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Term I :- (Write only highlighted vocab words and questions and answers in your copies), Discovering Tut: the Saga Continues :, Introduction of the LessonWritten by A.R. Williams, this chapter is about the last heir of the powerful Pharaoh Dynasty,, Tutankhamun, who died when he was a teenager after ruling for nine years. He died in a mysterious, way, this chapter throws light over all the possible mysteries – the curse, where his tomb lies, his life, and ultimately death. Egyptians believe that there is life after death and that is the reason why the, Pharaohs were buried with wealth and everyday use items., Summary, Discovering Tut: the Saga Continues is a chapter that gives us an in-depth insight of Tutankhamun, the, last ruler of the powerful Pharaoh Dynasty in Egypt. He was a teenager when he died and his death was, a mystery. Some speculated that he was murdered., He ruled in Egypt and its empire for centuries. In 1922, his tomb was discovered by Howard Carter, a, British Archaeologist. After 80 years, he was taken from his resting place for CT scan which offers to, solve the mystery of his life and death by creating a forensic reconstruction., Tut’s father or grandfather, Amenhotep III, was a very powerful Pharaoh who ruled over a period of, forty years. His son, Amenhotep IV, thrived him and began the strangest period in the history of Egypt., He promoted the worship of Aten (the sun disk). He changed his name to Akhenaten meaning servant of, the Atens. He also moved the religious capital from Thebes to the new city of Akhenaten, called Amarna., Further, he attacked Amun, a god, smashed his images, and closed his temples. Another mysterious, ruler succeeded him who died soon. Next, Tutankhamun, also known as Tut, sat on the throne and ruled, for nine years. He worshipped god Amun in the old ways. However, he died mysteriously., When Tut’s mummified body was discovered, he was laid with lots of gold, wealth and everyday items, like a bronze razor, games, clothes, cases of food and wine. Carter discovered him after searching for, many years., After researching on the treasures, he decided to investigate his three nested coffins. Some parts of the, Tut’s treasures in the tomb were already looted., His tomb was rock-cut, 26 feet underground, which had wall paintings. On the outer coffin, Tut’s face, was gilded. In the first coffin, he found the garlands of olives, lotus petals, and cornflowers. It showed, that he was buried in the months of March or April. The third and final coffin put Carter into trouble., The resins used to cement Tut to the bottom of the solid gold coffin was hardened enough making it, impossible to move. He put the coffin in the sun for several hours in hope for the resins to loosen up but, it didn’t work. Finally, he removed the resins with the help of chisel and hammer.

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Carter felt he didn’t have any other choice as to if he hadn’t cut the mummy from limb to limb, thieves, would have looted the gold. His men first removed his head, then they cut off every joint. After, removing the body parts, they placed it on the layer of sand in a wooden box and put it at the original, place., In 1968, the mummy was X-rayed by an anatomy professor, revealed few facts – his breast bone and, front ribs were missing., Later, on January 05 2009, Tut was taken for CT (Computed Tomography) scan which takes hundreds of, X-Rays and creates a three-dimensional image. The night of the scan, the workmen carried his body, from the tomb in a box., They climbed ramp and stairs and lifted it on a hydraulic trailer that held the scanner. The scanner, stopped working which paused the procedure. After using a pair of spare fans, the scan was finally done., After three-hours, his body was taken back to his tomb where his body is resting in peace., Vocabulary words, Heir – Inheritor, successor, Laden – loaded, Speculated- form a theory without evidence, Tomb- an enclosure to bury the dead, Forensic Reconstruction – the process of recreating the face of an individual, Pharaoh- a ruler in ancient Egypt, Stirred – move or cause to move slightly, Ghostly – eerie and unnatural; unreal, Resting place- here, the grave, Cemetery- a large burial ground, Dark-bellied – dark in colour, Scudded across – moving quickly; it refers to the movement of the dark-bellied clouds, Veiling – to cover something, Casket- a small ornamental box or chest for holding jewels, letters, or other valued objects., Casket grey – It means that the grey clouds were like a grey coloured casket which contained the stars., The stars are like jewels which are kept in a casket.

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Glided – quite, continuous motion, Probe – to investigate, find out, Lingering – long-lasting, Descended – moved or gathered, Cramped – very small to fit into, Rock-cut – made in a rock by cutting it, Gazed – to look in surprise or in admiration, Murals – a painting or other artwork executed directly on the wall, Gilded – covered with a thin sheet or coating of gold, Striking- prominent, Whisper- to speak in a low voice, Pondering – think about something carefully, Futile – pointless; incapable of producing the result of something, Hastily – fast; swiftly, Ransacked – raid; go through a place to steal or damage something, Antiquity – age, oldness, Resurrection – restoration to life, Afterlife- life after death, based on the belief that the essential part of an individual’s identity continues, to the next life after the death of the physical body, Funerary Treasures – the valuable things with which the king was buried, Three nested coffin- three cofins placed one in another in order of decreasing size. The innermost coffin, houses the body of the deceased., Shroud – a length of cloth in which a dead person is wrapped, Adorned – decorated, Garlands of willow – a wreath of flowers and leaves

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Mummy- a body of a human being or animal that has been ceremonially preserved by removal of the, internal organs, treatment with natron and resin, and wrapping in bandages., Ritual – here, the resins used in the ceremony of mummification, Resins – a sticky flammable substance that is insoluble in water, Legitimate – reasonable, Blazing – very hot, Budged – moved or shifted; a slight movement, Chiselled away – to cut something with a chisel, Circumvented – find a way around; thieves would have found a way to tackle the guards and remove, the gold from the tomb, Inlaid – a decorative pattern on a surface, Amulet – an ornament or small piece of jewellery thought to give protection against evil, danger, or, disease., Apron – a protective garment worn over the front of one‘s clothes and tied at the back., Sheaths – a close-fitting cover, Iconic – something or someone who is a symbol or it represents some other thing, Adornments – ornaments, Concealed- hid, Intervening – occur in the time between events, Intriguing – to arouse one’s curiosity, Startling – unexpected or surprising, Computed Tomography – Also called a CT scan, it is a three-dimensional scan of a body with the help of, hundreds of X-Rays in cross-section together, Demise – death, Death rattle – the gurgling sound produced in the throat of a person who is about to die, Aftermath – after-effects of an unpleasant event

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Wacky –amusing in a slightly odd way, Eerie detail – strange image of Tut’s head as visible with the help of CT scan, Forensics – the application of the scientific method to investigate a crime, Anatomy – the branch of science which deals with the bodily structure of humans, animals or other, living beings, Burial – burying the dead, Shrine – holy place, Pallbearers – a person who helps to escort a coffin at a funeral, Swirling – to spin or twist, Hydraulic lift – a lift that uses a machine to lift or move heavy objects with a pressure, Sprinted – ran at a high speed, Stood Orion — the constellation that the ancient Egyptians knew as the soul of Osiris, the god of the, afterlife — watching over the boy king., Astonishing – amazing, Pixels – a pixel is a single point in a graphic image, Spun – to turn around, Vertebrae – series of small bones which form a backbone, Question and Answers, Understanding the Text, 1. Give reasons for the following., (i) King Tut’s body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny., Ans: King Tut’s body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny because of his history, his treasures which, he was buried with and to know the reason behind his death., (ii) Howard Carter’s investigation was resented., Ans: Howard Carter’s investigation was resented because of his unscientific methods to cut off his body, from the tomb. He also focused more on Tut’s wealth and less on to solve the mystery of Tut’s life and, death.

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(iii) Carter had to chisel away the solidified resins to raise the king’s remains., Ans: Carter had to chisel away the solidified resins to raise the king’s remains because the body was, cemented to the bottom of the solid gold coffin as the resins had hardened. No force could move the, body away and keeping the body in the sun, under 149 degrees Fahrenheit also did not help., (iv) Tut’s body was buried along with gilded treasures., Ans: Tut’s body was buried along with gilded treasures as the ancient Egyptian royals were extremely, wealthy. They also believed that the royalty would take all the treasures with them in their afterlife., (v) The boy king changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun., Ans: Tutankhamun means ‘Living image of Amun’. Amun was a major god of ancient Egypt., Amenhotep III smashed and closed his temples, later Tut restored his temples and beliefs back in his, empire. That is why he changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun to choose his belief in the, god., 2. (i) List the deeds that led Ray Johnson to describe Akhenaten as “wacky”., Ans: According to Ray Johnson, the Akhenaten was wacky because of the following reasons:, ·, ·, ·, , He smashed and closed Amun’s images., He worshipped Aten, sun’s disk, He moved the religious capital from the city of Thebes to the new city of Akhenaten, called, Amarna, ·, He changed his name to Akhenaten, (ii) What were the results of the CT scan?, Ans: The results of the CT scan were astonishing which was 1700 digital X-rays cross-sectioning each, other to make a three-dimensional image. A grey head appeared and his vertebrae were shown. The, images of the hand, ribcage, and skull were shown which were so clear., (iii) List the advances in technology that have improved forensic analysis., Ans: With the advancement in technology, it has been made possible for many scientific tests to be, carried out in a more accurate way to determine the cause of a crime. X-Ray, CT scan, Post mortem,, biopsy, and autopsy are now possible., (iv) Explain the statement, “King Tut is one of the first mummies to be scanned — in death, as in, life…”, Ans: Tut’s mummy was the first one to be X-rayed in 1968 and later, in 2005, the first to be scanned, through Computing Tomography (CT). CT scan revealed new three dimensional images of his body which, answered many questions.

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Talking about the Text, Discuss the following in groups of two pairs, each pair in a group taking opposite points of view., 1. Scientific intervention is necessary to unearth buried mysteries., Ans: For:, To understand the mysteries and history of the past, it is necessary to unearth certain buried mysteries., It can help get the answers to the questions and gives us an idea about past lives and how they used to, live. Example – the scientific intervention of Indus Civilization., Against:, There is no doubt that scientific intervention can be useful but it exploits with the valuable assets of the, buried. We can utilize the money involved in the investigation of the mummies to help develop the, resources., 2. Advanced technology gives us conclusive evidence of past events., Ans: For:, With the advanced technology, it helps us to know about the past and those who were involved. Such as, through CT scan, it was possible to get an idea about King Tut and his body. It helped solve mysteries, about death. It provides data for forensic reconstruction and satellite images help find burial sites., Through different software, date and time of an event occurred in the past can be calculated., Against:, After CT scan result images of Tut, still, no conclusion could be drawn. Instead of focusing and using the, time and money on past events, the government should focus on the present and future., 3. Traditions, rituals and funerary practices must be respected., Ans:, For:, Every religion has its own tradition, rituals and funerary practices which must be respected. It should not, be disturbed as Carter did with King Tut’s tomb., Against:, There are many speculations made for ancient history, traditions, rituals and funerary practices which, should be cleared in order to know the truth. The people living in modern time should follow anything, which can danger their lives or make the conflict between communities., 4. Knowledge about the past is useful to complete our knowledge of the world we live in.

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Ans: For:, Knowledge of past events and important personalities help us understand where our roots are from. It, helps us to know how our modern world was formed gradually. From past experiences and lessons, we, learn not to commit the same mistake or we are gradually more alert. Knowing about King Tut's life and, getting answers to the questions helped us understand Pharaoh Dynasty and the Egypt Empire., Against:, Always digging the past doesn’t help as it only wastes the time and resources. No one can change the, past and we cannot change what already has happened. So, we should focus on what present and future, will bring for us and we must work to make our tomorrow better. Ranting about what happened, yesterday cannot help us., Thinking about Language, 1.What do you think are the reasons for the extinction of languages?, Ans: A language can become extinct due to many reasons. If the world adapts with technology and, advancement, they make changes accordingly. Example, the Sanskrit language cannot be seen used on a, daily basis by people. However, in ancient times, it was a language used both verbally and in writing., Also, if some level of restrictions is imposed on a certain class of people not to use a language. It can, become extinct gradually., 2.Do you think it is important to preserve languages?, Ans: Yes, it is very important to preserve languages as it helps us to understand our culture and, traditions. It helps in cultural development and it helps us to connect with the important past events. It, gives us knowledge about literature and the history of the language., 3. In what ways do you think we could help prevent the extinction of languages and dialects?, Ans: We could help prevent the extinction of languages and dialects in the following ways:, 1. By including the teaching of languages and dialects in school and college curriculums, 2. By promoting the use of language and dialects verbally., 3. By conducting seminars and plays to pass the knowledge of the languages and dialects to normal, people., 4. By inviting people to take a few months course about learning languages and dialects., Working with Words, 1. Given below are some interesting combinations of words. Explain why they have been used together., (i) ghostly dust devils, , (vi) dark-bellied clouds

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(ii) desert sky, , (vii) casket grey, , (iii) stunning artefacts, , (viii) eternal brilliance, , (iv) funerary treasures, , (ix) ritual resins, , (v) scientific detachment, , (x) virtual body, , Ans:, (i), (ii), (iii), , Ghostly dust devils – It refers to the anger of the dusty winds by frightful movements on, those people who tries to disturb the king., Desert sky – it refers to the dusky sky of the desert., Stunning artifacts – It refers to the beautiful items which were found in the tomb., , (iv) funerary treasures – the gold items which were kept while burying the king because Egyptians, believed that there is an afterlife., (iv), (v), , Scientific detachment – it refers to the indifference towards science., Dark-bellied clouds – dark clouds containing rain, , (vi), , Casket grey – It refers to the stars were covered by dark-bellied clouds the way jewels are, kept in a casket box, Eternal brilliance – it refers to the timeless luster and shine of the gold and other valuable, items of the king, , (vii), , (ix) ritual resins – it is a customary duty in the process of burying a dead body, (x) virtual body – three dimensional body created by CT scan., 2. Here are some commonly used medical terms. Find out their meanings., CT scan – It is a three-dimensional scan of a body with the help of hundreds of X-Ray in cross-section, together, MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a medical examination by the help of strong magnetic field and, radio waves to create a detailed image of the organs of the body, Tomography – a technique used to display a cross-section of a human body using hundreds of X-rays or, ultrasound, Autopsy – a post mortem examination used to discover the cause of death of the dead person, Dialysis – the process of purification of blood with the help of a machine which works as a substitute, for kidney

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ECG – Also known as Electrocardiography, it is a process to test the signs of heart disease by recording, the electrical activity through small electrodes attached to the chest, arms and legs, Post Mortem – an examination of a dead body to know the cause of the death, Angiography – radiography of blood or lymph vessels, Biopsy – examination of tissue removed from a living being to know the reason for the disease, Extra Questions and Answers:, Question 1., How did nature seem to echo the unnatural happening?, Answer:, As King Tut was taken from his resting place in the ancient Egyptian cemetery, dark-bellied clouds that, had scudded across the desert sky all day, veiled the stars in grey. It seemed that the wind was angry, and had roused the dust devils., Question 2., Who was Howard Carter? What did he find?, Answer:, Howard Carter was the British archaeologist who in 1922 discovered Tut’s tomb after years of, unsuccessful search. He discovered the richest royal collection ever found that included stunning, artifacts in gold that caused a sensation., Question 3., Tut was buried in March-April. How did Carter conclude this?, Answer:, On opening a coffin, Carter found a shroud decorated with garlands of willow and olive leaves, wild, celery, lotus petals and cornflowers. Since these flowers grow in March or April, Carter concluded that, the burial was in these months., Question 4., “When he finally reached the mummy, though, he ran into trouble.” Why was it so?, Answer:

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When Carter tried to raise the mummy out of the coffin, he could not. The ritual resins had hardened,, cementing Tut’s body to the bottom of his solid gold coffin. No amount of force could pull it out., Question 5., How has the viewpoint of archaeologists changed with the passage of time?, Answer:, The archaeologists, earlier, focussed on the treasures that the tomb would yield. The centre of, attention, now, is more on the fascinating details of life and intriguing mysteries of death. Moreover,, now they use more sophisticated tools, including medical technology., Question 6., What was the interesting fact about Tut that was brought to light in the late sixties?, Answer:, In 1968, more than forty years after Carter’s discovery, an anatomy professor X-rayed the mummy and, revealed a startling fact: beneath the resin that caked his chest, his breast-bone and front ribs were, missing., Question 7., What is known about Tut’s predecessor Amenhotep IV?, Answer:, Amenhotep IV, during his reign, promoted the worship of the Aten, the sun disk, and changed his own, name to Akhenaten, or ‘servant of the Aten’, and moved the religious capital to the new city of, Akhetaten. He outraged the country by attacking Amun, a major god, smashing his images and closing, his temples., Question 8., With King Tut was being finally laid to rest, nature was at rest too. Explain., Answer:, When King Tut was finally laid to rest, the wind stopped blowing and was still, like death itself. Orion,, the constellation that the ancient Egyptians knew as the soul of Osiris, the god of the afterlife, was, sparkling. It seemed to be watching over the boy king., Long Answer Type, Question 1.

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Nature echoed the unnatural happenings with King Tut’s body. Comment., Answer:, To set to rest the modem world’s speculation about King Tut, the body was taken out of its resting place, some 3,300 years later. He was required to undergo a CT scan to generate precise data for an accurate, forensic forensic reconstruction. As the body was taken out, raging wind began to blow which seemed, to arouse the eerie devils of dust. Dark clouds gathered and appeared to shroud the stars in a greycoloured coffin. When the body was put down for scan, the million-dollar scanner seemed to keep from, functioning., There was sand in a cooler fan. It was when he was finally laid to rest, that the winter air lay cold and, still, like death itself, in this valley of the departed. Just above the entrance to Tut’s tomb stood Orion, the constellation that the ancient Egyptians knew as the soul of Osiris, the god of the afterlife,, supervising the young pharaoh returning to his rightful place., Question 2., What are the facts that are known about King Tut’s lineage?, Answer:, Amenhotep III, Tut’s father or grandfather, was a powerful pharaoh who ruled for almost four decades, at the height of the eighteenth dynasty’s golden age. His son Amenhotep IV succeeded him and initiated, one of the strangest periods in the history of ancient Egypt. The new pharaoh promoted the worship of, the Aten, the sun disk, changed his name to Akhenaten, or ‘servant of the Aten’, and moved the, religious capital from the old city of Thebes to the new city of Akhetaten, now known as Amama. He, further shocked the country by attacking Amun, a major god, smashing his images and closing his, temples. After Akhenaten’s death, a mysterious ruler named Smenkhkare appeared briefly and exited, with hardly a trace. A very young Tutankhaten took the throne as the king, thereafter., Question 3., “The mummy is in a very bad condition because of what Carter did in the 1920s.” What did Carter do, and why?, Answer:, Howard Carter was the British archaeologist who in 1922 discovered Tut’s tomb. He searched its, contents in haste. The tomb, which had stunning artefacts in gold, caused a sensation at the time of the, discovery., After months of carefully recording the treasures in the pharaoh’s coffin, Carter began investigating the, three nested coffins. When he finally reached the mummy, he found that the ritual resins had hardened., Thus, Tut’s body was cemented to the bottom of his solid gold coffin. Carter set the mummy outside in, blazing sun that heated it up to 149 degrees Fahrenheit, to no avail.

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To prevent the thieves from ransacking, he chiselled the body free. To separate Tut from his, embellishments, Carter’s men removed the mummy’s head and severed nearly every major joint., Question 4. Describe the changing attitudes of the archaeologists over a span of time., Answer:, Archaeology has changed substantially in the intervening decades. It now focusses less on treasure and, more on the interesting details of life and the intriguing mysteries of death. It also uses more, sophisticated tools, including medical technology. In 1968, more than forty years after Carter’s, discovery, an anatomy professor X-rayed the mummy and revealed a startling fact: beneath the resin, that cakes King Titu’s chest, his breast bone and front ribs were missing.Today, diagnostic imaging can, be done with computed tomography, or CT, by which hundreds of X-rays in cross section are put, together like slices of bread to create a three dimensional virtual body. It can even answer questions, such as how a person died, and how old he was at the time of his death.