin, , -, , Concepts, Subjects of, Inquiry, Goals, , -, , The study of political science was started by the ancient, Greeks., Aristotle on his book “Politics” stated that Man is a political, animal. It means that it is our nature to live in a society and, to have power over another., Political Science is the systematic study of government,, politics, and political power., It is often defined as who gets what, when, where and how., political theory, philosopy and different political ideologies, public management, human rights, international relations and foreign policies, Make people a better citizens., , 6

Page 10 :
Keep social order and harmony among different group of, people., Protect the rights of an individual., Avoid conflict and promote cooperation., , -, , What’s More, Learning Task 3:, , #MY PERSONAL SOCIAL MAP, , Find your own social location by creating your own social map. Fill up every, important feature given on each box to understand yourself better., Race, , Religion, , Social class, , Type of community (urban/rural), , Gender, , Language/Dialect, , Answer the following questions, 1. What do you think is the importance of finding your social location in your, own society?, 2. How do the following features (race, gender, religion, class, etc.) affect you in, pursuing your present and future plans? Do they provide opportunities or, serve as constraints?, 3. How does government respond to the needs of those people who belong to, the same social location where you are located right now?, Learning Task 4:, Archaeology is a branch of anthropology that studies the culture of dead, people. Archaeologists rely on the pieces of evidence that they exhumed from, discovered old cities and civilizations. We learn many things about our past based, on their findings., Today, people can store information digitally and put it in formats that can, last for a long period. In relation, let us do an activity by describing yourself to the, future generation through clues about you and the present society where you live., As a student of this generation, you are tasked to make a historical footprint, of your contemporary society so that people of future generations will understand, how people of today lived, and what their personality, values, set of beliefs, and ideas, were. You have to provide them with one written evidence that describes your society, and two objects with explanation that represent your present society., Description of your society, __________________________________________________________________________________, __________________________________________________________________________________, __________________________________________________________________________________, 7

Page 11 :
Drawing or picture of two objects that represent your society with explanation, , What I Have Learned, Learning Task 5: “T-M-L Phrase, Complete the following phrases., The Topic was about, ______________________________________________________________________, It Matters because, ______________________________________________________________________, I’ve Learned today that, ______________________________________________________________________, , What I Can Do, Learning Task 6: Photo Analysis of Social Issues, Issue/Problem, , Discipline/s in social science you will, use for the problem/issue, , Based on the picture below, identify the major social issue or problem that affects, our society today. Explain how the disciplines of anthropology, sociology, and, political science help us in addressing this issue., , Assessment, Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that corresponds, to your answer on a separate sheet of paper., For numbers 1-4, identify the branch of science described in each item. Choose your, answer from the given choices below:, a. Anthropology, , b. Political Science, , c. Sociology, , 1. Its goal is to look for the similarities and differences among the culture of, societies around the world. In doing so, we could be able to understand more, 8

Page 12 :
about human nature, and be more tolerant on other people’s behavior and, actions., 2. This is the study of society, patterns of social interactions, and culture of, everyday life., 3. Its main concern is to learn how to use power over others to maintain social, order and harmony among citizens., 4. If we want to know why certain social phenomena happened, such as the, television program Eat Bulaga’s Kalyeserye gaining millions of tweets, worldwide, this field of social science answers these occurrences., For numbers 5-8, identify the most appropriate discipline to be used in the following, research scenarios and recent development that happened in our country. Choose, your answer from the given choices below:, , 5., 6., 7., , 8., , a. Anthropology, c. Political Science, b. Geography, d. Sociology, Framing legislative policies abolishing or limiting political dynasties all over, the Philippines, Preservation of cultural diversity and respect for traditions in this period of, globalization, Referendum was held in selected provinces comprising the old Bangsamoro, republic for the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Basic Law. This was, done to promote development, peace, and order in their locality., Exchange of culture and ideas in the macro level and breakdown of families, in the micro level as a result of economic migration by Filipino workers, , For numbers 9-15, choose the best answer for each item., 9. Food habits like the way of cooking foods, habits of dressing up, relationship, with family members or with in-laws, and many others are some of the focuses, of this anthropological field., a. Archaeology, c. Linguistics, b. Biological anthropology, d. Cultural & social anthropology, 10. A researcher chose to write about indigenous people in Mindanao and he, described them using some concepts such as kinship, gender and power. He, tried to compare them to other groups of people. Which of the following fields, of science did the statement above portray?, a. History, c. Political science, b. Anthropology, d. Sociology, , 9

Page 13 :
Understanding, Culture, Society, and Politics, Concepts, Aspects, and Changes, of Culture and Society, Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, Concepts, Aspects, and Changes in/of Culture and Society, First Edition, 2020, Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the, Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for, exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties., Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this, module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use, these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over, them., Published by the Department of Education, Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones, Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio, Development Team of the Module, Writers:, Editors:, Reviewers:, Illustrators:, Layout Artists:, Management Team:, , Melany C. Arcangel, Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Leonardo C. Cargullo, Emily R. Quintos, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo, Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Giselle A. Teaño, Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Melany C. Arcangel, Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Doris DJ. Estalilla, Daisy Z. Miranda, Laura O. Garcia,, Ma. Criscel R. Negosa, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Maria Heidi Alaine T. Nietes, , Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON, Office Address:, Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal 1800, Telefax:, 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487, E-mail Address:, [email protected], , 10

Page 14 :
Week, , 2, 1, , What I Need to Know, This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you, master the concepts of culture and society. The scope of this module permits it to, be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the, diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the, standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be, changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using., The module presents the topics on:, , , , Society and Culture as A Complex Whole, Aspects and Changes of Culture and Society, , After going through this module, you are expected to:, 1. Explain concepts of culture and society and relate it to a real-life situation;, 2. Show deep appreciation on the collaboration between our culture and society, by means of stating personal pledge;, 3. Trace and scrutinize terms that are related to the study of culture and the, society, and give examples of such concepts;, 4. Analyze aspects of and changes in culture and society;, 5. Appreciate the general characteristics of culture as means of enriching our, own culture; and, 6. Write examples of real-life situations that best describe the, characteristics of culture., , What’s In, This self-learning module will help you understand the concepts of culture, and society. Particularly, you will learn culture and society as a complex whole, as, well as other aspects. This module will help you understand culture as that field, which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of, society. In addition, the module will help you understand the features of culture and, society, and the significant changes or transformation happening in the present, society., , Learning Task 1: #LearningStationActivity, Directions: Based on the previous discussion, kindly recall ideas related to, anthropology, sociology, and political science. Write them on the provided learning, stations below., , Station 1, ANTRHOPOLOGY, , Station 2, SOCIOLOGY, , 11, , Station 3, POLITICAL, SCIENCE

Page 15 :
What’s New, Learning Task 2: #wordhunt101, Look for the words related to the study of culture and society. Write, , your answers on your answer sheet., S, , A, , F, , U, , R, , P, , V, , G, , D, , A, , D, , A, , Y, , E, , W, , Z, , D, , R, , A, , S, , M, , R, , V, , T, , M, , K, , B, , R, , T, , A, , Y, , I, , O, , T, , L, , T, , B, , P, , X, , G, , H, , C, , B, , K, , N, , I, , O, , I, , O, , T, , R, , A, , I, , T, , S, , Q, , A, , F, , S, , T, , L, , X, , B, , E, , L, , I, , E, , F, , S, , A, , O, , U, , S, , Z, , B, , T, , E, , C, , J, , Y, , U, , C, , L, , D, , K, , N, , O, , W, , L, , E, , D, , G, , E, , T, , Q, , E, , E, , G, , B, , M, , I, , S, , V, , A, , L, , U, , E, , S, , S, , C, , K, , L, , A, , W, , S, , M, , S, , V, , D, , G, , Learning Task 3: #situation-analysis, Analyze each situation. Identify the feature of culture described in each, statement. In addition, the jumbled letters on the right will be your guide in, identifying these characteristics., , Evangelista family was known for, their religiosity. Francis, the youngest, of the family, learned how to pray the, Holy Rosary and the “Oracion” at the, age of 10. According to him, his, grandparents were the ones who, taught him the proper way of praying., , 12, , Culture is, 1.____________________, , E L E A D R N

Page 16 :
Marco didn’t know how to speak, Tagalog well, not until he met his new, circle of friends. They were speaking, the said language. His usual, interactions and bonding with them, made him well versed in such, language, making him a good, communicator in Filipino., , The way Filipinos celebrate New, Year is truly different from the way, Chinese conduct the same event., Pinoys have it every end of December,, while Chinese hold it by the month of, February. In this manner, the two, races are observing different beliefs,, practices, and traditions., , A, gay, fashion, designer,, Roberta, migrated in the U.S.A since, 2001. This year, he visited his former, employer in the Philippines to be the, guest speaker of an event. Roberta, was able to introduce new fashion, techniques he had learned from the, States., , Karlo and Andrea used to, celebrate, birthdays,, Valentines,, Christmas, and New Year together., These celebrations had been part of, their life as sweethearts, making, their life satisfied and ideal., , 13, , Culture is, 2.___________________, , S L O A C I, , Culture has, 3.____________________, , V Y A T R E I, , Culture is, 4.____________________, , S D H E A R, , Culture is, 5.____________________, , G R A G I N T IF, Y

Page 17 :
Mrs. Isabella owned a famous, restaurant in their hometown. Its, bestsellers were the unique recipes of, bulalo and kare-kare. According to, her, their family managed to run the, business despite all the challenges., In fact, she inherited the business, from her great grandmother., , Anselmo, is, a, proud, grandfather to his 12 grandchildren., He often shared his childhood, experiences with them including, stories during the old times. He also, demonstrated Filipino values such, as saying “po & opo”, pagmamano,, etc. All these traits were being, transferred to and practiced by his, grandchildren., , Culture is, 6.____________________, , COUSNTIUTO, N, , Culture is, 7.____________________, , TRNASMIEDTT, , What is It, Did you have a hard time looking for words pertaining to culture and society?, Now let’s try to go deeper. Analyze the following questions and write your answers on, a separate sheet., 1. How are the words in your activity connected to the study of culture and, society?, 2. Can culture and society be completed without these things? Why?, 3. How do you define the terms “culture” and “society”?, 4. Can a society function without culture, or can a culture exist without society?, Why?, 5. What are the characteristics or aspects of culture? Please enumerate them on, the space provided., Answer _______________, ________________, _______________, ________________, _______________, ________________, _______________, ________________, , 14

Page 18 :
CHARACTERISTICS of CULTURE, 1., , Culture is social because it is the product of behavior.,  Culture does not exist in isolation. It is a product of society. It, develops through social interaction. No man can acquire culture, without association with others., , 2., , Culture varies from society to society.,  Every society has a culture of its own that differs from other, societies. The culture of every society is unique by itself. Cultures, are not uniform. Cultural elements like customs, traditions, morals,, values, and beliefs are not constant., , 3., , Culture is shared.,  Culture is not something that an individual alone can possess., Culture, in sociological sense, is shared. For example, people of a, society share all customs, traditions, beliefs, ideas, values, morals,, etc., , 15

Page 19 :
4. Culture is learned.,  Culture is not inborn. It is learned. Unlearned behavior then, is not, culture. Shaking hands, saying thanks, etc. are cultural behaviors., Not all behaviors are learned, but most of these can be. Combing, hair, standing in line, telling jokes, criticizing the president, and, going to movies all constitute behaviors that need to be learned., , 5. Culture is transmitted among members of society.,  Cultural ways are learned by people from others. Many of these, ways are handed down from elders, parents, teachers, and others, (most likely individuals of older generation), while other cultural, behaviors are handed up to elders. Transmission of culture is made, possible by language. Language is the main vehicle of culture., Transmission of culture may take place also through imitation as, well as through instruction., , 6. Culture is continuous and cumulative.,  Culture exists as a continuous process. In its historical growth, it, tends to become cumulative. Ralph Linton called culture “the social, heritage” of man. No culture ever remains constant or permanent., It is subject to slow but constant variation. Likewise, culture is, responsive to the changing conditions of the physical world; hence,, it is dynamic., , 16

Page 20 :
7. Culture is gratifying and idealistic.,  Culture provides proper opportunities for the satisfaction of our, needs and desires. Our needs, both biological and social, are, fulfilled in cultural ways. Culture consists of the intellectual,, artistic, and social ideals, and institutions where members of the, society profess and strive to confirm., , G.M. Lanuaza and S.S.Raymundo, Understanding, Culture, Society, and Politics Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2016,, 7-12., 2, , What’s More, , Learning Task 4: #illustrativecollagecrafting, Create your own illustrative collage that depicts the concept of culture, and society. Focus on the theme. After doing the collage, complete the, statement below the box., Rubrics, Content relevance, Creativity, , 6 pts., 4 pts., 10 pts., , Theme: Culture and Society as a Complex Whole, , Culture and society as a complex whole means it encompasses the, ___________________, ___________________, _________________, _______________,, ___________________, ___________________, _________________, _______________,, ___________________,and ___________________., , 17

Page 21 :
What I Have Learned, Learning Task 6: #Let’sSumUp!, After learning concepts from the previous phases of the module,, answer the “EXIT CARD” and write down your thoughts on a separate sheet., Exit Card – 3 Thoughts that you have learned today, 2 Things that you want to remember, 1 Question you still have in mind, , What I Can Do, Learning Task 7: #pi-YES-ta!, Situation: You are the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) chairperson in your, barangay. At the same time, you are elected as the president of the, Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Federation in your municipality/city. You are, tasked to be the coordinator in the upcoming “Pista ng Bayan.” Write down, your plans and major directions to the following institutions or committees in, order to make the program organized and well-coordinated. Use the spaces, provided., , Local Government Unit, ________________________, ________________________, Products/Foods, _________________________, _________________________, , Church, _________________________, _________________________, , Peace and Order, ________________________, ________________________, , Private Individual, _________________________, _________________________, , Programs/Activities, __________________________, __________________________, 18

Page 22 :
Learning Task 8: #i-cover “Sinulog Festival”, Situation:, As, a, potential, journalist,, you, are, assigned, to document one of the most famous festivals in our country, the “Sinulog, Festival.” During the event, you need to take pictures and write down notes of the, important things about the festival that are related to the different, characteristics of culture., , Culture is learned., Ex. Dancers learn the steps thru, _______, the help of choreographer and, teachers., , Culture is transmitted., , _________________________________, ________________, , 19

Page 23 :
REFLECTION, #mypledge, Make your own pledge by stating your deep appreciation on the, collaboration between our culture and society as means of developing, harmonious relationship among people in the society., , I,_______________________, do solemnly, pledge___________________________________________., , Assessment, POST-TEST, Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that corresponds, to your answer on a separate sheet of paper., , 1. Sinulog Festival is Cebuano’s way of honoring Sto. Nino; Pangasinan’s, Bangus festival signifies their bountiful harvest of fishes particularly, bangus; meanwhile, Bicolano’s “Bicol express” truly marks their, “Uragon” (courageous) style because of the spiciness and hotness of the, said food. The mentioned traditions represent culture as being __., a. symbolic, c. encompassing, b. intergrated, , d. learned, , 2. Mang Isko and Aling Perla used to have a family devotion (prayer) every, Saturday. They demonstrate and explain to their children the reason, for having deep faith to God. What aspect of culture is best suitable for, this situation?, a. Culture is shared., c. Culture is transmitted., b. Culture is social., d. Culture is learned., 3. Maharlika is a young woman of Agta tribe. She is excellent in, performing their ethnic dance. According to her, the elders in their tribe, transferred the steps of the dance to her. What characteristic or aspect, of culture is being referred to by this experience?, a. Culture is learned., c. Culture is continuous., b. Culture is shared., d. Culture is transmitted., 4. The following are all considered as means of transmitting culture among, members of the society. Which one is the main vehicle of passing, culture from one generation to another generation?, a. Instruction, c. Language, b. Imitation, d. Symbols, 5. Pinoys are fond of singing and listening to music. Before, people used, to do sing-a-long with a jukebox, then it was changed to karaoke, and, , 20

Page 24 :
6., , 7., , 8., , 9., , now, most people sing their favorite songs in videoke. Their ways of, enjoying music has gone through changes but still lives up until today., Therefore, culture is __., a. learned, c. continuous, b. shared, d. transmitted, In the United States, once a person reached the age of 18, he/she can, live freely outside the guidance of parents, while here in the Philippines,, we are family-oriented, meaning some are free to live with parents until, they grow old. This statement simply means that culture is __., a. Culture is continuous., c. Culture is social., b. Culture is varied., d. Culture is transmitted., Gentriseños are known for celebrating Valenciana festival. In times of, barangay fiestas, people actively participate in the so-called “karakul.”, Carmela has observed this specific way of life of the Gentriseños since, childhood. At present, this custom is still embedded in her heart. This, story tells us that culture is acquired by being bornt into a particular, society. What aspect of culture does it describe?, a. symbolic, c. encompassing, b. intergrated, d. learned, One of the characteristics of culture is being continuous and, cumulative. No culture remains constant or unchanged; it is subject, to slow but constant change. Culture is responsive to the changing, conditions of the physical world; hence, it is dynamic. Which scenario, below best fits as an example of the given statements on culture?, a. The Department of Education conducts learning instruction, through blended learning modalities and not the face-to-face, strategy which people are already used to., b. The Department of Health pursues and promotes proper self-care, or health care to avoid virus-related illnesses., c. The Department of Interior and Local Government strictly, implements directives on preventing drug-related activities and, many other correlated events., d. The Department of Public Works and Highways pursues and, supports the administration’s “Build, Build, Build Program,” in, order to invite foreign and local investors., Which of the following refers to the “way of life” of individuals in a, community?, a. Society, c. Manner, b. Culture, d. Organization, , 21

Page 25 :
10. __ cannot exist apart from culture. It is an organized group of, individuals who share common/related manner of living., a. Institution, c. Organization, b. Corporation, d. Society, 11. Which of the following words can best describe culture and society as, a complex whole?, a. interdependent, c. interrelated, b. interactive, d. All choices are correct, 12. Analyze all the given statements. Trace which one is the best statement, about the complexity of culture and society., a. Society can exist without culture., b. Culture can exist without society., c. Society can operate without culture command., 13. People carry and transmit culture, but they are not culture., Edward B. Tylor described culture as “a complex whole.” Which of the, following choices supports Tylor’s description of culture?, a. Culture as complex whole means it encompasses traits and, values of the society., b. Culture as complex whole means it includes laws and norms in, the government., c. Culture as complex whole means it deals with everything that a, person learns and shares as a member of the society., d. Culture as complex whole means it refers to the beliefs and, traditions of modern Filipinos., 14. Which statement is wrong about the concept of culture?, a. Culture is a way of life transmitted through social interaction., b. Every society has its own distinctive culture., c. Culture refers to a group’s ways of behaving and thinking., d. Culture can evolve into anything., 15. Does culture affect our lives in terms of the way we view society and, interact with other people?, a. Yes, c. Uncertain, b. No, d. Maybe, , Additional Activities, #i-can-FILL-it!, Complete the following phrases…, Culture will never be a culture without ______________________________., Society will not exist without________________________________________., , 22

Page 26 :
Understanding, Culture, Society, and Politics, Cultural Relativism and, Ethnocentrism, Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism, First Edition, 2020, Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the, Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for, exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties., Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this, module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use, these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over, them., Published by the Department of Education, Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones, Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio, Development Team of the Module, Writer:, Editors:, Reviewers:, Illustrators:, Layout Artists:, Management Team:, , Armando D. Ison, Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año, Leonardo C. Cargullo, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting,, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo, Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Armando D. Ison, Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Armando D. Ison, Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Doris DJ. Estalilla, Daisy Z. Miranda, Laura O. Garcia,, Ma. Criscel R. Negosa, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Maria Heidi Alaine T. Nietes, , Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON, Office Address:, Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal 1800, Telefax:, 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487, E-mail Address:, [email protected], , 23

Page 27 :
Weeks, , 1, , 3-4, , What I Need to Know, This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master, the nature of Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope of this module, permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used, recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow, the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be, changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using., The module is about the importance of cultural relativism in attaining cultural, understanding (MELC Week 3)., After going through this module, you are expected to:, 1., 2., 3., 4., , Describe your own culture and compare it to the culture of others;, Determine the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism;, Shows the ill effects of ethnocentrism; and, Become aware why and how cultural relativism mitigates ethnocentrism., , What’s In, Before we proceed, let us go back with some of the important concepts about, culture, which is the focus of our discussion., According to E.B. Taylor; culture is a “complex whole,” which encompasses, beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artefacts’, symbols, knowledge, and, everything that a person learns and shares as a member of a society., Likewise, a society is understood or sometimes judged based on their culture., What comprises a culture? Let us refresh our mind by answering the matching type, test below., Source: Wikimedia Commons. From Popular Science Monthly 26 (1884):, 145. Public Domain., , Learning Task 1: Match the correct description in Column A to the aspect of, culture in Column B., Description, , Aspect of Culture, , 1. Family is the most important unit, of this aspect of culture. Through, family, children learn how they, are expected to act and what to, believe in., 2. It, usually, answers, basic, questions about the meaning of, life., , a. Arts and literature, b. Customs and traditions, c. Economic systems, d. Forms of government, , 24

Page 28 :
3. This, is, considered, the, cornerstone of culture. It is the, way of communicating and, understanding each other., 4. These, products, of, human, imagination usually help people, to pass on their culture’s basic, beliefs., 5. It maintains order within a, society and protects it from, outside threats., 6. This refers to how people use, their limited resources to satisfy, their wants and needs., 7. It is the rules of behavior that, enforce ideas as right or wrong., , e. Language, f. Religion, g. Social organizations, , Check your answers and make sure you are very familiar with the key terms, listed before we start another lesson., , What’s New, Am I Different?, Learning Task 2: Fill in “‘Me’ and My Culture” table by describing how you, behave and practice your own culture under similar circumstances., “Them” and their culture, , “Me” and my Culture, , Marriage, , Marriage, , A man can have multiple wives. He can, share his wife to his brothers and, visitors as a sign of hospitality., (Eskimos), Behavior, , Behavior, , When entering a nearly empty movie, theater or public vehicle, you are rude, when you do not sit beside the only, person in the theater or public vehicle., (South Africa), Hand Gestures, , Hand Gestures, , The V- hand gesture is an offensive sign, in United Kingdom, Australia, and, South Africa. In Japan, China, and, South Korea, using this symbol with the, , 25

Page 29 :
palm facing the person means he/she is, looking cute in picture., Child-rearing, , Child-rearing, , In order to control their population in, difficult, environments,, Eskimos, sometimes kill their children if they, could not take care of them. They also, kill, females, more, than, males., (Infanticide), , Religion, , Religion, , Individuals practicing Hinduism believe, in millions of gods and goddesses. All, are responsible for governing their lives,, destiny, and fate., Reading text, , Reading Text, , Hebrew and Arabic books are read from, right to left., Table Manners, , Table Manners, , Europeans and Americans use spoon, and fork in eating, while Chinese and, Koreans use chopsticks., And so I am Different, 1. What can you say about the culture of these people?, ________________________________________________________________________, 2. Are their respective cultures the same as your own culture? In what ways, are they similar and in what ways do they differ?, ________________________________________________________________________, 3. Do you think that the cultures of these groups are bad? Why or why not?, ________________________________________________________________________, 4. Can we consider some of their cultural practices as right or wrong?, Explain., ________________________________________________________________________, 5. Which of the two sets of cultures is the best, their cultures or your own, culture? Why?, ________________________________________________________________________, , 26

Page 30 :
6. If one culture behaves in a particular act, does it mean that all cultures, can behave the same way? Discuss further., , What is It, In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to deepen your, understanding about culture., Please continue reading with comprehension as you discover further, knowledge that will help you out in your quest on the remaining phases of this, lesson., , What is Ethnocentrism?, Ethnocentrism is a belief that one’s own culture is better than others. They, tend to compare, evaluate, and even judge other people’s ways based on the values, and standards set in one’s own culture. Their worldview is based on the beliefs,, assumptions, expectations, and values shaped by one’s language, behavior, customs,, values, religions and other aspects., Due to ethnocentric beliefs, many people are blinded from seeing things in, another perspective. Ethnocentric people tend to dislike or make false judgment on, other cultures. They tend becoming biased and judge another culture as bad and, wrong., Even though we deny it, most of us are ethnocentric at some point in our lives., Some do not even realize that they are being ethnocentric at that moment. Below are, some of the examples of ethnocentrism:, a. The American society sees themselves as a world leader. As a result, they, interfere in the political affairs of other countries and try to control them,, leading to misunderstanding and miscommunication amongst nations, which sometimes result to war., b. During the time of Adolf Hitler, Germans believed that they are a superior, race. This led to the death of 6 million Jews whom they considered as an, inferior race., c. European countries go beyond their ethnocentric biases and saw nonEuropean cultures as uncivilized and underdeveloped countries of savages, and barbarians. They used this perspective to justify colonialism and, imperialism., d. Cases of hate crimes and terrorism violence can usually be traced back to, religious conflicts and misunderstandings., , Cultural Relativism as the Opposite View, Cultural relativism is a belief that cultures are equally complex. There is no, such thing as superior or inferior culture., Cultural relativism is very important in studying the culture of other people., It is a way of viewing the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from its own, , 27

Page 31 :
viewpoint. Another way to say this is that others should understand an individual’s, beliefs and activities in terms of that person’s own culture., , , Cultural relativism promotes greater appreciation of the cultures that an, individual might encounter along the way.,  Cultural relativism is a good way to rehearse the norms and values of a society, –-- a requirement that one must subscribe to, regardless of his/her cultural, origin.,  It means that the function and meaning of a trait are relative to its cultural, setting., To understand better the main difference between ethnocentrism and cultural, relativism, an illustration was provided below:, Hello, I am Lisa. I am a cultural, relativist. I believe that culture of, people must be looked at in terms of, the world these people inhabit. I try, to look at their culture based on what, their practices bring in to them. If, Eskimos kill their infant sometimes, I, believe that there is a practical, reason why they do that. That is why, for me, culture is relative. There is no, right or wrong, and I don’t have the, right to say if it is good or bad., , Hello, I am Ben. I am an, ethnocentric. I always believe that, my culture is superior from others., I often use my own culture to judge, others. I consider their beliefs and, practices as savage or corrupt., Most of the time I tend to, discriminate others, bully them for, their practices, and get into conflict, with them., , What’s More, Learning Task 3:, People tend to be more tolerant of another culture’s customs when they, understand and learn the meaning behind them. In order to understand an, unfamiliar culture, social scientists conduct researches. The best way to do this, study is to experience that culture by living with people practicing it. Additionally,, this experience should be done for a long period., In this activity, you will be asked to conduct a simple case study examining, the culture of other people that is somehow different from yours. If you are an, Ilocano, the subject of your study could be people who identify themselves as, Tagalog, Bisaya, Bicolano, or other ethnicity. If you know someone who belongs to, an indigenous group of people, it is much better to have them as subjects. Since you, are not allowed to go out at present because of the threat of COVID-19 pandemic,, look for someone who is near to your place or whom you have contact with through, social media., Be guided with the following questions as you write your case study:, 1. Describe the group of people that you chose. Who are they? What, do they do? Where did they come from? What do you know about, them?, , 28

Page 32 :
2. Discuss their way of life in terms of:, a. Social organizations, b. Language, c. Religion, d. Arts and literature, e. Economic systems, f. Values, beliefs and traditions, 3. Summarize what you have learned using the 3-2-1 chart below:, 3 Things I learned from them, 2 Things I found interesting, 1 Thing I realize, Learning Task 4:, Give some concrete instances when unity exists even though there are differences, happening among people., , Unity in Diversity:, Pagkakaisa sa kabila ng pagkakaiba-iba, Learning Task 5:, On a separate sheet, create a slogan that promotes respect and tolerance towards, other cultures all over the world., , What I Have Learned, Learning Task 6: “T-M-L Phrase, Complete the following phrases., The Topic was about, __________________________________________________________________________________, It Matters because, __________________________________________________________________________________, I’ve Learned today that, __________________________________________________________________________________, , 29

Page 33 :
What I Can Do, Learning Task 7: #i-beg to Disagree because, State your reason why you beg to disagree to the given statements below. You have, to remember that you are a CULTURAL RELATIVIST; you have to place yourself in, the shoes of these people in order to understand them better. Culture is not good or, bad, neither it is right or wrong, but instead it is relative., 1. One society can call another society as evil such as those nations where, terrorist live. These places are also called an “axis of evil”., ________________________________________________________________________, 2. Western culture is superior and opposite of non-Western culture., ________________________________________________________________________, 3. When you don’t say “po” at “opo,” you are impolite., ________________________________________________________________________, 4. The Mangyan tribe of Mindoro are backwards people because they are, uneducated., ________________________________________________________________________, 5. We have to avoid going to places like Siquijor and Capiz because monsters, called Aswang infest these places., ________________________________________________________________________, 6. Eating Dalagang Bukid, Salagubang, Palakang Bukid and other organisms, are not healthy., ________________________________________________________________________, 7. Ilocanos are thrifty because they are poor., ________________________________________________________________________, , Assessment, Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that corresponds, to your answer on a separate sheet of paper., 1. Ben is an ethnocentric. He considers other people, specifically indigenous, tribes, as backwards people who have no manners at all. Why do you think, Ben come up with this bias?, a. He regards another culture as superior., b. He regards his own culture as superior., c. He regards his own culture as normal and uses it to measure foreign, cultures., d. He regards another culture as superior and uses it to measure his own, culture, , 30

Page 34 :
2. Lisa was a proud cultural relativist. She sees that Ilocanos are thrifty because, of their geographical location. Likewise, she sees nothing wrong about it. What, did Lisa exhibit in that situation?, a. She believes anything goes in one’s own culture., b. She measures behavior by how the other culture regards this practice., c. She has no concept of right or wrong., d. She measures which cultures are related to others., 3. What might be the result of ethnocentrism on a global scale?, a. Other people may be treated as savage or morally corrupt., b. There is no way to determine which is right or wrong., c. Native people often wish to colonize superior culture., d. Believing one’s own culture is superior makes one a morally corrupt, savage., 4. For better opportunities, many Filipinos were forced to work abroad, exposing, themselves to unfamiliar culture. Culture shock is a feeling of disorientation, experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to other’s way of life or, set of attitudes. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of culture shock?, a. Feeling homesick when in a new place, b. Feeling like the new culture is superior to your own, c. Obsessing about the cleanliness of food and water in a new place, d. Feeling the hostility towards natives or locals, 5. Which of the following statements is a positive effect of ethnocentrism?, a. Rina posted on her Facebook wall saying that eating fried tarantula is, “yuckie.”, b. Greg posted a statement which says, “Ang galing ng Pinoy, angat sa, iba, kaya’t tayo ay magkaisa.”, c. Shiela posted a picture of Carlos P. Romulo with a caption, “This little, brown monkey that you are referring to does not eat banana peelings., He is a Filipino not an American., d. Wendel tweeted, “Nakakatakot na ang panahon ngayon daming taong, gumagala na tadtad ng tattoo ang katawan.”, For numbers 6-10, identify whether the given statement is an example of, ethnocentrism or cultural relativism. Write letter A if it is ethnocentrism and B if it, is cultural relativism., 6. Korean culture is better than our culture because many Filipinos try to, imitate and adopt this culture., 7. The Aetas of Zambales ,the Mangyans of Mindoro and other Filipino tribes, have different religious beliefs. Their Gods are manifested on the different, forms of nature like trees, mountains, rivers, volcano, their dead ancestors,, and many more. I think there is nothing wrong about that. It does not, make them a lesser group of people., 8. Indigenous people should learn to change their old and traditional ways of, life in order to be happy and successful., 9. People in my culture could learn a lot from people in other cultures., 10. Filipinos’ religious traditions like the celebration of fiestas should be, banned because it is just a waste of time, energy, and resources., , 31

Page 35 :
Understanding, Culture, Society, and Politics, Significance of Cultural, Social,, Political and Economic Symbols, and Practices, Understanding Culture Society and Politics, Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Economic Symbols and Practices, First Edition, 2020, Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the, Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for, exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties., Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this, module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use, these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over, them., Published by the Department of Education, Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones, Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio, Development Team of the Module, Writers:, Editors:, Reviewers:, Illustrators:, Layout Artists:, Management Team:, , Racquel D. Commandante, Mary Grace F. Alano, Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año, Leonardo C. Cargullo, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Jesusa L. Partosa, Asher H. Pasco, Alfonso V. Mabuting, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo, Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Jhucel A. Del Rosario, Michael Joseph A. Lapid, Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Felipe Ryan S. Duatin, Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Doris DJ. Estalilla, Daisy Z. Miranda, Laura O. Garcia, Ma. Criscel R., Negosa, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Maria Heidi Alaine T. Nietes, , Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON, Office Address:, Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal 1800, Telefax:, 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487, E-mail Address:, [email protected], , 32

Page 36 :
Weeks, , 5-6, , What I Need to Know, This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master, the nature of Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope of this module, permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used, recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow, the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be, changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using., The module is about the significance of cultural, social, political and economic, symbols and practices (MELC 4)., After going through this module, you are expected to:, 1., 2., 3., 4., , Identify the human origins and the capacity for culture, Determine the role of culture in human adaptation, Explain processes of cultural and sociopolitical evolution, Analyze the key features of interrelationships of biological, cultural and, socio-political processes in human evolution that can still be used and, developed, , What’s In, Learning Task 1: Analyze the images below and Identify which shows ethnocentrism, or cultural relativism. Write your answers on your paper., , 1. In the Philippines, it is said that a person came, from the northern part of Luzon (Ilocano) are stingy., , 2. Filipinos are known for being hospitable., , 33

Page 37 :
3., , Some say rich people are snobby., , 4. Philippines are known for having variety of, delicacies which used different cooking, techniques but all native food are tasty and, delicious., , 5., , Some cultures include eating of dog meat., , What’s New, Learning Task 2: The ICEMAN and the ALPS (this activity is adapted from, slideshare.net accessed May 25, 2020), In 1991, hikers in the Alps found a dead body and notified the authorities., They thought that person might have died on a recent hike, but extensive scientific, testing revealed the body to be around 5,000 years old! Since the “Iceman” was frozen, for all this time, his body clothing, and tools were all preserved intact, giving us a, rare glimpse of what it must have been like to live in the Neolithic Era., The discovery of the Iceman has also given us a mystery to solve. The autopsy’, revealed many signs of violent death. When archaeologists inquire about the past,, the examined evidence and put it together to tell their story. What story does it tell?, , 34

Page 38 :
Artifacts, , , , , , Copper Axe, Flint knife, Unfinished longbows, Flints (stones used for tools, and fire),  Mushrooms,  14 bone-tipped arrows, o Two finished, o Twelve unfinished, Autopsy, , , , , , , , Cerebral Trauma to the, head, Cuts and bruises on hands, Arrow wound in shoulder, (arrow probably removed), Blood from 4 people (DNA), 57 Carbon Tattoos (dots and, lines on lower spine. Back of, knees and right ankle), About 5000years old, , Your assignment:, By yourself, use at least 6 pieces of, evidence to tell a story about the events, leading to the Iceman’s death. Remember, that the only wrong answer in history is an, answer that lack evidence. Be creative and, have fun with this., , 1. Based from the activity, what is the significance of human material remains, and artifactual evidence in interpreting culture, social and political processes?, ___________________________________________________________________________, 2. As compared to our lives today what differences do we have from these men, who lived 5,000 years ago in terms of biological and cultural features? Use the, reconstructed picture of the iceman below., , Present day Human Beings, , Biological difference:, , Cultural Difference:, , __________________________________, __________________________________, _________________________, , __________________________________, __________________________________, _________________________, , 3. As you can see, there is a big difference between the biological and sociocultural features between that Iceman and you. Why do you think changes, happened in all aspects of your life from time to time?, , 35

Page 39 :
Learning Task 3: The 3-IN-1 Learning Stations, Carefully look at each picture. Give your descriptions pertaining to their:, 1. CULTURE or way of living, 2. PHYSICAL capacity in doing the task, 3. The kind of LEADERSHIP they have, , Station 1, , 1 ______________________________________________, , 2. ______________________________________________, , 3. ______________________________________________, , Station 2, , 1. _____________________________________________, , 2. _____________________________________________, , 3. _____________________________________________, , 36

Page 41 :
Guide Question:, In two to three sentences, explain how our cultural and sociopolitical ways has, changed over the years?, Answer:, _____________________________________________________________________, , What is It, In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to read to deepen your, understanding about the topic., Please do it with comprehension to discover knowledge that will help you out in, dealing with the next phase of your quest., Learning Task 4: Think it over:, 1. When we try to compare then and now, what are differences in terms of how, people carry out things physically, culturally, and socio-politically?, ___________________________________________________________________________, 2. What are the different stages in the cultural development of human?, ___________________________________________________________________________, 3. How does human grow culturally, socially, and politically in Paleolithic Period?, Neolithic Period? Age of Metal?, ___________________________________________________________________________, 4. Why do you think people need a transformation or evolution to adapt to, his/her environment?, ___________________________________________________________________________, 5. Do you observe practices that preserve culture in today’s living? Explain by, giving an example., ___________________________________________________________________________, ___, 6. As a human, how do you progress? List down at least five things that you can’t, do 10 years ago, and the things that you can do at present., 10 years ago, I CANNOT, , At present, I CAN, , HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION, It is a saying that “human has no contentment”. As the environment changes, we, continuously grow and find ways to make maximize our effort as we live. It is very, evident in the different stages of human cultural evolution: Palaeolithic Period,, Neolithic Period, and Age of Metal., The term “Palaeolithic” was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865. It is, derived the from Greek word, palaios, which means "old"; and, lithos, "stone", In, short, the Palaeolithic Period, which happened 2.5 million years ago, is also known, as "Old Stone Age"., , 38

Page 42 :
In the Palaeolithic period, the Earth was extremely cold and ocean levels were much, lower than they are now. Due to the cold climate, much of the Stone Age is also called, the Ice Age., During these years, people were nomads and able to use simple tools and weapons, made of unpolished stone. The caves served as their shelter., Similarly, this was the time when people discovered to use the fire, through the use, of stone, for their protection against cold temperature and to cook their own food., Human beings in this time were grouped together in small societies such as bands,, and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing, hunting or scavenging wild animals., Also in this era, according to study of Dr. Jesus T. Peralta of NCCA, respect is given, to age, and individual prowess and ability are recognized. There are no leaders that, could be said to be above everybody else and whose commands are obeyed without, question. In some cases, one who is known for good decisions is consulted when a, problem arises; or well-known hunter will be asked to lead a hunting group., Likewise, the term “Neolithic” also comes from the same archaeologist and from the, Greek word “neo” which means new and “lithos” meaning stone or in short, the “New, Stone Age” which was happened for about 10,000 B.C. In this period, the Cro Magnon, disappeared and the new people who are considered the modern man appeared., The Neolithic Revolution is also called as the First Agricultural Revolution. During, this period, there was a wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a, lifestyle of hunting and gathering to of agriculture and settlement kind of society, which eventually led to population increase. People depend on domesticated plants, and animals. They learned to create such crafts as pottery and weaving. They likewise, developed boat as means of transportation and for fishing as well., From being nomads during the early stage, human began to develop a sedentary type, of society of which they built-up villages and towns., Furthermore, they were never contented of their accomplishments. They kept on, discovering things for their own convenience. So, they discovered metals, and they, gradually abandoned stone as the basic element for their instrument and tools., This period was known as Age of Metals (4000 B.C – 1500 B.C). The used of metal, such as bronze, copper, and iron produced a new historical development from the, cradle civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including the India, and China, which later spread throughout Asia., There were three stages distinguished within this Age due to the different types of, metals that were used: The Copper Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age; copper was, the first known metal, it is of a low hardness and it was used to make ornaments;, bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is harder and stronger than copper. Several, eastern Mediterranean peoples discovered this metallurgy and progressed rapidly., During this age, agricultural tools were developed with bronze, such as plows and, sickles, military weapons like swords, spears and shields, as well as household, utensils like jars, bowls and cups. Likewise, a more developed social, cultural,, political, and economic system were improved. Tribes, empires, and state were, recognized at this point., , 39

Page 43 :
EARLY CIVILIZATION and RISE of the STATE, Ancient State and Civilization, One of the earliest states and civilizations was found in the Fertile Crescent which is, known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The word Mesopotamia is a Greek word for, “Land between two rivers” which is often referred to as the cradle of civilization. It is, the region of the Western Asia located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It is, known as the Fertile Crescent where the first evidence of agriculture was also found., Here the first human civilizations were taking the earliest steps from hunter-gatherer, society into settled community., Moreover, it is in Mesopotamia that the history writing appeared as early as over, 5,000 years ago. This invention was so important that it marks the end of the, Prehistory, and the beginning of history. One of the first writing systems, the, Cuneiform, is one of the most important civilizations in the history of Mesopotamian, culture., Every city in Mesopotamia had its own government, rulers, warriors, patron god, and, functioned like an independent country. Mesopotamian cities were Ur, Uruk, Kish,, Lagesh. There is a temple at the center of each city called a ziggurat (a massive,, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure)., There was also what we called Mesopotamian warrior-gods (2.400-2.500 B.C.) who, govern and protect the people under its government. Military commanders eventually, became monarch creating a new structure of government called a Dynasty. It is a, series of rulers descending from a single-family line. The Akkadian Empire lasted, about 200 years. In the year 2350–2150 B.C, Babylonian Empire overtook Sumerians, around 2000 B.C., and they built capital, the Babylon, on Euphrates River., Another ancient states and civilizations was the Egyptian civilization. It emerged, more than 5,000 years ago along the River Nile in the north-east of Africa. The, Ancient Egyptians lived near the River Nile because of its fertile land suitable for, growing crops and domestication of animals. Each year, water from the Nile rose and, flooded the area. When the water went back, it left mud that made the fields fertile., Egyptians called their king a pharaoh. The pharaoh was all- powerful: He passed, laws, He ruled the country, He owned most of the land, and He controlled trade and, led the armies. Egyptians believed that the pharaohs were gods., , 40

Page 44 :
Modern State and Civilization, In the European continent, several states and civilization grew tremendously over, centuries. In England, around 1500s, most of the people lived in small villages. They, paid tithes to their feudal landlords. Henry VII won the War of the Roses in England,, which led into what is known as the Tudor dynasty, and begun the development of, the English nation-state., In Spain in the year 1492, Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella took Spain, back from the Muslim. It became the era of Spain as a global power., In France, Louis XIV of France created an absolute monarchy. France became the, dominant power in Europe. When The French Revolution broke out, it created the, modern French nation-state, which sparked nationalism around Europe., In 1914, when various nation-states started to claim their power and superiority over, all the nations in the world, the World War I begun until 1918. In 1919, Treaty of, Versailles ended the World War I. It divided several multinational empires that led to, the creation of several new nation-states., In 1939, the World War II started until 1945. The end of World War II led to the, formation of United Nations in 1945., The State of the People: Democratic State, In the recent decade after the two World Wars, people are becoming more active in, their government and state affairs, in which people become the source of political, power and government rules. This evolution in the government is known as the, process of democratization, or simply democracy – the rule of the people., Democratization is the transition to a more democratic political regime, including, substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction. It may be the, transition from an authoritarian regime to a full democracy, a transition from an, authoritarian political system to a semi-democracy or transition from a semiauthoritarian political system to a democratic political system. What is a democracy?, Moreover, a democracy is a form of government where the citizens of the nation have, the power to vote. There are several different types of democracies; (1) a, representative democracy is a system where citizens choose government, representatives among their citizens, (2) direct democracy is when the citizens form, a governing body and vote directly on issues, (3) constitutional democracy limits the, powers of government through the nation’s constitution., , What’s More, ARTICLE READING 101, Read the article entitled “A Settled Life”. Analyze how the ancient cultural and, socio-political features developed and impact our present period. Then, be able to, answer the succeeding guide questions., , 41

Page 45 :
A Settled Life, (By: Dr. Senta German), When people think of the Neolithic era, they often think of Stonehenge, the iconic, image of this early era. Dating to approximately 3000 B.C.E. and set on Salisbury, Plain in England, it is a structure larger and more complex than anything built before, it in Europe. Stonehenge is an example of the cultural advances brought about by, the Neolithic revolution—the most important development in human history. The, way we live today, settled in homes, close to other people in towns and cities,, protected by laws, eating food grown on farms, and with leisure time to learn, explore, and invent is all a result of the Neolithic revolution, which occurred approximately, 11,500-5,000 years ago. The revolution which led to our way of life was the, development of the technology needed to plant and harvest crops and to domesticate, animals., Before the Neolithic revolution, it's likely you would have lived with your extended, family as a nomad, never staying anywhere for more than a few months, always living, in temporary shelters, always searching for food and never owning anything you, couldn’t easily pack in a pocket or a sack. The change to the Neolithic way of life was, huge and led to many of the pleasures (lots of food, friends and a comfortable home), that we still enjoy today.(Stonehenge, c. 3,000 B.C.E., Salisbury Plain, England), Neolithic Art. The massive changes in the way people lived also changed the types, of art they made. Neolithic sculpture became bigger, in part, because people didn’t, have to carry it around anymore; pottery became more widespread and was used to, store food harvested from farms. This is when alcohol was first produced and when, architecture, and its vivid interior and exterior decoration, first appears. In short,, people settle down and begin to live in one place, year after year., , It seems very unlikely that Stonehenge could have been made by earlier,, Paleolithic, nomads. It would have been a waste to invest so much time and energy, building a monument in a place to which they might never return or might only, return infrequently. After all, the effort to build it was extraordinary. Stonehenge, is approximately 320 feet in circumference and the stones which compose the outer, ring weigh as much as 50 tons; the small stones, weighing as much as 6 tons, were, quarried from as far away as 450 miles. The use or meaning of Stonehenge is not, clear, but the design, planning and execution could have only been carried out by a, culture in which authority was unquestioned. Here is a culture that was able to rally, hundreds of people to perform very hard work for extended periods of time. This is, another characteristic of the Neolithic era., Source: Dr. Senta German, A Settled Life :https://www.khanacademy.org 2020, I have analyzed…, Guide Questions:, , I think that…, , 42

Page 46 :
Example:, , Example, , What does the Stonehenge, is trying to tell this modern, era?, , The Stonehenge tries to showcase that even before, they had already their cultural advancement, which,, in this modern age can further develop such as the, technologies., , a. Vividly envision the, , Stonehenge. Imagine, how they built it. Could, you say that early, people were physically, fit and prepared as we, are today?, b. How did ancient, humans end their, “being nomads”?, c. Looking at the “lens” of, Stonehenge, how will, you describe the kind, of sociopolitical way?, d. Why Neolithic, Revolution is is, considered as the most, important development, in human history?, , What I Have Learned, Learning Task 5: To sum up what you have learned. Complete the following, phrases, 3 Thoughts I have learned…, ______________________________, , 2 Things I want to remember…, ________________________________, 1 Question I have in mind…, ________________________________, , 43

Page 47 :
Life as a Symbol…, (Draw a symbol of life):, , (Briefly explain how the symbol, would influence yourself to live a, better life):, ____________________________________, ____________________________________, ____________________________________, ____________________________________, ____________________________________, ________________________, , What I Can Do, Learning Task 6: “A Better Me in My Society”, As a millennial and a Filipino youth, how will you respond and adapt to this changing, world where people and society have indeed developed and became more advanced, than before? However, consider some circumstances that are hooked on it., , Your physical attributes, & capacity in the midst, of health crisis, , Your manner of living, where some ways are, now unbecoming, , ________________________, ________________________, ________________________, _, , ________________________, ________________________, ________________________, , Your commitment to, abide as a citizen where, some authorities are not, performing well, ________________________, ________________________, ________________________, _, , Learning Task 7: #I WILL SURVIVE!, , Fill in the blank to complete your pledge to continue the legacies of our ancestors., , As a human being, I understand that people need to change to survive. Hence, I will, try to ___________, ___________, and ____________ to continuously grow as a student., , 44

Page 48 :
I will do my best to ______________ and ________________ all cultural properties which, I believe are part of my country’s legacy. I will also render all possible help to, __________ and ____________ our society and history as well., , Assessment, Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a, separate sheet of paper., 1. During the earliest stage of human cultural evolution, people were nomadic,, so they hunt and gather foods. As they learn to make a sedentary lifestyle in, the Neolithic period. Which statement tells the accomplishment of human in, the Neolithic period?, A. Live in a cave, B. Used unpolished stone tools, C. Used metals to upgrade tools, D. Domesticate plants and animals, 2. The Age of Metal produced a new historical development from the cradle, civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including the India, and China, which later on spread throughout Asia. Which type of metal were the earliest, known by human?, A. Aluminum, B. Bronze, C. Copper, D. Iron, 3. There are three notable stages in the human cultural evolution. Which, statement tells the correct timeline of these evolutions?, A. Age of Metal, Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period, B. Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal, C. Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal, Neolithic Period, D. Paleolithic Period, Neolithic Period, Age of Metal, 4. From being nomads during the early stage, human began to developed a, sedentary type of society of which they built-up villages and towns. In which, era has these evolutions happens?, A. Age of Bronze, B. Age of Copper, C. Neolithic Period, D. Paleolithic Period, 5. The most significant evolution in Paleolithic period is when people discovered, the use of fire. In the Neolithic period is when human learned to domesticate, plants and animals, which is known to be the First Agricultural Revolution., In the Age of Metal is the discovery of people in using metal as their tools,, thus, the Age of Metal is identified as:, A. Agricultural Revolution, B. Metal Civilization, C. Stone Revolution, D. Rise of Civilization, 45

Page 49 :
6. How were the first modern humans (Homo sapiens) different from any other, hominid species?, A. They lived outside of Africa, B. They had large brains, C. They used and controlled fire, D. They used symbolic thought, 7. In the history of human social evolution, what group of people was skillful at, hunting and butchering animals?, A. Australopithecus, B. Home erectus, C. Homo habilis, D. Homo sapien, 8. In the history of human civilization in which people started to develop their, society, where did the world’s first Civilization develop?, A. Mesopotamia, B. Crete, C. Egypt, D. Eastern China, 9. From the different kind of government in various societies, what is a form of, government where the citizens of the nation have the power to vote?, A. Aristocracy, B. Bureaucracy, C. Democracy, D. Capitalism, 10. In the context of European historical society, which of the following DOES, NOT happened during pre -1500’s?, A. Henry VII wins the War of the Roses in England, begins the Tudor, dynasty, and starts the development of the English nation-state., B. The era of Spain as a global power begins., C. The hundred year’s war started., D. The French Revolution, 11. In the history of war, the nations started to claim their power and, supremacy over the nations. Which treaty ends the World War I and breaks, several multi-rational empires?, A. Treaty of Saint-Germain en Laye, B. Treaty of Versailles, C. Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, D. Faisal-Weizmann agreement, 12. Democracy is a type of government in which the people elect their leader in, the government position. Direct democracy is the system in which..., A. Citizens choose their representatives in free and fair elections., B. Citizens are allowed to debate with their representatives in open public, meetings., C. Citizens represent themselves in the decision-making process., D. Senior political leaders are known as 'Directors'., , 46

Page 50 :
13. Which statement most accurately describes how geography affected the, growth of the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia?, A. River valleys provided rich soil to grow plentiful crops., B. Large deserts provided many mineral deposits., C. Access to the Atlantic Ocean provided trade routes., D. Lage Savannah areas provided protection from invaders., 14. Which geographic feature was common to the development of civilizations in, ancient Egypt, China, India, and Mesopotamia?, A. river valleys, B. rain forests, C. deserts, D. mountains, 15. In the context of ancient civilization, which factor led to the development of, civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia?, A. political harmony, B. favorable geography, C. religious differences, D. universal education, Medium.com. “The Four Major Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization.’’ Accessed, May 25, 2020. www.Medium.com, Slideshare ‘’The Iceman: A Historical Inquiry.’’ Accessed May 25, 2020, .www.Slideshare.net, Slideshare ‘’Early Civilizations’’Accessed May 25, 2020. www.slideshare.net, Slideshare.’’The, Human, 2020.www.slideshare.net, , Society’’, , Accessed, , Sparknotes., “The, Rise, of, Nation-state.’’, 2020.www.sparknotes.com, , Accessed, , May, May, , 26,, 26,, , World Population View.”Democracy Countries 2020.’’ Accessed May 26,, 2020. www.woldpopulationview.com, , 47

Page 51 :
Understanding, Culture, Society, and Politics, Socialization, Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, Socialization, First Edition, 2020, Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the, Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for, exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties., Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this, module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use, these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over, them., Published by the Department of Education, Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones, Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio, Development Team of the Module, Writers:, Editors:, Reviewers:, Illustrators:, Layout Artists:, Management Team:, , Mark Antony B. Perello, Enrico Caganda, Marilyn Encarnacion, Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año, Leonardo C. Cargullo, Emily R. Quintos, Jesusa L. Partosa, Asher H. Pasco, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo, Alfonso V. Mabuting, Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Jhucel A. Del Rosario, Michael Joseph A. Lapid, Renato D. Ruz, Jr., Maria Cristina F. Lim, Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Felipe Ryan S. Duatin, Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Cherrylou D. Repia, Elias A. Alicaya, Jr., Ivan Bryan L. Inductivo,, Elpidia B. Bergado, Noel S. Ortega, Emily R. Quintos, , Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON, Office Address:, Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal 1800, Telefax:, 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487, E-mail Address:, [email protected], , 48

Page 52 :
Week, , 7, 1, , What I Need to Know, This module is designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you, master the nature of Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope of, this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The, language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary levels of students. The lessons, are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which, you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now, using., The module is made to explain the Socialization based on the MELC Week 5., After going through this module, you are expected to:, 1. Identify the concepts and aspects of socialization., 2. Identify the concepts and aspects of enculturation., 3. Determine the connection between the agents of socialization and, enculturation to the development of an individual., 4. Value the significance of socialization and enculturation to the development, of one’s self., , What’s In, After assessing what you know about our module, let us review what you have, learned from the previous module., Look at the table below. Check whether the examples are Tangible Cultural Heritage, or Intangible Cultural Heritage., Remember that tangible cultural Heritage’ refers to physical artifacts produced,, maintained and transmitted from one generation to another in the society while, Intangible Cultural Heritage refers to the practices, representations, expressions,, knowledge, skills that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize, as part of Cultural Heritage., Example, , Tangible Cultural, Heritage, , 1. T’nalak fabric of the T’boli, 2. O, Maliwanag na Buwan sung, by Pilita Corales, 3. Dambana ng Kagitingan in, Mount Samat, 4. Taal lake and volcano, 5. Parada ng Lechon of Balayan, 6. Nuno sa punso, 7. Pagsasanghiyang, 8. The UP Oblation, 9. Valenciana Festival of Gen., Trias, , 49, , Intangible, Cultural Heritage

Page 54 :
What can you say about the image formed?, The image represents, _____________________________________, _____________________________________, ____________________________., , What is It, In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to read in order to deepen, your understanding about the topic., Please do it with comprehension to discover knowledge that will help you out in, dealing with the next phase of your quest., , SOCIALIZATION, , 51

Page 55 :
Do you see the picture? What do you have, in mind?, Very good! If you think that socialization, is very important in our lives, you are, absolutely correct. But what is meant by, socialization really?, Socialization simply means the process of, learning one’s society and its culture. It is, moreover the same as interacting,, mingling and being with other people or, groups within/ outside of your society., How do you feel in a situation when it, seems that you don’t belong and you are, being isolated? Good thinking! Of course, you will feel sad and lonely. That kind of feeling only shows that socialization is, important to you --- and to all of us., Through socialization, one learns the culture’s language, their roles in life, and what, is expected from them. Without socialization, a person will develop different physical, and mental disabilities. It is sad to know that individuals with no successful, socialization develop mental illness, abnormal or odd behavior and self -isolation. Do, you know that there are different groups of people that influence your orientations, and perspectives to life? These groups are called agents of socialization. These, agents play a crucial role in developing yourself as a person and a member of the, society., Family is the first agent of socialization., Most of the habits, manners, beliefs and the way we think are develop in the family., A huge part of your personality is molded by your family because this is where you, spent your childhood. Your family influences you on the way you behave and act as, a person. This is when socialization process is crucial and intense. Do you still, remember your happy moments in school? Of course you do., School is another agent of socialization., Here, you interact or socialize with other people- your classmates, teachers,, administrators and others which are outside your family within a society. Your, socialization with them has made a lot of experiences in you. It is in the school that, your behavior and attitude are shape to become a better member of society. So a part, of your personality is developed by this agent. Do you agree?, Your circle of friends is also an agent of socialization. It is called peer group. Your, peers usually have similar ages, social status and share interests. Your peer group, influences you on the way you can accept yourself. It is with your peer group that, you find yourself belonged., 52

Page 56 :
I’m sure you learned a lot from your friends, didn’t you? So, you are right when you, think that they are also important agent in shaping your personality., Social media as agent of socialization plays a crucial role in shaping your personality, as well. Majority of us, young and old, are connected through social media. Much of, our waking time is spent on using social media., So, this agent of socialization influences your way of life intensively thus doing large, part in your personal development. There are other socialization agents who are also, important in moulding you as a person: the community, the church and the, government., You see? What you are now is a product of socialization. You have been socializing, from the time you were born until now. Socialization is a continuing process until we, die. Socialization is really a necessity for it develops you as person., , ENCULTURATION, We are living in a society of many cultures. Culture is the customary beliefs, social, forms, and material traits of a racial, religious or social group (merriam-webster., com). These cultures make people different from one another. A group has a set of, shared attitudes and practices which are partially or even totally apart from what, others have., As an individual grows up in a social group, he/she learns to understand his/her, identity. This is where enculturation comes in. Enculturation is the process by, which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire, values, and, behaviours, appropriate or, necessary, in, that culture, (https://www.definitions.net/definition/Enculturation)., According to Stephen A. Grunland and Marvin K. Mayers (1988) (as cited from, Hoebel, 1982), enculturation is both a conscious and an unconscious conditioning, process whereby man, as child and adult, achieves competence in his culture,, internalizes his culture and becomes thoroughly enculturated. Socializing with, people plays a great part in achieving it. He/she deals with. An individual also, learns from observing the surrounding he/she is in., As a child lives with his family and the community, he/she adapts socially accepted, values (e.g. attending to religious obligations, respecting the elders, etc.) At a very, young age, a child is instilled with values by his/her parents and family. He / She, sees the importance of being together as respected when they eat. Also, he/she, learns the foundations of learning; be it reading the alphabet and counting of, numbers., In school, he/she learns to be socially educated person as he/she observes and, adapts the behavior of other people (e.g. singing the National Anthem, paying respect, to the flag, showing respect to teachers and valuing friendship among friends and, classmates). A person becomes more civilized as he learns more of culturally, accepted behavior and knowledge in school., , 53

Page 57 :
In a community, a person may be inspired to practice social duties and obligations, as observed and learned from those who do great contributions for the welfare of, most people. In these practices, one may also become a steward of goodwill., A teenager learns to clothe himself/herself like his/her friends or in great chances,, adapts how they behave and act. He / She appreciate the value of friendship, learn, to find joy in sharing commonalities and accepts differences in choices and decisions., His / Her confidence in dealing with people can be rooted from a well-maintained, relationship with friends., The government upon its imposition of law refines a person’s way of living. Through, which, he/she learns his civil rights and exercises them righteously. Likewise,, he/she learns to respect government policies and abides to them, knowing that every, action has limitation., In his/her dealing with religious affiliations, a person’s belief in Omnipotent Being, is strengthened. This cultivates the idea that everyone like a brother and a sister., Thus, respect towards one another is valued. He or she learns to respect differences, in faith., Parents and other authorities are called the initiators of enculturation. As one is, enculturated by those initiators, the process is manifested in his/her actions,, choices and decisions. If it is not because of enculturation, a person will not become, the way he/she in the society. One will not be able to discern what is right from, wrong or even make actions to handle problems encountered. Because of, enculturation, an individual knows the boundaries of his/her actions, words and, ideals. As a learned individual, one becomes accepted by the group he/she belongs, with. Enculturation teaches a person of his/her roles in the society. True enough,, he/she becomes functional member of the society., , What’s More, At this part of the module you are given different sets of activities to answer. Read, and understand each direction to accomplish the given activities., Learning Task 2: PUSH FORWARD, The activity below will help you enhance more what you already know about, socialization. Read the paragraph and fill in the blanks with words or phrases, necessary to complete it. The words and phrases are provided inside the box for you, to choose from., , personality, , family, , normal, , culture, , physical, , socialize, , agents of socialization, , socialization, mental, , personal development, , 54

Page 58 :
Revitalized and Socialized, Every individual undergoes the process of (1) __________ during his/her life, time. Socialization is a necessary social process for it is through this that (2), ______________ is taking place. It was found out that people who lacked, socialization developed (3) ___________ and (4) ____________ disabilities. On the, other hand, people with successful socialization experiences become (5), _____________ in different aspects of life., It is important to remember that (6) ________________ are influential in, shaping one’s personality. There are several agents of socialization mentioned in, this module. These agents are: family, peer group, school, church, community,, social media and the government. Among these agents, (7) __________ contributes, the most impact on one’s personal development because the crucial and intense, socialization happens with it., Becoming part of a particular (8) _________ is a product of socialization., And so, don’t forget to bear in mind that we need to choose the kind of activities, we involve ourselves into. For whenever we (9) ____________, we develop the kind, of (10) _____________ we have., , Learning Task 3: THINK IT OVER, Answer the following questions., 1. What is the importance of the following icons representing the agents of, socialization to your development as a person?, ______________________________________________, ______________________________________________, ______________________________________________, , ______________________________________________, ______________________________________________, ______________________________________________, , ______________________________________________, ______________________________________________, ______________________________________________, , 55

Page 59 :
______________________________________________, ______________________________________________, ______________________________________________, , ______________________________________________, ______________________________________________, ______________________________________________, , 2. Which among the given factors (referring to icons presented above) has the, most important part in the development of a person? Why?, ___________________________________________________________________________, 3. How can you differentiate socialization from enculturation? Explain and give, your examples., ___________________________________________________________________________, Learning Task 4: Reality Check, Socialization is very important to all of us, do you now agree? Do you believe that, not all the experiences we get out of socialization are right? Do you think you have, an important role of choosing the right from wrong experiences whenever you are, socializing?, If your answer to all of the questions are YES, then CONGRATULATIONS!, You are now ready to create real life situations the learning you had on socialization., Be proud. For you are steps closer towards success!, , TIPS on How to Make your Socialization, Productive and Meaningful:, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , Bullying is not healthy in socialization., Make your group activities productive., Learn to socialize more often with professional people., Be critical on information you encounter from social media., Prioritize more important activities., , Now, think of other ideas on how to improve your socialization?, Make a list on the space provided below:, , 56

Page 60 :
My TIPS on How to Make Socialization, Productive and Meaningful:, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , __________________________________________, __________________________________________, __________________________________________, __________________________________________, __________________________________________, , What I Have Learned, Learning Task 5: Today, I learned that…, Answering this module is enjoyable because…, After reading and completing this module I have learned that…, My learning’s form this module inspires me to…, , What I Can Do, Learning Task 6: I CAN FILL IT, Imagine yourself as the image below. On a separate sheet, fill them in with WHO or, WHAT influence you to become the person you are now., , Your Name, __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, __________________________________, , 57

Page 61 :
Assessment, Directions: Read the following statement and choose the letter of the correct answer, found in a box., A., B., C., D., E., F., G., H., I., J., K., L., M., N., O., , Church, Agents of socialization, Family, Social media, Undergoing constant socialization enables an individual to fully develop in, physical, emotional and mental aspects., Playing computer games, socializing with others, It is the process of learning one’s own culture., Parents, Community, Peer group, We learn our culture’s norms and the roles expected of us., mental illness and sometimes having abnormal behavior, As the person learns his/her culture, he/she becomes functional member of, the society., Socialization, , 1. This is the place where a person is enculturated through immersing himself, or herself in serving others with the help of other individuals. We are all part, of a ________________ that would help us understand our own cultural and, values orientation., 2. As the saying goes, it takes a village to raise a child. Because of these, a child, needs a group of individuals who will shape his or her culture, beliefs and, values. What do you call this group of individual?, 3. The first agent of socialization is our family most especially our parents., Throughout our life we will have our set of chosen family that will also guide, us in socialization and teach us to interact with other people. Who is this, chosen family?, 4. At this day and age of modern technology, a new agent of socialization has, influenced people both young and old. The influence of this agent is both good, and bad. This is why our family and friends play an important role in, managing the influence of this agent. What agent of socialization is this?, 5. Aside from teaching morality and reverence to our Creator, this institution, also instills cultural appreciation and cultural values that would shape the, personality of a child. What is this institution?, 6. Every individual undergoes a social process which enables him/her to become, part of one’s culture throughout his/her life time. Which concept refers to this, process?, 7. Through socialization we learn some ways of behaving. Which of the choices is, normally learned during socialization?, , 58

Page 62 :
8. Socialization is an important social activity in the development of a person., How does socialization affect the development of an individual?, 9. The agents of socialization performing role in the development of one’s, personality. However, each of them influences the development of individual, in varying degree. What is the first agent of socialization that influences the, development of a person intensively?, 10. Socialization process affects the development of an individual on different, aspects. Which among the choices is an effect to an individual who has not, been successfully socialized?, 11. School is one of the different institutions in the society that help in the, foundation and development of a person. Students are learning by example, from their teacher and their fellow students. Which is an example of, enculturation in school?, 12. A person projects an image different among others. One is a product of the, culture he/she adapted which brings his/her own individuality and identity., What then is the importance of enculturation to the development of one’s self?, 13. Enculturation shapes an individual through different processes. Knowingly or, unknowingly, one internalizes the practices of the group he or she belongs., Which among the following one can be best enculturated?, 14. Personal identity develops in many ways, depending on preferred choices. In, a society where there are many cultures, one’s identity can be formed through, enculturation. Which of the following highlights enculturation?, 15. Enculturation exists as one adapts or obtains behaviors and beliefs from, different initiators of this process. These authorities can bring out a person’s, view of what life is about. Which of the following figures play a vital role in, developing personal identity in children?, , Additional Activities, REMEMBER AND SHARE. YOU’RE A DOER!, Choose any of the tasks below which you feel easy for you to do., Use a separate sheet., a. Write 2 or 3 sentences showing your appreciation on the topic socialization, and enculturation., b. You can also write a “motto” or tag line about socialization enculturation., c. You may also draw if you want about socialization enculturation., d. A poem is very much welcome about socialization enculturation..., , 59

Page 63 :
Understanding, Culture, Society, and Politics, Social Organizations, Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, Social Organizations, First Edition, 2020, Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the, Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for, exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties., Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this, module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use, these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over, them., Published by the Department of Education, Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones, Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio, Development Team of the Module, Writers:, Editors:, Reviewers:, Illustrator:, Layout Artist:, Management Team:, , Ryan Christopher P. Toledo, Janet Jay N. Amboy, Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año, Leonardo C. Cargullo, Leah J. Guillang, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting,, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Melvin Jan Guarin, Richmond Causaren, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Joseverino B. Laxamana, Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Rosemarie D. Torres, Galileo L. Go, Glenda DS. Catadman, Ivan Honorpette A. Mijares, Leah J. Guillang, , Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON, Office Address:, Telefax:, E-mail Address:, , Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal 1800, 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487, [email protected], , 60

Page 64 :
Week, , 8, , What I Need to Know, This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master, the nature of Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. The scope of this module, permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used, recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow, the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be, changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using., The module is about examining the concept, characteristics and forms of social, stratification using sociological perspective. (MELC week 9), After going through this module, you are expected to:, 1. Define the concept of social groups, 2. Identify the characteristics and forms of social groups., 3. Share examples of primary, secondary, in, out, reference group and networks, based on real life situation., , What’s In, Learning Task 1: Complete the letters of the word based from what the pictures, are implied., , 1. F_ _ _ l_, , 4. N _ _ W _ _ _s, , 2. F _ _ _n _s, , 3., , C _a_ _m_ _ _ s, 5., , 61, , O _ g _n _ z _ t _ _ n

Page 65 :
What’s New, Learning Task 2: Directions: Complete the sentence below based on the previous, activity:, 1. The words that I formed were __________________________________________________, and ______________________., 2. I can relate to the picture/s above because, __________________________________________________________________________________, __________________________________________________________________________________, , What is It, In this part of your journey, we provided something for you to read to deepen, your understanding about the topic. Please do it with comprehension to discover, knowledge that will help you out in dealing with the next phase of your quest., , CONCEPT OF SOCIAL GROUPS, Everyone belongs to a group; your race, gender, favorite sports team, your, college, even the place where you were born were all examples of groups. Sometimes, groupings are determined by factors related to who we are (sex, age, race/ethnicity), but in many other cases, they arrive in a somewhat arbitrary fashion. In school, you, would likely associate with classmates who share the same interests as you do like, having a common hobby or sports affiliation or even fashion sense or even love of a, certain type of music., What is a Group?, A group is composed of two or more persons interacting with each other and, guided by a set of norms. It is also defined as specified number of individuals where, each recognizes members as distinct from non-members., Basic Classifications of Social Groups, 1. Primary Groups, Primary groups are marked by concern for one another, shared activities and, culture, and long periods of time spent together. They are influential in developing, an individual’s personal identity. The goal of primary groups is actually the, relationships themselves rather than achieving some other purpose. The examples, of a primary group but not limited to be your family and childhood and close friends., The concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles Cooley in his, book, Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. (Contreras, Antonio P. et al., “Social Groups”. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix, Publishing House, Inc. 2016), Sample Groups: Family, Play group, Village/Neighborhood, Work-team, , 62

Page 66 :
2. Secondary Groups, Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little personal, knowledge of one another. In contrast to primary groups, secondary groups don’t, have the goal of maintaining and developing the relationships themselves. These, groups are based on usual or habitual interests or affairs. It includes groups in which, one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for payments,, and such., Sample Groups: Nation, Church Hierarchy, Professional Association,, Corporation, University classes, Athletic teams, and groups of coworkers., 3. In-group, Belonging to the same group as others who share the same common bond and, interests who are more likely to understand each other refers to an in- group. Sample, Groups: Sports team, Unions and Sororities, 4. Out-group, Those who do not belong to the in-group are part of the out-group, which exist, in the perceptions of the in group members and takes on social reality as a result of, behavior by in-group members who use the out group as a negative point of, reference., 5. Reference Groups, A reference group is a collection of people that we use as a standard of, comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group. We rely on, reference groups to understand social norms, which then shape our values, ideas,, behavior, and appearance. This means that we also use them to evaluate the relative, worth, desirability, or appropriateness of these things., By looking to reference groups--be they those of race, class, gender, sexuality,, religion, region, ethnicity, age, or localized groups defined by neighborhood or school,, among others-- we see norms and dominant values, and we choose to either embrace, and reproduce them in our own thoughts, behavior, and interactions with others; or,, we reject and refute them by thinking and acting in ways that break from them., Sample of these groups are parents, siblings, teachers, peers, associates and friends., 6. Network, A network is a collection of people tied together by a specific pattern of, connections. They can be characterized by the number of people involved, as in the, dyad (by twos) and triad (by threes), but also in terms of their structures (who is, connected to whom) and functions (what flows across ties). Networks indeed, are able, to do more things and different things than individuals acting on their own could., Networks have this effect, regardless of the content of the connections or persons, involved., Nowadays, the giving of information and establishing of connections and, various relationships can be done through social networking sites. In this manner,, , 63

Page 67 :
it is easier to form connections, relationships and linkages., Members, Friends, Work Colleagues, Classmates, , Example: Family, , There is another strong example of a network that has boomed since the, beginning of the 21st century. Since 1979, electronic forms of social networking have, boomed, starting with CompuServe and MySpace, and moving to other networking, applications such as Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter, and Instagram., , What’s More, Learning Task 3: Directions: Answer the following questions and write it on your, answer sheet., 1. Pretend that you belong to a particular in-group in your class. You noticed that, one classmate from your class does not belong to any group. What would you do?, Would you invite him to join your in-group? Why? Why not?, __________________________________________________________________________________, __________________________________________________________________________________, __________________________________________________________________________________, 2. The Sangguniang Kabataan of your barangay approached your group in school to, help them in the feeding program of the community. They also asked the help of the, other groups from your school. What would you do to help the SK officials? Would, you ask the out-groups to join you? How?, __________________________________________________________________________________, __________________________________________________________________________________, __________________________________________________________________________________, , What I Have Learned, Learning Task 4: Directions: Differentiate the following classifications of groups by, citing their characteristics and examples. Do this on your answer sheet., , Primary Group, Characteristics, , Examples, , 1., , 1., , 2., , 2., , 3., , 3., , 4., , 4., , 5., , 5., , Secondary Group, Characteristics, , Examples, , 1., , 1., , 2., , 2., , 3., , 3., , 4., , 4., , 5., , 5., , 64

Page 68 :
In-Group, Characteristics, , Examples, , 1., , 1., , 2., , 2., , 3., , 3., , 4., , 4., , 5., , 5., , Out-Group, Characteristics, , Examples, , 1., , 1., , 2., , 2., , 3., , 3., , 4., , 4., , 5., , 5., , What I Can Do, Learning Task 5: Directions: Answer the following questions comprehensively. Write, your answers on your answer sheet., Question: Think of a group that you belong to. How does this group influence you as, a student?, Answer: The group that I belong to is my _______________________________., , They, influence, me, as, a, student, by, _____________________________, _________________________________________________________________________________., , I influence them by ______________________________________________________________, _________________________________________________________________________________., , They help me fulfill my ambitions in life by _______________________, _________________________________________________________________________________., , 65

Page 69 :
Assessment, Directions: Read the items carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write, your answer on your answer sheet., 1. In your everyday life in school or in your neighbourhood, your kabarkada is an, example of:, A., B., C., D., , In-group, Primary Group, Secondary Group, Out-Group, , 2. Typically a small social group whose members share close, personal and enduring, relationships., A., B., C., D., , Out-Group, Primary group, Secondary group, Networking group, , 3. Among different kinds of social groups in our society, this can be small or large,, mostly impersonal and usually short-term., A., B., C., D., , Out-group, Social Group, Primary Group, Secondary Group, , 4. In various manifestation of characteristics of social group, below are examples of, out-groups EXCEPT:, A. Gays and lesbians, B. Urban and City groups, C. Network and Social Group, D. Classmates sharing the same likes and dislikes, 5. Every social group manifests specific sets of characteristics, which of the following, is NOT a characteristic of members in an ingroup?, A. a sense of “we” rather than “I”, B. a feeling of unity, C. similar likes/dislikes, D. knowing out-group’s differences, 6. Based on the kind of social relation, which of the following is an example of an ingroup?, A. enemies, B. a biker and a singer, C. members of a dance troupe, D. knowing out-group’s differences, , 66

Page 70 :
7. Nowadays technology-based social group has been already part of everyone’s daily, life. As such, social networking sites is considered as are powerful __________tools, A. Communication, B. Laboratory, C. Man-made, D. Technological, 8. These are sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other., A., B., C., D., , In-groups, Networks, Out-groups, Reference groups, , 9. Network is a highly influenced the lives of the people. Which of the following is, the true reason for forming networks:, A., B., C., D., , Personal, Economic, Socio-Cultural, Environmental, , 10. Network links people among themselves in various ways. Which words below, pertains to an example of networks:, A., B., C., D., , Letters, Postcards, Facebook, Instagram, , 67

Page 71 :
What's More, Lesson 1 only, Note: In any order, 1. Beliefs, 2. Practices, 3. Traits, 4. Values, 5. Attitudes, , 68, , What's More, Lesson 1 only, Note: In any order, 1. Laws, 2. Norms, 3. Artifacts, 4. Symbols, Knowledge, 5., , Assessment, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., , A, C, A, C, C, B, D, , Assessment, 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., , D, B, D, D, C, C, D, A, , Lesson 2, , What's In, Assessment, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., , A, C, B, C, C, A, C, D, D, B, , Assessment, 1. B, 2. B, 3. A, 4. C, 5. B, 6. A, 7. B, 8. A, 9. B, 10.A, , G, F, E, A, D, C, B, , Lesson 1, , Lesson 3, , Answer Key

Page 72 :
Lesson 4, , Lesson 5, , Lesson 6, , 69