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www.ncrtsolutions.in, , Page No: 102, Write in Brief, 1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges, which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one, example from Asia and one from the Americas., Answer, Examples of the different types of global exchanges which took, place before the seventeenth century:, → Textiles, spices and Chinese pottery were exchanged by, China, India and Southeast Asia in return for gold and silver from, Europe., → Gold and foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, tomatoes, and chillies were first exported from the Americas to Europe., 2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern, world helped in the colonisation of the Americas., Answer, The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in, the colonisation of the Americas because the native American, Indians were not immune to the diseases that the settlers and, colonisers brought with them. The Europeans were more or less, immune to small pox, but the native Americans, having been cut, www.ncrtsolutions.in
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www.ncrtsolutions.in, , off from the rest of the world for millions of years, had no, defence against it. These germs killed and wiped out whole, communities, paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons, and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but diseases could, not be fought against., 3. Write a note to explain the effects of the following: (a) The, British government's decision to abolish the Corn Laws. (b) The, coming of rinderpest to Africa. (c) The death of men of workingage in Europe because of the World War. (d) The Great, Depression on the Indian economy. (e) The decision of MNCs to, relocate production to Asian countries., Answer, (a) The British government's decision to abolish the Corn Laws, was the inflow of cheaper agricultural crops from America and, Australia. Many English farmers left their profession and, migrated to towns and cities. Some went overseas. This, indirectly led to global agriculture and rapid urbanisation, a, prerequisite of industrial growth., (b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa caused a loss of livelihood, for countless Africans. Using this situation to their advantage,, colonising nations conquered and subdued Africa by, monopolising scarce cattle resources to force Africans into the, labour market., (c) Most of the victims of world war belonged to young, www.ncrtsolutions.in
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www.ncrtsolutions.in, , generations of working men. As a result, it reduced the, workforce in Europe, thereby reducing household income. The, role of women increased and led to demand for more equality, of status. It made the feminist movement stronger. Women, started working alongside men in every field. Women and, youngsters became more independent and free with long-term, effects., (d) The impact of the Great Depression in India was felt, especially in the agricultural sector. It was evident that Indian, economy was closely becoming integrated to global economy., India was a British colony and exported agricultural goods and, imported manufactured goods. The fall in agricultural price led, to reduction of farmers’ income and agricultural export., The government did not decrease their tax and so, many, farmers and landlords became more indebted to moneylenders, and corrupt officials. It led to a great rural unrest in India., 4. Give two examples from history to show the impact of, technology on food availability., Answer Two examples from history to show the impact of, technology on food availability were:, → Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped, transport food more cheaply and quickly from production units, to even faraway markets., → Refrigerated ships helped transport perishable foods such as, meat, butter and eggs over long distances., www.ncrtsolutions.in
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www.ncrtsolutions.in, , 5. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?, Answer, The Bretton Woods Agreement was finalised in July 1944 at, Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA. It established the, International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to preserve, global economic stability and full employment in the industrial, world. These institutions also dealt with external surpluses and, deficits of member nations, and financed post-war, reconstructions., Discuss, 7. Explain the three types of movements or flows within, international economic exchange. Find one example of each, type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short, account of it., Answer, The three types of movements or flows within the international, economic exchange are trade flows, human capital flows and, capital flows or investments. These can be explained as—the, trade in agricultural products, migration of labour, and financial, loans to and from other nations., www.ncrtsolutions.in
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www.ncrtsolutions.in, , India was a hub of trade in the pre-modern world, and it, exported textiles and spices in return for gold and silver from, Europe. Many different foods such as potatoes, soya,, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies and sweet potatoes came, to India from the Americas after Columbus discovered it., In the field of labour, indentured labour was provided for mines,, plantations and factories abroad, in huge numbers, in the, nineteenth century. This was an instrument of colonial, domination by the British., Lastly, Britain took generous loans from USA to finance the, World War. Since India was an English colony, the impact of, these loan debts was felt in India too. The British government, increased taxes, interest rates, and lowered the prices of, products it bought from the colony. Indirectly, but strongly, this, affected the Indian economy and people., 8. Explain the causes of the Great Depression., Answer, The Great Depression was a result of many factors:, , www.ncrtsolutions.in
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www.ncrtsolutions.in, , → Prosperity in the USA during the 1920s created a cycle of, higher employment and incomes. It led to rise in consumption, and demands. More investment and more employment created, tendencies of speculations which led to the Great Depression of, 1929 upto the mid-1930s., → Stock market crashed in 1929. It created panic among, investors and depositors who stopped investing and depositing., As a result, it created a cycle of depreciation., → Failure of the banks. Some of the banks closed down when, people withdrew all their assets, leaving them unable to invest., Some banks called back loans taken from them at the same, dollar rate inspite of the falling value of dollar. It was worsened, by British change in policy to value pound at the pre-war value., , www.ncrtsolutions.in
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www.ncrtsolutions.in, , 9. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what, ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the, Bretton Woods twins?, Answer, G-77 countries is an abbreviation for the group of 77 countries, that demanded a new international economic order (NIEO); a, system that would give them real control over their natural, resources, without being victims of neo-colonialism, that is, a, new form of colonialism in trade practised by the former, colonial powers., The G-77 can be seen as a reaction to the activities of the, Bretton Woods twins (the International Monetary Fund and the, World Bank) because these two institutions were designed to, meet the financial needs of industrial and developed countries,, and did nothing for the economic growth of former colonies and, developing nations., , www.ncrtsolutions.in
