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Permission is granted for enforcing this textbook from the academic year 2018-19 in the, meeting, held on the date 29.12.2017, of the co-ordination committee constituted by the, Government resolution No: Abhyas-2116/(Pra.kra.43/16) S.D-4 dated 25.4.2016, , SCIENCE AND, TECHNOLOGY, STANDARD TEN, PART – 2, , Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and, Curriculum Research, Pune., The digital textbook can be obtained through, DIKSHA App on a smartphone by using the, Q.R Code given on title page of the textbook and, useful audio-visual teaching-learning material of, the relevant lesson will be available through the, Q.R Code given in each lesson of this textbook., , A

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Preface, Dear students, Welcome to Std X. We have great pleasure in offering you this Science and, Technology textbook based on the new syllabus. From the primary level till today, you, have studied science from various textbooks. In this textbook, you will be able to study the, fundamental concepts of science and technology from a different point of view through, the medium of the different branches of Science., The basic purpose of this textbook Science and Technology Part-2 can be said to, be ‘Understand and explain to others’ the Science and Technology that relates to our, everyday life. While studying the concepts, principles and theories in science, do make, the effort to understand their connection with day to day affairs. While studying from, this textbook, use the sections ‘Can you recall?’ and ‘Can you tell?’ for revision. You, will learn science through the many activities given under the titles such as ‘Observe and, discuss.’ and ‘Try this’ or ‘Let’s try this. Make sure that you perform all these activities., Activities like ‘Use your brain power!’, ‘Research’, ‘Think about it’ will stimulate your, power of thinking., Many experiments have been included in the textbook. Carry out these experiments, yourself, following the given procedure and making your own observations. Ask your, teachers, parents or classmates for help whenever you need it, interesting information,, which reveals the science underlying the events we commonly observe and the technology, developed on its basis, has been given in details in this textbook through several activities., In this world of rapidly developing technology, you have already become familiar with, computers and smartphones. While studying the textbook, make full and proper use of, the devices of information communication technology, which will make your studies, easier. For more effective studies, you can avail additional audio-visual material for, each chapter using the Q.R code through an App. This will definitely help you in your, studies., While carrying out the given activities and experiments, take all precautions with, regard to handling apparatus, chemicals, etc. and encourage others to take the same, precautions., It is expected that while carrying out activities or observation involving plants and, animals, you will also make efforts towards conservation of the environment. You must, of course take all the care to avoid causing any harm or injury to them., Do tell us about the parts that you like, as well as about the difficulties that you face, as you read and study and understand this textbook., Our west wishes for your academic progress., , (Dr. Sunil Magar), Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook, and Curriculum Research, Pune, , Pune, Date: 18 March 2018, Gudhipadva, Indian Solar Year : 27 phalgun 1939, , E

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For Teachers, • The real objective of science education is to learn to be able to think about events that, are happening around us, logically and with discretion., • In view of the age group of Std X students, it would be appropriate now, in the process of, science education, to give freedom and scope to students’ own curiosity about the events, of the world, their propensity to go looking for the causes behind them and to their own, initiative and capacity to take the lead., • As experimentation is necessary to learn the skills of observation, logic, estimation,, comparison and application of available data, which form a part of science education,, deliberate efforts must be made to develop these skills while dealing with laboratory, experiments give in the textbook. All observations that the students have noted should, be accepted and then they should be helped to achieve that the expected results., • These two years in middle school lay the foundation of higher education in Science., Hence, it is our duty and responsibility to enrich and enhance the student’s interest in, science. You all will of course always actively pursue the objective of developing their, creativity and imbuing them with a scientific temper., • You can use ‘Let’s recall’ to review the previous knowledge for a lesson and ‘Can you, tell?’ to introduce a topic by eliciting all the knowledge that the students already have, about it from their own reading or experience. You may of course use any of your own, activities or questions for this purpose. Activities given under ‘Try this’ and ‘Let’s try, this’ help to explain the content of the lesson. The former are for students to do themselves, and the latter are those that you are expected to demonstrate. ‘Use your brain power!’, is meant for application of previous knowledge as well as the new lesson, and ‘Always, remember’ gives important suggestions/information or values. ‘Research’, ‘Find out’,, ‘Do you know?’ ‘ Introduction to scientists’ and ‘Institutes at work’ are meant to give, some information about the world outside the textbook and to develop the habit of doing, independent reference work to obtain additional information., • This textbook is not meant for reading and explaining in the classroom but guiding, students to learn the methods of gaining knowledge by carrying out the given activities., An informal atmosphere in the classroom is required to achieve the aims of this textbook., All students should be encouraged to participate in discussions, experiments and, activities. Special efforts should be made to organize presentations or report-reading in, the class based on students activities and projects, besides observing of Science Day and, other relevant occasions/days., • The science and technology content of the textbook has been complemented with, Information Communication Technology. These activities are to be conducted under, your guidance along with the learning of various new scientific concepts., Front and back covers : Pictures of various activities, experiments and concepts in the book., DISCLAIMER Note : All attempts have been made to contact copy righters (©) but we have not heard from them., We will be pleased to acknowledge the copy right holder (s) in our next edition if we learn from them., , F

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Competency Statements Std X, The students are expected to achieve the following competency level after studying the text book, Science and Technology II, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, , The Living World., To analyze the scientific information about heredity and state opinions about new hybrid species., To understand evolution theories or living and state there characteristics., To explain reproductive systems of plants and animals., To state importance of cell science by collection of information of cell on utility and various medical facilities., To understand production processes of various biotic factors by experiments and prove them scientifically., To collect and analyze useful data by observing diversity of animals through different tools., To describe animals in the surroundings on scientific basis and classify them., To develop awareness of hobbies like watching the things and their conservation., To present documentary on animals., To collect useful and scientific information on human reproductive system and explain effects on society., To eradicate superstitions and rigid customs prevailing in society., , *, *, *, *, *, , Natural resources and disaster management, To explain role of environmental guard by conservation of environment, various laws and rules., To adapt scientific life style in the role of environmental guard., Get attention of society towards negligence towards conservation of environment., To plan and implement programs about conservation of environment., To play self-role in disaster management considering international understanding, help and togetherness., , Diet and Nutrition, * To set up the experiments, projects in our environment in small scale considering advantages and, disadvantages of Biotechnology., * To aware farmers and components of society by various graphs of Biotechnology., * To take feedback of comparative study of progress of Biotechnology in India and the other countries., * To find out various problems regarding conservation of ecosystems., * To collect data on conservation of ecosystem and to take a distinct role to awake the society., * To change one’s lifestyle by taking into account the various aspects and effects which endanger social health., * To spread the roles of government and non-government organizations to nurture social health., Energy, * By considering the serious consequences of the energy crisis, adopt proper lifestyle and motivating others to, decide their lifestyle accordingly., * Explain the steps involved in the process of generation of electrical energy., * To analyze the correlation of electricity generation processes and environment., * Knows the importance of green energy and saves energy in daily life., Information Communication Technology., Use of Information Communication Technology in daily life., Exchange of knowledge about science and Technology with the help of internet., Awareness about the proper use of information communication technology., Based on the information gathering, with various types of information related to Science and Technology. To, predict it. Ability of prediction on the basis of science and technology data collected from internet., * To understand dangers (cybercrimes) while using information communication technology and take, precautions against them., * Effective use of various systems developed through information communication technology in daily life., *, *, *, *, , G

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CONTENT, No. Chapter, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., , Page No., , Heredity and Evolution, Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -1, Life Processes in Living Organisms Part - 2, Environmental management, Towards Green Energy, Animal Classification, Introduction to Microbiology, Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Social health, Disaster Management, , 1, 12, 22, 36, 47, 61, 77, 88, 101, 109, , Academic Planning, Two separate books have been prepared for science and technology., Science and technology part 2 contains ten chapters mainly related to Biology,, Environment, Microbiology, Biotechnology. While thinking about science, and technology, it is expected that an integrated approach will be taken while, teaching and a connection will be made between different components of science, and technology. In previous standards, we have studied various topics in science, and technology together. For technical ease two separate books of science and, technology part 1 and part 2 have been prepared, but it is necessary that an, integrated perspective be taken while teaching., Out of the ten chapters included in textbook science and technology part 2,, the first five chapters are expected to be taught in the first session while the next, five chapters in the second session. At the end of a session, a written examination, for 40 marks and a practical examination for ten marks should be conducted., Exercises and projects have been given at the end of every chapter in the text, book., In view of evaluation, representative questions similar to those in the, activity sheets of language books are given in exercises. You may make similar, other questions for your use. The students should be evaluated based on these, questions. Detailed information about this will be given in separate evaluation, scheme., , H

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1. Heredity and Evolution, Ø Heredity and Hereditary Changes, , , Ø Evolution , Ø Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection, Ø Speciation , , Ø Transcription, Translation &, Translocation, Ø Evidences of Evolution, Ø Lamarckism, Ø Human Evolution, , 1. Which component of the cellular nucleus of living organisms, carries hereditary characters?, Can you recall?, 2. What do we call to the process of transfer of physical and , mental characters from parents to the progeny?, 3. Which are the components the DNA molecule?, , Heredity and hereditary changes, You know that heredity is the transfer of biological characters from one generation to, another via genes. Gregor Johann Mendel is pioneer of the modern genetics. It took a long, time to understand the conclusions of his research about heredity. In 1901, the reasons behind, the sudden changes were understood due to the mutational theory of Hugo de Vries. Meanwhile, in 1902, Walter Sutton observed the paired chromosomes in the cells of grasshopper; until, then it was not known to anyone. Research started in the direction of finding the nature of, genetic material when it was proved that genes are carried via chromosomes. Through which, 1944, trio of scientists Oswald Avery, Mclyn McCarty and Colin McLeod proved that except, viruses, all living organisms have DNA as genetic material., In 1961, the French geneticists Francois Jacob and Jack Monod proposed a model for, process of protein synthesis with the help of DNA in bacterial cells. It helped to uncover the, genetic codes hidden in DNA. Thereby, the technique of recombinant DNA technology, emerged which has vast scope in the field of genetic engineering., The science of heredity is useful for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hereditary, disorders, production of hybrid varieties of animals and plants and in industrial processes in, which microbes are used., Transcription, Translation and Translocation, , Can you tell?, , 1. Sketch and explain the structure of DNA and various types of RNA., 2. Explain the meaning of genetic disorders and give names of some, disorders., , With the help of RNA, the genes present in the form of DNA participate in the functioning, of cell and thereby control the structure and functioning of the body. Information about protein, synthesis is stored in the DNA and synthesis of appropriate proteins as per requirement is, necessary for body. These proteins are synthesized by DNA through the RNA. This is called, as ‘Central Dogma’. mRNA is produced as per the sequence of nucleotides on DNA. Only one, of the two strands of DNA is used in this process. The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA being, produced is always complementary to the DNA strand used for synthesis. Besides, there is, uracil in RNA instead of thymine of DNA. This process of RNA synthesis is called as, ‘transcription’., , 1

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RNA Polymerase, , `, The mRNA formed in nucleus comes in, cytoplasm. It brings in the coded message, from DNA. The message contains the codes, for amino acids. The code for each amino, acid consists of three nucleotides. It is called, as ‘triplet codon’., Dr Har Govind Khorana, a scientist of, Indian origin has made an important, contribution in discovery of triplet codons, for 20 amino acids. For this work, he has, been awarded with the Nobel Prize in 1968,, along with two other scientists., Each mRNA is made up of thousands of, triplet codons. As per the message on mRNA,, amino acids are supplied by the tRNA. For, this purpose, tRNA has ‘anticodon’ having, complementary sequence to the codon on, mRNA. This is called as ‘translation’. The, amino acids brought in by tRNA are bonded, together by peptide bonds with the help of, rRNA. During this process, the ribosome, keeps on moving from one end of mRNA to, other end by the distance of one triplet codon., This is called as ‘translocation’. Such many, chains come together to form complex, proteins. These proteins control various, functions in the body of living organisms, and their appearance too., Living organisms can produce new, individuals like themselves due to genes, only and some of those genes are transmitted, to the next generation without any changes., Due to this, some of the characters of parents, are transmitted to their offsprings. However,, sometimes sudden changes occur in those, genes. Sometimes, any nucleotide of the, gene changes its position that causes a minor, change which is nothing but the ‘mutation’., , RNA Nucleotides, , Transcription, 1.1 Transcription, Nucleus, , tRNA, , mRNA, Amino Acid, , Ribosome, , mRNA, , Codon, , 1.2 Translation & Translocation, , Main Sequence, , Replacement, , 1.3 Mutation, , Some mutations may be minor but some may be considerable. Ex. Mutation may cause, the genetic disorders like sickle cell anaemia., , 2

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Can you recall?, , 1. What is the function of the appendix of our digestive system?, 2. Are our wisdom teeth really useful for chewing the food?, 3. Why did the huge animals like dinosaur become extinct?, 4. Why are many species of animals and birds getting extinct?, , Evolution, Evolution is the gradual change occurring in living organisms over a long duration. This is, a very slow-going process through which development of organisms is achieved. All the stages, in changes occurred in various components ranging from stars and planets in space to the, biosphere present on the Earth should be included in the study of evolution. Formation of new, species due to changes in specific characters of several generations of living organisms as a, response to natural selection, is called as evolution., 3.5 billion years ago, life had been non, existent on the Earth. At the beginning, there, may have been only simple elements in the, ocean on the Earth and simple type of organic, and inorganic compounds may have been, formed from those. Complex compounds like, proteins and nucleic acids may have formed, over the long period from those simple, compounds. First primitive type of cells may, have been formed from the mixture of different, types of organic and inorganic compounds., Number of those cells may have increased at, the cost of surrounding chemicals. There may, had been some differences among those cells, and according to the principle of natural, selection, some may have shown good growth, and some may have perished which could not, adjust with the surrounding., At present, crores of species of plants and, animals with huge diversity regarding shape, and complexity are present on the Earth., Animal diversity ranges from the unicellular, Amoeba and Paramecium to man and giant, whale. The plant diversity consists of various, species ranging from unicellular Chlorella to, the huge banyan tree. The life exists on Earth, everywhere from equator to both the poles., Organisms are present at all the places like, air, water, land, rock, etc. Humans have, shown curiosity about origin of life and, reasons for such a great diversity in life, present on the Earth since ancient period., Different theories about origin and evolution, of life have been proposed till today of which, theory of 'Gradual development of living, organisms is accepted., , Internet is my friend, Collect the information from internet, about Big-Bang theory related with the, formation of stars and planets and present it, in your class., , A peek into History, Many philosophers and religious scholars, have written their views about formation of, life. There seems to be a thorough discussion, over the formation of Universe, in various, cultures like Indian, Chinese, Roman,, Greek, etc. Various cultures have noted, different type of information about planets,, stars, the ‘panchmahabhuta’, living, organisms, etc. in the form of poetry, stories, and religious / sacred books., , Theory of Evolution:, According to this theory, first living material, (protoplasm) has been formed in ocean. In, due course of time, unicellular organism was, formed. Gradually, changes occurred in the, unicellular organisms from which larger and, more complex organisms were formed. All, those changes were slow and gradual. Duration, of all these changes is at most 300 crore years., Changes and development in living organisms, had been all round and multi-dimensional, and this led to evolution of different types, of organisms. Hence, this overall process is, called as evolution which is organizational., Progressive development of plants and animals, from the ancestors having different structural, and functional organization is called evolution., , 3

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Evidences of evolution, Collective thinking upon all above mentioned theories implies that evolution, is everlasting process of changes. However, it needs proof to prove it. Following are, various proofs available in support of the theories mentioned above., 1. Morphological Evidences, Try this, , Observe the following images and note the similarities between given, , animal images and plant images., , Various similarities like, structure of mouth, position of, eyes, structure of nostrils and, ear pinnae and thickly, distributed hairs on body are, seen in animals whereas, similarities in characters like, leaf shape, leaf venation, leaf, petiole, etc. occur in case of, plants. This indicates that there, are some similarities in those, groups and hence it proves that, their origin must be same and, must have common ancestors, , Human, hand, , 1.4 Morphological evidences, , foreleg, Patagium, Flipper, of ox, of Bat, of Whale, 1.5 Structure of bones, , Can you tell?, , 2. Anatomical Evidences, If you carefully observe the, pictures, there doesn’t seem any, superficial similarity between human, hand, foreleg of ox, flipper of whale, and patagium of bat. Similarly, use of, each of those structures is different in, respective animals. However, there is, similarity in structure of bones and, joints in organs of each of those, animals. This similarity indicates that, those animals may have common, ancestor., , 1. Which are the different organs in body of organisms?, 2. Is each of the organs useful to organism?, , Use of ICT :, Collect the information of geological dating and Present it classroom., , 4

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3. Vestigial Organs, Degenerated or underdeveloped useless organs of organisms are called as vestigial, organs. In living organisms, sudden development of new tissues or organs for living in, changing environment is not possible. Instead, existing organs undergo gradual changes., Mostly, a specific structure in the body is useful under certain situation. However, same, structure under different situation may become useless or even harmful. Such structure begins, to degenerate under such situation as per the principle of natural selection. It takes thousands, of years for a structure to disappear. Such organs are seen in different phases of disappearance, in different animals. Such organ, though non-functional in certain organisms, it may be, functional in other organisms i.e. it is not vestigial in other organisms., Appendix, which is useless to human, is useful and, Small, fully functional organ in ruminants. Similarly, muscles of, Intestine, ear pinna, which are useless to human, are useful in, monkeys for movement of ear pinna. Various vestigial, organs like tail-bone (coccyx), wisdom teeth, and body, hairs are present in body of human being., Large, Intestine Appendix, , Ear, muscles, Wisdom teeth, , Tail bone, (Coccyx), 1.6 Vestigial organs, , Observe and discuss. Observe the following pictures., Use of ICT, Find how the, vestigial organs in, certain animals are, functional in others., Present, the, information in your, class and send it to, others., 1.7 Some fossils, , 4. Palaeontological Evidences, A question may arise in your mind that which organisms existed millions of years, ago? How can we tell this? Now this secret has been hidden in the Earth. Large number of, organisms get buried due to disasters like flood, earthquake, volcano, etc. Remnants and, impressions of such organisms remain preserved underground. These are called as fossils., Study of fossils is an important aspect of study of evolution., , 5

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Carbon consumption of animals and plants stops after death and since then, only the, decaying process of C-14 occurs continuously. In case of dead bodies of plants and animals,, instead of remaining constant, the ratio between C-14 and C-12 changes continuously as, C-12 is non-radioactive. The time passed since the death of a plant or animal can be, calculated by measuring the radioactivity of C-14 and ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in, their body. This is ‘carbon dating’ method. It is used in palaeontology and anthropology, for determining the age of human fossils and manuscripts. Once the age of fossil been, determined by such technique, it becomes easy to deduce the information about other, erstwhile organisms. It seems that vertebrates have been slowly originated from, invertebrates., Introduction to Scientists, Carbon dating method, is, based, upon, the, radioactive, decay, of, naturally, occurring, C-14, Mesozoic, and it is developed by, era, Willard Libby., He has been awarded, with Nobel Prize (1960), for this invention. The age, Palaeozoic of the materials determined, era, by this method are, published in the journal, ‘Radio Carbon’, , Aves, (Birds), Mammals, , Cenozoic, era, , Reptiles, , Amphibia, Pisces, , Invertebrates, , 1.8 Sedimentary rocks and fossils, , 5., , Connecting Links, Observe and discuss., , Observe the following pictures and discuss the, characters observed., , Duckbill Platypus, , Lungfish, 1.9 Some animals with special characteristics, , 6, , Peripatus

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Some plants and animals show some morphological characters by which they can be, related to two different groups; hence they are called as ‘connecting links’. Ex. In Peripatus,, characters like segmented body, thin cuticle, and parapodia-like organs are present., Similarly, these animals show tracheal respiration and open circulatory system similar to, arthropods. This indicates that Peripatus is connecting link between annelida and arthropoda., Similarly, duck billed platypus lays eggs like reptiles but shows relationship with mammals, too due to presence of mammary glands and hairs. Lung fish performs respiration with, lungs irrespective of being fish. These examples indicate that mammals are evolved from, reptiles and amphibians from fishes., , Observe and discuss., Carefully observe the stages of, embryonic development of, some animals shown in fig., 1.10, 6. Embryological Evidences:, Comparative study of, embryonic, developmental, stages of various vertebrates, given in the picture shows that, all embryos show extreme, similarities during initial stages, and those similarities decrease, gradually. Similarities in initial, stages indicate the common, origin of all these animals., , I, , II, , III, Fish Salamander Tortoise Chicken, , Pig, , Cow, , Rabbit, , Man, , 1.10 Embryos during different stages, , Darwin’s theory of natural selection, Charles Darwin had collected innumerable specimens of plants and animals and, depending upon the observations of those specimens; he published the theory of natural, selection which preaches the survival of fittest. For this purpose, Darwin had published a, book titled ‘Origin of Species’. While explaining the concept, Darwin says that all the, organisms reproduce prolifically. All the organisms compete with each other in a life-threatening manner. In this competition, only those organisms sustain which show the, modifications essential for winning the competition. However, besides this, natural selection, also plays important role because nature selects only those organisms which are fit to live, and the rest perish. Sustaining and selected organisms can perform reproduction and thereby, give rise to the new species with their own specific characters. Darwin’s theory of natural, selection was widely accepted for long duration. However, some objections were raised, against the theory. Some of the main objections are1. Natural selection is not the only factor responsible for evolution., 2. Darwin did not mention any explanation about useful and useless modifications., 3. There is no explanation about slow changes and abrupt changes., Irrespective of all these objections, Darwin’s work on evolution has been a milestone., , 7

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Introduction to Scientists, Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), This English biologist proposed the theory of evolution., He showed that all the species of living organisms have been, gradually evolved over the period of thousands of years from, common ancestor. He proposed that principle of natural selection, is responsible for this evolution., Lamarckism, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that morphological changes occurring in living, organisms are responsible for evolution and the reason behind those morphological changes, is activities or laziness of that organism. He called this concept as principle of ‘use or disuse, of organs’., Further, he said that the neck of giraffe has become, Introduction to Scientists, too long due to browsing on leaves of tall plants by, extending their neck for several generations; similarly,, shoulders of the ironsmith have become very strong due, to frequent hammering movements. Wings of birds like, ostrich and emu have become weak due to no use. Legs, of the birds like swan and duck have become useful for, swimming due to living in water and snakes have lost their, legs by modifications in their body for burrowing habit., All these examples are types of ‘acquired characters’ and, are transferred from one to another generation. This is, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829), called as theory of inheritance of acquired characters or, Lamarck proposed that the, Lamarckism., activities of the organisms, are responsible for their, evolution. This French, naturalist proposed that, each animal or plant, undergo some changes in, its life span and those, changes are transferred to, the next generation and, 1.11 Giraffe, such changes occur in next, Development of organs due to specific activities or their subsequent generations too., degeneration due to no use at all was widely accepted but, transfer of those characters from generation to generation, was rejected. Because it had been verified many times, Internet is my friend, that modifications brought in us are not transferred to next, Collect the pictures and, generation and thereby Lamarck’s theory was disproved., The living organism can transfer the characters which it, has acquired, to the next generation. This is called ancestry of, acquired characters., , 8, , information, of, various, species of monkeys from, internet.

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1.12 Journey of human, , Cro-Magnon man, 50,000 Years ago, , Neanderthal, 1,50,000 Years ago, , man with erect posture, 15,00,000 Years ago, , Skilled Human, 20,00,000 Years ago, , Austrelopithecus, 40,00000 Years ago, , Rama pithecus, 1,00,00000Years ago, , Dryopithecus, 2,50,00000 Years ago, , Egyptopithecus, 4,00,00000Years ago, , Ancient animals like lemurs, 7,00,00000Years ago, , Speciation, Formation of new species of plants and animals is the effect of evolution. Species is, the group of organisms that can produce fertile individuals through natural reproduction., Each species grows in specific geographical conditions. Their food, habitat, reproductive, ability and period is different. However, genetic variation is responsible for formation of, new species from earlier one. Besides, geographical and reproductive changes are also, responsible. Similarly, geographical or reproductive isolation also leads to speciation, Human Evolution, The biodiversity that is known today has been said to be formed from very simple, unicellular organism due to evolution. In this evolution, origin of human evolution can be, shown as per the picture given below. Last dinosaurs disappeared approximately seven, crore years ago. At that time, monkey-like animals are said to be evolved from some, ancestors who were more or less similar to the modern lemurs. Tail of these monkey-like, animals of Africa is said to be disappeared about 4 crore years ago. They developed due to, enlargement in brain their hands were also improved and thus ape-like animals were, evolved. Meanwhile, these ape-like animals reached the South and North-East Asia and, finally evolved into gibbon and orang-utan., Remaining ape-like animals stayed in Africa and from them, gorilla and chimpanzee, evolved about 2.5 crore years ago. Evolution of some of the 2 crore year old species of apes, seems to be occurred in different way. They had to use their hands more for eating food and, other work., , Those apes started to live on land as the forests started to decline due to dry environment., Their pelvic girdle developed in such a way that they started to stand in erect posture in, grasslands and thereby their hands became available for use, anytime. These first human-like animals with erect posture which were using their hands have evolved about 2 crore, years ago., First record of human-like animal is with us in the form of ‘Ramapithecus’ ape from, North India and East Africa. Afterwards, this ape grown up in size and became more, intelligent and thus the ape of South Africa evolved about 40 lakh years ago., , 9

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The morphology of these, human-like animals started to, appear like to be the member of, the genus Homo, about 20 lakh, years ago and thus skilled human, developed. About 15 lakh years, ago, human walking with erect, posture was evolved. It may have, existed in China and Indonesia of, Asian continent., , 1.13 Development of human brain, , Evolution of upright man continued in the direction, of developing its brain for the period of about 1 lakh, years and meanwhile it discovered the fire. Brain of 50, thousand year old man had been sufficiently evolved to, the extent that it could be considered as member of the, class- wise-man (Homo sapiens)., Neanderthal man can be considered as the first, example of wise-man. The Cro-Magnon man evolved, about 50 thousand years ago and afterwards, this, evolution had been faster than the earlier., , 1.14 Neanderthal man, , About 10 thousand years ago, wise-man started to practice the agriculture. It started, to rear the cattle-herds and established the cities. Cultural development took place. Art of, , writing was invented about 5000 years ago and thus the history had been started. Modern, sciences emerged about 400 years ago and industrial society was established about 200, years ago and now we have reached at this stage, and still we are searching the details of, roots of human ancestry., , Exercise, 1., , Complete the following diagram., , 2., , Morphological, , Evidences, of, Evolution, Similarities in, bones structure, , 10, , Read the following statements and, justify the same in your own words, with the help of suitable examples., a. Human evolution began , approximately 7 crore years ago., b. Geographical and reproductive , isolation of organisms gradually, leads to speciation., c. Study of fossils is an important , aspect of study of evolution., d. There is evidence of fatal , science among chordates.

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3., , 6., , Complete the statements by choosing, correct options from bracket., (Gene,, Mutation,, Translocation,, Transcription, Gradual development,, Appendix), a. The causality behind the sudden , changes was understood due to -- -principle of Hugo de Vries., b. The proof for the fact that protein , synthesis occurs through -- --- was, given by George Beadle and, Edward Tatum., c. Transfer of information from , molecule of DNA to mRNA is , called as -- -- -- process., d. Evolution means -- -- -- --., e. Vestigial organ -- -- -- present in , human body is proof of evolution., , 7., , Answer the following questions., a. How are the hereditary changes , responsible for evolution?, b. Explain the process of formation of, complex proteins., c. Explain the theory of evolution and, mention the proof supporting it., d. Explain with suitable examples , importance of anatomical , evidences in evolution., e. Define fossil. Explain importance, of fossils as proof of evolution., f. Write evolutionary history of , modern man., Project :, 1. Make a presentation on human, evolution using various computer, softwares and arrange a group, discussion over it in the class, room., 2. Read the book – ‘Pruthvivar, Manus Uparach’ written by Late, Dr. Sureshchandra Nadkarni and, note your opinion on evolution., , 4. Write short notes based upon the, information known to you., a. Lamarckism, b. Darwin’s theory of natural selection., c. Embryology., d. Evolution., e. Connecting link., 5., , Define vestigial organs. Write names, of some vestigial organs in human, body and write the names of those, animals in whom same organs are, functional., , Define, heredity., Explain, the, mechanism of hereditary changes., , 11

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2. Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -1, Ø Living Organisms & Life Processes Ø Living Organisms & Energy, , Production, Ø Some Nutrients & Energy Efficiency Ø Cell Division- A Life Process, , 1. How are the food stuffs and their nutrient contents useful , Can you recall?, for body?, 2. What is the importance of balanced diet for body?, 3. Which different functions are performed by muscles in body?, 4. What is the importance of digestive juices in digestive system?, 5. Which system is in action for removal of waste materials produced in human body?, 6. What is the role of circulatory system in energy production?, 7. How are the various processes occurring in human body controlled? In how many , ways ?, Living Organisms and Life Processes, Various organ-systems are continuously performing their functions in human body., Along with the various systems like digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory and control, systems, different external and internal organs are performing their functions independently, but through a complete co-ordination. This overall system is in action in more or less same, way in all the organisms. Those are in need of continuous source of energy for this purpose., Carbohydrates, fats and lipids are the main sources of this energy and it is harvested by the, mitochondria present in each cell. It is not like that only foodstuff is sufficient for energy, production but oxygen is also necessary. All these i.e. food stuffs and oxygen are transported, up to the cell via circulatory system. Besides, it is coordinated by the control system of the, body. i.e. each life process contributes in its own way in the process of energy production., Functioning of all these life processes also requires the energy., Human and other animals consume the fruits and vegetables. Plants are autotrophs., They prepare their own food. They utilize some of the food for themselves whereas remaining, is stored in various parts like fruits, leaves, stem, roots, etc. We consume all these various, plant materials and obtain different nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,, minerals, etc. Which food materials do we consume to obtain these nutrients?, We obtain the carbohydrates from milk, fruits, jaggary, cane sugar, vegetables,, potatoes, sweet potatoes, sweetmeats and cereals like wheat, maize, ragi, jowar, millet,, rice, etc. We get 4Kcal energy per gram of carbohydrates. Let us study the way by which, this energy is obtained., Many players are seen consuming some food stuffs during breaks of the game., , Use your brain power, , Why may be the players consuming these food stuffs?, , Can you recall? 1. What is respiration? How does it occur?, , 12

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Living organism and Energy production, Observe, , Observe and Label the diagram given beside., , In living organisms, respiration occurs at, two levels as body and cellular level., Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged, between body and surrounding in case of, respiration occurring at body level. In case, of respiration at cellular level, foodstuffs, are oxidized either with or without help of, oxygen., Can you tell?, 1. How many atoms of C, H and O are, respectively present in a molecule of, glucose?, 2. Which types of chemical bonds are, present between all these atoms?, 3. In terms of Chemistry what happens, actually when a molecule is oxidized?, , 2.1 Human respiratory system, , Carbohydrates of the food that we consume everyday are mainly utilized for production, of energy required for daily need. This energy is obtained in the form of ATP. For this, purpose, glucose, a type of carbohydrates is oxidized step by step in the cells. This is, called as cellular respiration. Cellular respiration occurs among the living organisms by, two methods. Those two methods are aerobic respiration (oxygen is involved) and, anaerobic respiration (oxygen is not involved). In aerobic respiration, glucose is oxidized, in three steps., 1. Glycolysis, Process of glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm. A molecule of glucose is oxidized step by, step in this process and two molecules of each i.e. pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH2 and water, are formed., Molecules of pyruvic acid formed in this process are converted into molecules of, Acetyl-Coenzyme-A. Two molecules of NADH2 and two molecules of CO2 are released, during this process., 2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle), Both molecules of acetyl-CoA enter the mitochondria. Cyclic chain of reactions called, as tricarboxylic acid cycle is operated on it in the mitochondria. Acetyl part of acetyl-CoA, is completely oxidized through this cyclical process and molecules CO2, H2O, NADH2,, FADH2 are derived., , 13

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3. Electron transfer chain, reaction, Molecules of NADH2 and, FADH2 formed during all above, processes participate in electron, transfer chain reaction. Due to, this, 3 molecules of ATP are, obtained from each NADH2, molecule and 2 molecules of ATP, from each FADH2 molecule., Besides ATP, water molecules, are also formed in this reaction., Electron transfer chain reaction is, operated in mitochondria only., Thus, a molecule of glucose, is completely oxidized in aerobic, respiration and molecules of CO2, and H2O are produced along with, energy., , Acetyl Co A, , TCA, Cycle, Outer, Membrane, , FAD -, , Inner, Membrane, , ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is, energy-rich molecule and energy is, stored in the bonds by which phosphate, groups are attached to each other., These molecules are stored in the cells, as per need. Chemically, ATP is, triphosphate molecule formed from, adenosine ribonucleoside. It contains, a nitrogenous compound-adenine,, pentose sugar- ribose and three, phosphate groups. As per the need,, energy is derived by breaking the, phosphate bond of ATP; hence ATP is, called as ‘energy currency’ of the cell., , Nicotinamide Adenine, dinucleotide, Flavin adenine dinucleotide, , Both coenzymes are formed in the cells, and used in cellular respiration., , Adenine, , Mitochondrial, Matrix, , 2.2 Mitochondria and Tri-carboxylic acid cycle, , Always Remember., NAD -, , Fatty acids, , Pyruvic acid, , ATP, , ADP, Adenine, , Phosphate bonds with, more energy, , Inorganic Phosphate, , Ribose, , Ribose, 3.3 ATP: Energy Currency, , Energy released, , If there is insufficient amount of carbohydrates in body due to exceptional, conditions like fasting and hunger, then lipids and proteins are used for energy production., In case of lipids, they are converted into fatty acids whereas proteins into amino acids., Fatty acids and amino acids are converted into acetyl-CoA and energy is obtained, through complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA by the process of Krebs cycle in mitochondria., , 14

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Introduction To Scientists, Process of glycolysis was discovered by three scientists, Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jacob Parnas along with, their colleagues. For this purpose, they performed experiments on, muscles. Hence, glycolysis is also called as Embden-MeyerhofParnas pathway (EMP pathway)., The cyclical reactions of tricarboxylic acid cycle were, discovered by Sir Hans Krebs. Hence, this cyclical process is also, Sir Hans Krebs, called as Krebs cycle. He has been awarded the Nobel Prize in, (1900-1981), 1953 for this discovery., Process of energy production through, aerobic respiration of carbohydrates,, proteins and fats., Lipids, , Carbohydrates, , Fatty acids, , Glycolysis, , Anaerobic respiration in living, organisms/ cells, , Glucose, , Proteins, Pyruvic, acid, , Amino acids, , Fermentation, , Glycolysis, , Pyruvic acid, , Pyruvic, acid, Fermentation, , Pyruvic acid, , Fermentation, , Acetyl-CoA, , Alcohol, , Krebs Cycle, , Yeast, CO2 + H2O + Energy, , Different, Products, Ex: Vinegar,, Vitamins, etc., , Lactic acid, , Erythrocytes,, Muscle cells,, , Various, Microbes, , Energy Production in Microorganisms through Anaerobic Respiration, Some organisms cannot live in presence of oxygen. Ex. Many bacteria. Such living, organisms have to perform anaerobic respiration for energy production. Glycolysis and, fermentation are two steps of anaerobic respiration. Glucose is incompletely oxidized and, less amount of energy is obtained in this type of respiration. Pyruvic acid produced through, glycolysis is converted into other organic acids or alcohol with the help of some enzymes, in this process. This is called as fermentation. Some higher plants, animals and aerobic, microorganisms also perform anaerobic respiration instead of aerobic respiration if there, is depletion in oxygen level in the surrounding., Ex. Seeds perform anaerobic respiration if the soil is submerged under water during, germination. Similarly, our muscle cells also perform anaerobic respiration while, performing the exercise. Due to this, less amount of energy is produced in our body and, lactic acid accumulates due to which we feel tired., , 15

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1. Which type of cellular respiration performs complete, oxidation of glucose?, Can you tell?, 2. Which cell organelle is necessary for complete oxidation of, glucose?, Energy from different food components, Excess of the carbohydrates are stored in liver and muscles in the form of glycogen., What is the source of proteins? What are they made up of?, Proteins are the macromolecules formed by bonding together many amino acids., Proteins of animal origin are called as ‘first class’ proteins. We get 4 Kcal of energy per, gram of proteins. Amino acids are obtained after digestion of proteins. Those amino acids, are absorbed in the body and transported up to each organ and cell via blood. From these, amino acids, organs and cells produce various proteins necessary for themselves and the, whole body. Those examples are given in the following diagram., , Blood:, Haemoglobin,, Antibodies, , Muscles:, Actin and, Myosin flexible, proteins, , Skin:, Melanin ,, keratin, , Always remember, Bones: Ossein, , Amino, Acids, , Pituitary Gland :, Various, hormones, , Cells :, various proteins of, cell membrane,, various enzymes, , Pancreas:, Insulin,, Trypsin, , 2.4 Proteins and different amino acids obtained, , Can you recall?, , Excess of amino acids, obtained from proteins are not, stored in the body. They are, broken down and the ammonia, formed is eliminated out of the, body. If necessary, excess of, proteins are converted into other, useful substances like glucose, through, the, process, of, gluconeogenesis., Plants produce the necessary, amino acids from minerals denovo, and thereby produce different, proteins. An enzyme RUBISCO, present in the plant chloroplasts is, most abundant protein found in, nature., , From where do we obtain the lipids?, The substances formed by specific chemical bond between fatty acids and alcohol are, called as lipids. Digestion of lipids consumed by us is nothing but their conversion into, fatty acids and alcohol. Fatty acids are absorbed up and distributed everywhere within, the body. From those fatty acids, different cells produce various substances necessary to, themselves. Ex. the molecules called as phospholipids which are essential for producing, plasma membrane are formed from fatty acids. Besides, fatty acids are used for producing, hormones like progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, etc. and the covering, around the axons of nerve cells. We get 9 KCal of energy per gram of lipids. Excess of, lipids are stored in adipose connective tissue in the body., , 16

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1. Many times, you cannot eat hot food due to inflammation /, ulceration in mouth., Think:, 2. Some persons experience difficulty in night vision since their, childhood or adolescence., Vitamins are a group of heterogeneous compounds of which, each is essential for, proper operation of various processes in the body. There are main six types of vitamins,, e.g. A, B, C, D, E and K. Out of these, A, D, E and K are fat-soluble whereas B and C are, water-soluble. We have seen that, FADH2 and NADH2 are produced in the processes like, glycolysis and Krebs cycle. Vitamins like riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and nicotinamide, (Vitamin B3) respectively are necessary for their production., Use your brain power, , 1. Many times, we experience dryness in mouth., 2. Oral rehydration solution (Salt-sugar-water) is, frequently given to persons experiencing loose motions., 3. We sweat during summer and heavy exercise. , , There is about 65 – 70% water in our body., Each cell contains 70% water weight by weight., Blood-plasma also contains 90% of water., Functioning of cells and thereby whole body, disturbs even if there is a little loss of water from, the body. Hence, water is an essential nutrient., Along with all above mentioned nutrients, fibers, are also essential nutrients. In fact, we cannot, digest the fibers. However, they help in the, digestion of other substances and egestion of, undigested substances. We obtain the fibers from, leafy vegetables, fruits, cereals, etc., Cell Division: An Essential Life Process, Can you tell?, , Internet is my friend, Collect information, 1. What are symptoms of diseases, like night blindness, rickets,, beriberi, neuritis, pellagra,, anaemia, scurvy?, 2. What do you mean by, coenzymes?, 3. Find the full forms of FAD,, FMN, NAD, NADP., 4. How much quantity of each, vitamin is required every day?, , 1. What happens to the cells of injured tissue?, 2. Whether new cells are formed during healing of wound?, , 3. Do the plants get injured when do we pluck the flowers? How are those wounds, healed?, 4. How does the growth of any living organism occur? Does the number of cells in, their body increase? If yes, how?, 5. How the new individual of a species is formed from existing one of same species?, Cell division is one of the very important properties of cells and living organisms. Due, to this property only, a new organism is formed from existing one, a multicellular organism, grows up and emaciated body can be restored., There are two types of cell division as mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis occurs in somatic, cells and stem cells of the body whereas meiosis occurs in germ cells. Before study of cell, division, we should know the structural organization of cell that we have studied earlier., Each cell has a nucleus. Besides, other cell organelles are also present. Let us study the, cell division with the help of this information., , 17

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Before any type of cell division, the cell doubles up its chromosome number present, in its nucleus i.e. if chromosome number is 2n, it is doubled up to 4n., Can you recall? What is the shape of chromosome? Give its names in the figure., A pair of each type of chromosome is present, in 2n condition whereas single chromosome of each, type is present in n condition and their structure is, like the one shown in figure given beside., Mitosis, Somatic cells and stem cells divide by mitosis., Mitosis is completed through two main steps. Those, two steps are karyokinesis (nuclear division) and, cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division). Karyokinesis is, completed through four steps., A. Prophase : In prophase, condensation of, basically thin thread-like chromosomes starts. Due, to this, they become short and thick and they start, to appear along with their pairs of sister chromatids., Centrioles duplicate and each centriole moves to, opposite poles of the cells. Nuclear membrane and, nucleolus start to disappear., B. Metaphase : Nuclear membrane completely, disappears in metaphase. Chromosomes complete, their condensation and become clearly visible, along with their sister chromatids. All chromosomes, are arranged parallel to equatorial plane (central, plane) of the cell. Special type of flexible protein, fibers (spindle fibers) are formed between, centromere of each chromosome and both centrioles., C. Anaphase : In anaphase, centromeres split and, thereby sister chromatids of each chromosome, separate and they are pulled apart in opposite, directions with the help of spindle fibers. Separated, sister chromatids are called as daughter, chromosomes. Chromosomes being pulled appear, like bunch of bananas. In this way, each set of, chromosomes reach at two opposite poles of the, cell., , 2.5 Chromosome, , Chromosomes, , Genetic Material, , 4n, , Metaphase, Prophase, , Anaphase, , 2n, Telophase, , 2n, , 2n, 2.6 Mitosis, , 18, , 2n

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D. Telophase : The chromosomes which have reached at opposite poles of the cell now, start to decondense due to which they again become thread-like thin and invisible. Nuclear, membrane is formed around each set of chromosomes reached at poles. Thus, two daughter, nuclei are formed in a cell. Nucleolus also appears in each daughter nucleus. Spindle, fibers completely disappear., In this way, karyokinesis completes and cytokinesis, begins., The cytoplasm divides by cytokinesis and two, new cells are formed which are called as daughter, cells. In this process, a notch is formed at the equatorial, plane of the cell which deepens gradually and thereby, two new cells are formed. However, in case of plant, cells, instead of the notch, a cell plate is formed exactly, along midline of the cell and thus cytokinesis is, completed., , 2.7 Cytokinesis, , Mitosis is essential for growth of the body. Besides, it is necessary for restoration of, emaciated body, wound healing, formation of blood cells, etc., Meiosis:, , 1, , 4, , 2, , Prophase- I (1-5), , 3, , 5, , Metaphase I, , Anaphase I, , Telophase I, , 2.8 Meiosis Part-I, , Meiosis is completed through two stages. Those two stages are meiosis-I and meiosisII. In meiosis-I, recombination / crossing over occur between homologous chromosomes, and thereafter those homologous chromosomes (Not sister chromatids) are divided into, two groups and thus two haploid cells are formed., , Prophase II, , Metaphase II, , Anaphase II, 2.9 Meiosis Part -II, , 19, , Telophase II

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Meiosis-II is just like mitosis. In this stage, the two haploid daughter cells formed in, meiosis-I undergo division by separation of recombined sister chromatids and four haploid, daughter cells are formed. Process of gamete production and spore formation occurs by, meiosis. In this type of cell division, four haploid (n) daughter cells are formed from one, diploid (2n) cell. During this cell division, crossing over occurs between the homologous, chromosomes and thereby genetic recombination occurs. Due to this, all the four daughter, cells are genetically different from parent cell and from each other too., Try this, , Apparatus : Conical flask, glass slides, cover slips, forceps, compound, microscope, watch glass, etc., Materials : a medium sized onion , iodine solution, etc., , Procedure : Take a medium sized onion. Keep it in a conical flask filled with water in, such a way that the roots of onion will be in contact with water. Observe the roots of onion, after 4 – 5 days. Cut the tips of some of the roots and put them in a watch glass. Pour some, drops of iodine in watch glass. Take one of the root tip on glass slide press it with the help, of forceps. Add 1 – 2 drops of water and carefully place cover slip over it in such a way, that air will not be trapped between. Observe the prepared glass slide under the compound, microscope. Which phase of cell division did you observe? Sketch its figure., Various phases of cell division occurring in root tips of onion are shown in the following, figure. Which one of those could you see in the slide?, Use your brain power, 1. What do you mean by diploid, (2n) cell?, 2. What do you mean by haploid, (n) cell?, 3. What do you mean by , homologous chromosomes?, 4. Whether the gametes are, diploid or haploid? Why?, 5. How are the haploid cells, formed?, 6. What is the importance of, haploid cells?, , 2.10 Phases of mitosis in onion root tip, , Use of ICT, Collect videos and photographs of, different life processes in living, organisms. Prepare a presentation and, present it on the occasion of science, exhibition, , Books are my friend, Read different Encyclopaedias of, technical terms in biology and, anatomy and other reference books., , 20

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Exercise, 1. Fill in the blanks and explain the, statements., a. After complete oxidation of a glucose, molecules, ---- --- --- number of, ATP molecules are formed., b. At the end of glycolysis, ---- --- -molecules are obtained., c. Genetic recombination occurs in --- -- phase of prophase of meiosis-I., d. All chromosomes are arranged, parallel to equatorial plane of cell in, -- -- -- phase of mitosis., e. For formation of plasma membrane,, --- --- --- molecules are necessary., f. Our muscle cells perform -- -- -- type, of respiration during exercise., , c. With the help of suitable diagrams,, explain the five stages of prophase-I, of meiosis., d. How all the life processes contribute to, the growth and development of the, body?, e. Explain the Krebs cycle with reaction., 5. How energy is formed from oxidation, of carbohydrates, fats and proteins?, Correct the diagram given below., Pyruvic Acid, , Acetyl Co-Enzyme A, , 2. Write definitions., a. Nutrition. b. Nutrients, c. Proteins., d. Cellular respiration, e. Aerobic respiration., f. Glycolysis., 3. Distinguish between, a. Glycolysis and TCA cycle., b. Mitosis and meiosis., c. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration., 4. Give scientific reasons., a. Oxygen is necessary for complete, oxidation of glucose., b. Fibers are one of the important, nutrients., c. Cell division is one of the important, properties of cells and organisms., d. Sometimes, higher plants and, animals too perform anaerobic, respiration., e. Krebs cycle is also known as citric, acid cycle., 5. Answer in detail., a. Explain the glycolysis in detail., b. With the help of suitable diagrams,, explain the mitosis in detail., , Lipid, , Glycolysis, , Amino acids, , Proteins, , krebs cycle, , Fats, , Project :, With the help of information, collected from internet, prepare the, slides of various stages of mitosis, and observe under the compound, microscope., , 21

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3. Life Processes in Living Organisms Part - 2, Ø, Ø, Ø, Ø, , Reproduction: Asexual and Sexual reproduction., Reproduction and modern technology, Reproductive health, Population Explosion, , Can you recall?, , 1., 2., , Which are the important life processes in living organisms?, Which life processes are essential for production of energy, required by body?, , 3., 4., , Which are main types of cell-division? What are the differences?, What is the role of chromosomes in cell-division?, We have studied various life processes in previous classes. All those life processes i.e., nutrition, respiration, excretion, sensation & response (control & co-ordination), etc. are, essential to each living organism to remain alive. Besides these life processes, one more life, process occurs in living organisms; it is reproduction. However, reproduction does not help, the organism to remain alive but it helps to maintain the continuity of the species of that, organism., , a., , Observe, Observe the pictures and, tell the life process which you, identified., , b., , Can you tell?, , d., , c., 3.1 Some Life processes, , 1. What do we mean by maintenance of species?, 2. Whether the new organism is genetically exactly similar to earlier one that has produced, it?, 3. Who determines whether the two organism of a species will be exactly similar or not?, 4. What is the relationship between the cell division and formation of new organism of, same species by earlier existing organism?, Formation of new organism of same species by earlier existing organism is called as, reproduction. Reproduction is one of the various important characters of living organisms., It is also one of the various reasons responsible for evolution of each species. In living, organisms, reproduction occurs mainly by two methods. Those two methods are- asexual, and sexual reproduction., Asexual reproduction, Process of formation of new organism by an organism of same species without, involvement of gametes is called as asexual reproduction. As this reproduction does not, involve union of two different gametes, the new organism has exact genetic similarity with, the reproducing organism. This is uniparental reproduction and it occurs by mitotic cell, division. Absence of genetic recombination is a drawback whereas fast process is advantage, of this reproductive method., , 22

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A. Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms, 1. Binary Fission, , Daughter Amoeba, , Parent Amoeba, , Try this, Activity 1 : Take a conical flask and collect the, water in it from a pond having stagnant water, and aquatic plants. Add some wheat grains, and aquatic plants to it. Keep it for 3 – 4 days, so that wheat grains & plants will decompose., Early in the morning on fourth day, take a, glass slide and put a drop of that water over, it. Carefully, put a cover-slip on that drop and, observe under compound microscope., You will be able to see many paramecia, performing the binary fission., Prokaryotes (Bacteria), Protists (Amoeba,, Paramecium, Euglena, etc.) and eukaryotic, cell-organelle, like, mitochondria, and, chloroplasts perform asexual reproduction by, binary fission. In this process, the parent cell, divides to form two similar daughter cells., Binary fission occurs either by mitosis or, amitosis., Axis of fission / division is different in, different protists. Ex.: Amoeba divides in any, plane due to lack of specific shape; hence it is, called as ‘simple binary fission’. Paramecium, divides by ‘transverse binary fission’ whereas, Euglena by ‘longitudinal binary fission’., Binary fission is usually performed by, living organisms during favourable conditions, i.e. availability of abundant food material., , 3.2 Simple binary fission: Amoeba, , Parent Paramecium, , Daughter, Paramecium, , 3.3 Transverse binary fission : Paramecium, , 3.4 Longitudinal binary fission: Euglena, , 2. Multiple Fission, Asexual reproduction by multiple fission is performed by Amoeba and other similar, protists. Amoeba stops the formation of pseudopodia and thereby movements whenever, there is lack of food or any other type of adverse condition. It becomes rounded and forms, protective covering around plasma membrane. Such encysted Amoeba or any other protist, is called as ‘Cyst’., Many nuclei are formed by repeated nuclear divisions in the cyst. It is followed by, cytoplasmic division and thus, many amoebulae are formed. They remain encysted till, there are adverse conditions. Cyst breaks open on arrival of favourable conditions and, many amoebulae are released., , 23

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Parent Amoeba, , Cyst, , Division of nucleus and, cytoplasm, , Daughter, amoeba, , Use your brain power, Does the parent, cell exist after asexual, reproduction- fission?, , 3.5 Multiple fission, , 3. Budding:, Activity 2 : Bring the active dry yeast, powder from market. Take 50 ml, Bulge New Bud Daughter, Parent yeast, lukewarm water in a conical flask. Add, yeast, cell, 5 gm of active dry yeast powder and 10, gm table sugar to that water and mix, well the mixture. Keep the flask in warm, place and after an hour take a drop of, that mixture on a clean glass slide. Put, a cover-glass on that drop and observe it, 3.6 Budding, under the compound microscope., You will see the yeast cells performing budding i.e. a small bud coming out of many, parent cells. Asexual reproduction occurs by budding in yeast- a unicellular fungus. Yeast, cell produces two daughter nuclei by mitotic division, so as to reproduce by budding. This, yeast cell is called as parent cell. A small bulge appears on the surface of parent cell. This, bulge is actually a bud. One of the two daughter nuclei enters this bud. After sufficient, growth, bud separates from the parent cell and starts to live independently as a daughter, yeast cell., B. Asexual reproduction in Multicellular organisms, Spirogyra, 1. Fragmentation:, This type of asexual reproduction occurs in multicellular, organisms. In this type of reproduction, the body of parent, organism breaks up into many fragments and each fragment, starts to live as an independent new organism. This type of, reproduction occurs in algae like Spirogyra, and sponges like, Sycon., Whenever there is plenty of water and nutrients are, available to Spirogyra, its filaments grow up very fast and, break up into many small fragments. Each fragment starts, 3.7 Fragmentation, to live independently as a new Spirogyra fiber.If the body, of Sycon breaks up accidentally into many fragments, each, fragment develops into new Sycon., 2. Regeneration, You may know that the wall lizard breaks up and, discards some part of its tail in emergency. Discarded part, is regenerated after a period. This is an example of limited, regeneration. However, under certain situations, an animalPlanaria breaks up its body into two parts and thereafter each, part regenerates remaining part of the body and thus two new, 3.8 Regeneration, Planaria are formed. This is called as regeneration., , 24

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3. Budding, In case of Hydra, under favourable, conditions, at specific part of its body, an, outgrowth is formed by repeated divisions of, regenerative cells of body wall. This outgrowth, is called as bud. Bud grows up progressively, and finally forms a small hydra. Dermal layers, and digestive cavity of the budding hydra are, in continuity with those of parent hydra. Parent, hydra supplies nutrition to the budding hydra., Budding hydra separates from parent hydra and, starts to lead an independent life when it grows, up and becomes able to lead an independent life., 4. Vegetative Propagation, Reproduction in plants with the help of, vegetative parts like root, stem, leaf and bud is, called as vegetative reproduction. Vegetative, propagation in potatoes is performed with, the help of ‘eyes’ present on tuber whereas in, Bryophyllum it is performed with the help of buds, present on leaf margin. In case of plants like, sugarcane & grasses, vegetative propagation, occurs with the help of buds present on nodes., , Bud, , Hydra, , Nascent Hydra, , 3.9 Budding, , Bryophyllum, , Sweet, Potato, 3.10 Vegetative, reproduction, , Try this, 5. Spore Formation, Take a piece of wet bread or ‘bhakari’ and, keep it in humid place. Fungus will grow on it, within 2 – 3 days. Observe the fungus under, compound microscope and draw its diagram., Fungi like Mucor have filamentous body. They, have sporangia. Once the spores are formed,, sporangia burst and spores are released. Spores, germinate in moist and warm place and new, fungal colony is formed., , Potato, Sporangium, , Greenish, Layer, Spores, , Hyphae, Rhizoid, Piece of bread, 3.11 Spore formation, , Sexual Reproduction, Sexual reproduction always occurs with the help of two germ cells. Female gamete and, male gamete are those two germ cells. Two main processes occur in the sexual reproduction., 1. Gamete formation: Gametes are formed by the meiosis. In meiosis, chromosome, number is reduced to half; hence haploid gametes are formed., , 25

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2. Fertilization: A diploid zygote is formed in this process by union of haploid male and, female gametes. The zygote divides by mitosis and embryo is formed. The embryo develops, to form new individual., Two parents i.e. male parent and female parent are involved in this type of reproduction., Fusion of male gamete of male parent and female gamete of female parent occurs. Due to, this, new individual always has the recombined genes of both the parents. Hence, the new, individual shows similarities with the parents for some characters and has some characters, different than both parents. Diversity in living organisms occurs due to genetic variation., Genetic variation helps the organisms to adjust with the changing environment and thereby, to maintain their existence. Due to this, plants and animals can save themselves from being, extinct., , Let’s Think, , 1. What would have been happened if the male and female gametes, had been diploid?, 2. What would have been happened if any of the cells in nature had, not been divided by meiosis?, , A. Sexual reproduction in plants, Flower is structural unit of sexual reproduction in plants. It consists of four floral whorls, as calyx, corolla, androecium and gynaecium; arranged in sequence from outside to inside., Androecium and gynoecium are called ‘essential whorls’ because they perform the function, of reproduction whereas calyx and corolla are called as ‘accessory whorls’ because they are, responsible for protection of inner whorls. Members of calyx are called as ‘sepals’ and they, are green coloured. Members of corolla are called as ‘petals’ and they are variously colored., , Corolla (Petals), , Stigma, , Gynoecium, , Female, flower, , Style, Ovary, Anther, , Androecium, , Filament, Calyx, (Sepals), Pedicel, , Male, flower, 3.13 Papaya Flower, , 3.12 Parts of flower, , A flower is called as ‘bisexual’ if both whorls i.e. androecium and gynoecium are, present in the same flower. Ex. Hibiscus. A flower is called as ‘unisexual’ if any one of, the abovementioned two whorls is present in the flower. If only androecium is present, it is, ‘male flower’ and if only gynoecium is present, flower is ‘female flower’. Ex. Papaya. , , 26

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Many flowers have the stalk for support, called as ‘pedicel’ and such flowers are called, as ‘pedicellate’ whereas flower without stalk is called as ‘sessile’., Androecium is male whorl and its members are called as stamens. Gynaecium is, female whorl and its members are called as carpels., These may be separate or united. Ovary is present at the basal end of each carpel. A, hollow ‘style’ comes up from the ovary. Stigma is present at the tip of style. Ovary contains, one or many ovules. Embryo sac is formed in each ovule by meiosis. Each embryo sac, consists of a haploid egg cell and two haploid polar nuclei., Pollen grains from anther are transferred to the stigma. This is called as pollination., Pollination occurs with the help of abiotic agents (wind, water) and biotic agents, (insects and other animals). Stigma becomes sticky during pollination Pollens germinate, when they fall upon such sticky stigma i.e. a long pollen tube and two male gametes are, formed. The pollen tube carries male gametes. Pollen tube reaches the embryo sac via, style. Tip of the pollen tube bursts and two male gametes are released in embryo sac., One male gamete unites with the egg cell to form zygote. This is fertilization. Second, male gamete unites with two polar nuclei and endosperm is formed. As two male nuclei, participate in this process, it is called as double fertilization., Pollen grain, , Stigma, , Male, Gametes, , Style, , Egg cell, , Pollen tube, Synergids, , Ovules, Ovary, , Polar, Nuclei, , Embryo, sac, , Male, gametes, , Antipodals, , 3.14 Double fertilization in angiosperms, , Do you know?, When pollination involves only one flower or two, flowers borne on same plant, it is called as self-pollination, whereas if it involves two flowers borne on two plants of, same species, it is cross-pollination. While discovering the, new high yielding and resistant varieties of plants,, scientists bring about the pollination with the help of brush., , Use of ICT, , Make an video album of pollination and show it in the class., , 27

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3.15 Seed germination, , Try this, Take a suitable glass vessel like conical, flask or beaker. Add some garden soil in it, and sow some pulse grains in it in such a way, that you can observe them through glass., Water it every day and record the changes., Ovule develops into seed and ovary into fruit after fertilization. Seeds fall upon the, ground when fruits break up and they germinate in the soil under favourable conditions., Zygote develops at the cost of food stored in endosperm of seed and thus a new plantlet is, formed. This is called as seed germination., B. Sexual reproduction in human being, , 1. Which different hormones control the functions of human , reproductive system through chemical coordination?, 2. Which hormones are responsible for changes in human body occurring during on set, of sexual maturity?, 3. Why has the Government of India enacted the law to fix the minimum age of , marriage as 18 in girls and 21 in boys?, We have studied in the chapter of heredity and variation that men have XY sexchromosomes and women have XX sex-chromosomes. Reproductive system with specific, organs develops in the body of men and women due to these sex-chromosomes only., X-chromosome is present in men and women whereas Y-chromosome is present in men, only. Now we shall study the structure and functions of human reproductive system., Can you recall?, , Human male reproductive system, Male reproductive system of, humans consists of testes, various, ducts and glands. Testes are present, in the scrotum, outside the abdominal, cavity. Testes contain numerous, seminiferous, tubules., Germinal, epithelium present in the tubules, divide by meiosis to produce sperms., Those sperms are sent forward through, various tubules. Sequence of those, tubules is as- rete testes, vas eferens,, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory, duct and urinogenital duct. As the, sperms are pushed forwards from one, duct to next, they become mature and, able to fertilize the ovum., , Urinary bladder, , Seminal, vesicle, Prostate gland, Vas deferens, Cowper's, gland, Urino genital, duct, , Ejaculatory, duct, , Epididymis, , Scrotum, Testis, Penis, 3.16 Male reproductive system of human, , 28

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Seminal vesicles secrete their, secretion in ejaculatory ducts whereas, prostate gland and Cowper’s glands, secrete their secretions in urinogenital, duct. Semen is formed of sperms and, secretions of all these glands. Semen, is ejaculated out through penis. All the, organs of male reproductive system, are paired except urinogenital duct,, prostate gland, penis & scrotum., , Surprising Facts, , 1. Length of each epididymis is about 6, meters., 2. Length of a sperm is about 60 micrometers., 3. Such a small sperm has to cross the distance, of approximately 6.5 meter while passing, out of male reproductive system., 4. Sperm needs large amount of energy. For, this purpose, fructose is present in the, semen., , Human female reproductive system, All organs of female reproductive, Oviduct, system are in abdominal cavity. It, includes a pair of ovaries, a pair of, oviducts, single uterus and a vagina., Besides, a pair of Bartholin's gland is, also present., Generally, every month, an ovum, Ovary, is released in abdominal cavity, alternately from each ovary. Free end, Uterus, of oviduct is funnel-like. An opening, is present at the center of it. Oocyte, enters the oviduct through that, opening. Cilia are present on inner, Vagina, surface of oviduct. These cilia push, the oocyte towards uterus., 3.17 Human female reproductive system, Gamete Formation, Both gametes i.e. sperm and ovum are formed by meiosis. Sperms are produced in, testes of men from beginning of maturation (puberty) till death. However, in case of women,, at the time of birth, there are 2 – 4 million immature oocytes in the ovaries of female, foetus. An oocyte matures and is released from ovary every month from the beginning of, maturity up to the age of menopause (approximately 45 years of age). Menopause is the, stoppage of functioning of female reproductive system. At the age of about 45 – 50 years,, secretion of hormones controlling the functions of female reproductive system either stops, or becomes irregular. This causes the menopause., Fertilization, Formation of zygote by union of sperm and ovum is called as fertilization. Fertilization, is internal in humans. Semen is ejaculated in vagina during copulation. Sperms, in the, numbers of few millions start their journey by the route of vagina – uterus – oviduct. One, of those few million sperms fertilize the only ovum present in the oviduct., From the age of puberty up the menopause (from 10 – 17 years of age up to 45 – 50, years), an ovum is released every month from the ovary. i.e. out of 2 – 4 million oocytes,, approximately only 400 oocytes are released up to the age of menopause. Remaining, oocytes undergo degeneration., , 29

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Sperms, , Oocyte, , Oocytes released from ovaries during last, few months nearing the age of menopause are, 40 – 50 years old. Their ability of division has, been diminished till now. Due to this, they cannot, complete meiotic division properly. If such oocytes, are fertilized, the new-borns produced from them, may be with some abnormalities like Down’s, syndrome., , 3.18 Fertilization, , Do you know?, 1. The chromosome number in germ cells, producing the gametes are diploid i.e. 2n. It, includes 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of, Sperms , Oocytes, sex-chromosomes i.e. (44 + XX or 44 + XY)., (22 + X) or (22 + Y), (22 + X), These germ cells divide by meiosis. Due to this,, gametes contain only haploid (n) number of, chromosomes i.e. (22 + X or 22 + Y). Two types, Girl (44 + XX), Boy (44 + XY), of sperms are produced as (22 + X) or (22 + Y), whereas oocytes are produced of only one type 3.19 Sex determination in human being, as (22 + X)., 2. Both, sperms and oocytes are produced by meiosis. In case of sperms, process of meiotic, division is completed before the sperms leave male reproductive tract. However, in case, of oocytes, process of meiotic division completes after ovulation; during fertilization in, oviduct., , Development and Birth, The zygote formed after fertilization in the, oviduct, undergoes repeated mitotic divisions and, embryo is formed. Meanwhile, it is pushed towards, uterus. Once it reaches the uterus, it is implanted and, further development occurs after implantation. An, organ called as placenta is formed for supply of food, material during the growth in uterus. Embryonic, development is completed approximately within, nine months after the fertilization., , 4 8 12, , 16, , 20, , 24, , 28, , 32, , 3.20 Growth of an embryo, , 30, , 36, , Weeks

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Can you tell?, , Always remember, The man is totally responsible, whether the couple, will have a boy or a girl child. During zygote formation,, man contributes either X or Y chromosome to the, next generation, but woman contributes only X-sex, chromosome to the next generation. At the time of, fertilization, if X- chromosomes comes from male, the, child will be a girl and if Y-chromosome comes then, the child will be a boy. Thinking of this, is it right to, consider the mother responsible for a girl child? We, all must take efforts to stop female foeticide., , 1. Which hormone is released, from pituitary of mother, once the foetal development, is completed?, 2. Under the effect of that, hormone, which organ of the, female reproductive system, starts to contract and thereby, birth process (Parturition) is, facilitated?, , Menstrual Cycle:, Female reproductive system undergoes some changes at puberty and those changes, repeat at the interval of every 28 – 30 days. These repetitive changes are called as, menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle is a natural process, controlled by four hormones. Those, four hormones are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone. One of the several follicles in the ovary starts to develop along with, the oocyte present in it, under the effect of follicle stimulating hormone. This developing, follicle secretes estrogen. Endometrium of the uterus starts to develop (during first cycle) or, regenerate (during subsequent cycles) under the effect of estrogen. Meanwhile, developing, follicle completes its development. It bursts under the effect of luteinizing hormone and, oocyte is released. This is called as ovulation. Remaining tissue of the burst follicle forms, the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum starts to secrete progesterone. Endometrial glands, secrete their secretion under the effect of progesterone. Such endometrium is ready for, implantation of embryo., , Pituitary gland, , Changes in the, ovary during, menstruation, Fully grown follicle, , Ovulation, , Corpus, luteum, , Corpus, albicans, , Progesterone and estrogen, Estrogen, , Beginning, of new, Menstruation, , changes in, the uterus, during, Menstruation, , Period of, Menstruation, , Period of regeneration, of endometrium Ovulation period, , 3.21 Menstrual cycle, , 31, , Period of secretions of, glands in endometrium

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If oocyte is not fertilized within 24 hours, corpus luteum becomes inactive and, transforms into corpus albicans. Due to this, secretion of estrogen and progesterone stops, completely. Endometrium starts to degenerate in absence of these two hormones. Tissues, of degenerating endometrium and unfertilized ovum are discarded out through vagina., This is accompanied with continuous bleeding. Bleeding continues approximately for five, days. This is called as menstruation., Unless the oocyte is fertilized and embryo is implanted, this process is repeated every, month. If the embryo is implanted, repetition of this cycle is temporarily stopped till the, parturition and thereafter period of breast feeding. Menstrual cycle is a natural process, and the women experience severe pains during this period. Severe weakness is felt due to, heavy bleeding. There is higher possibility of infections too during this overall period. Due, to all such reasons, there is need of rest along with special personal hygiene., Reproduction and Modern Technology, Many couples cannot have children due to various reasons. In case of women,, irregularity in menstrual cycle, difficulties in oocyte production, obstacles in the oviduct,, difficulties in implantation in uterus and many other reasons are responsible for this., Absence of sperms in the semen, slow movement of sperms, anomalies in the sperms are, the reasons in case of males. But now with the help of advanced medical techniques like, IVF, Surrogacy, Sperm bank the childless couples can have a child., Sperms being, Ovum introduced, Micro pipette, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), through micro, In this technique, fertilization is brought, needle, about in the test-tube and the embryo formed is, implanted in uterus of woman at appropriate time., IVF technique is used for having the child in case, of those childless couples who have problems like, less sperm count, obstacles in oviduct, etc., 3.22 Fertilization in a test tube, Surrogacy, Some women have problems in implantation, of embryo in uterus. Such women can take the, help of the modern remedial technique called as, surrogacy. In this technique, oocyte is collected, from the ovary of the woman having problem in, implantation in uterus. That oocyte is fertilized, in test-tube with the help of sperms collected, from her husband. The embryo formed from such, fertilization is implanted in the uterus of some other, woman having normal uterus. Such a woman, in, whose uterus the embryo is implanted, is called as, surrogate mother., 3.23 Surrogacy, Sperm Bank/ Semen Bank, There are various problems in sperm production as mentioned above, in case of many, men. So as to have the children in case of such couples, new concept of sperm bank has, been introduced. This concept is similar to blood bank. Semen ejaculated by the desired, men is collected after their thorough physical and medical check-up and stored in the sperm, bank., , 32

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As per the wish of needful couple, oocyte of woman of the concerned couple is fertilized, by IVF technique using the semen from sperm bank. Resultant embryo is implanted in the, uterus of same woman. Name of the semen donor is strictly kept secret as per the law., Twins, Two embryos develop simultaneously in, the same uterus and thus two offsprings are, delivered simultaneously. Such offsprings, are called as twins. Many couples have, twins. There are two main types of twins, as- monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins., Monozygotic twins are formed from, single embryo. During early period of, embryonic development (within 8 days of, zygote formation), cells of that embryo, divide into two groups., 3.24 Twin girls: age 18 months, , Those two groups develop as two separate embryos and thus monozygotic twins are, formed. Such twins are genetically exactly similar to each other. Due to this, such twins, are exactly similar in their appearance and their gender is also same i.e. both will be either, boys or girls., In case of monozygotic twins, if the embryonic cells are divided into two groups 8, days after the zygote formation; there is high possibility of formation of conjoined twins, (Siamese twins). Such twins are born with some parts of body joined to each other. Some, organs are common in such twins., Occasionally, two oocytes are released from the ovary of woman and both oocytes, are fertilized by two separate sperms and thus two zygotes are formed. Two embryos are, formed from those two zygotes and both of those embryos are separately implanted in the, uterus and thus dizygotic twins are delivered after complete development. Such twins are, genetically different and may be same of different by gender., , Internet is my friend, , You may have read that sometimes a woman, may deliver more than two offsprings at a time. Collect, more information from internet about reasons for such, incidences., , Reproductive health, A person’s state of being physical, mental and social strongness is called as health., In our country, there seems to be lack of awareness regarding reproductive health due to, various reasons like social customs, traditions, illiteracy, shyness, etc. Especially, there, seems to be indifference towards the reproductive health of women., Occurrence of menstrual cycle is related with reproductive and overall health of women., Now a day, women are working at par with men. Due to this, they have to stay outdoors for, whole day. Bleeding occurs during menstrual cycle. Due to this, private organs (genitals), need to be maintained clean time to time, otherwise, problems regarding reproductive, health may arise. Some problems regarding reproductive health may arise in men too. It is, essential to maintain the cleanliness of their genitals., , 33

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Among the various sexual diseases, syphilis and gonorrhoea occur on large scale. Both, of these diseases are caused by bacteria. Occurrence of chancre (patches) on various parts of, body including genitals, rash, fever, inflammation of joints, alopecia, etc. are the symptoms, of syphilis. Painful and burning sensation during urination, oozing of pus through penis and, vagina, inflammation of urinary tract, anus, throat, eyes, etc. are symptoms of gonorrhoea., , Do you know?, , Population Explosion, , Excessive growth of population within short duration, is called as population explosion. You may have realized, from the table given besides about fast population growth of, India. We have to face various problems like unemployment,, decreasing per capita income and increasing loan, stress on, natural resources, etc. There is only one solution for all such, problems and it is population control. Family planning is, essential for this., , Year Population, 1901 238396327, 1911 252093390, 1921 251321213, 1931 278977238, 1941 318660580, 1951 358142161, 1961 439234771, 1971 548159652, 1981 683329097, 1991 846421039, 2001 1028610328, 2011 1210854977, , Get information Visit a public health center nearby your place and collect the, , information through an interview of health officer about meaning and various methods of family planning., , Exercise, 1. Complete the following chart., Asexual reproduction, 1., 2, 3., 4., 5., , Sexual reproduction, , Reproduction that occurs with the help, of somatic cells is called as asexual, reproduction., …………………………………………, ………………………………….., This reproduction occurs with the help, of mitosis only., ………………………………..............., ……………………………….............…, Asexual reproduction occurs in different, individuals by various methods like, binary fission, multiple fission,, budding, fragmentation, regeneration,, vegetative, propagation,, spore, production, etc., , 1. ………………………………..........., ……………………………….............…, ……………………………....................., 2. Male and female parent are necessary, for sexual reproduction., 3. ……………………………………..., ……………………………......................, 4. New individual formed by this method, is genetically different from parents., 5. ……………………………….............., ……………………………….............…, ……………………………...................., ……………………………….............…, ……………………………...................., ……………………………….............…, ……………………………...................., , 34

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2. Fill in the blanks., a. In humans, sperm production occurs in, the organ ----------------., b. In humans, ------ chromosome is, responsible for maleness., c. In male and female reproductive, system of human, ------------- gland is, same., d. Implantation of embryo occurs in -----e. ---------- type of reproduction occurs, without fusion of gametes., f. Body breaks up into several fragments, and each fragment starts to live as a, new individual. This is -- -- -- -- -- -- -type of reproduction., g. Pollen grains are formed by -- ----- -- --- division in locules of anthers., 3. Complete the paragraph with the help, of words given in the bracket., (Luteinizing hormone, endometrium, of uterus, follicle stimulating hormone,, estrogen, progesterone, corpus luteum), Growth of follicles present in the ovary, occurs under the effect of ----- This, follicle secretes estrogen. -- --- - -- --- grows / regenerates under the effect, of estrogen. Under the effect of --- ---,, fully grown up follicle bursts, ovulation, occurs and -- --- -- -- is formed from, remaining part of follicle. It secrets ----- -- -- and --- --- -- -- --. Under the, effect of these hormones, glands of -- --- -- are activated and it becomes ready, for implantation., 4. Answer the following questions in short., a. Explain with examples types of , asexual reproduction in unicellular , organism., b. Explain the concept of IVF., c. Which precautions will you follow , to maintain the reproductive health?, d. What is menstrual cycle? Describe it, in brief., , 5. In case of sexual reproduction, new-born, show similarities about characters. Explain, this statement with suitable examples., 6. Sketch the labelled diagrams., a. Human male reproductive system., b. Human female reproductive system., c. Flower with its sexual reproductive, organs., d. Menstrual cycle., 7. Give the names., a. Hormones, related, with, male, reproductive system., b. Hormones secreted by ovary of female, reproductive system., c. Types of twins., d. Any two sexual diseases., e. Methods of family planning., 8. Gender of child is determined by the, male partner of couple. Explain with, reasons whether this statement is true, or false., 9. Explain asexual reproduction in plants., 10. Modern techniques like surrogate mother,, sperm bank and IVF technique will help, the human beings. Justify this statement., 11. Explain sexual reproduction in plants., Activity :, 1. Collect the official data about present, and a decade old population of various, Asian countries and plot a graph of, that data. With the help of it, draw your, conclusions about demographic changes., 2. With the help of your teacher, compose, and present a road show to increase, the awareness about prenatal gender, detection and gender bias., , 35

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4. Environmental management, Ø  , Ecosystem – A review , Ø  , Environment Conservation, Ø  , Biodiversity hotspots, , Can you recall?, , Ø  , Environment and Eco-system, Ø  , Environment management, , 1., , What is ecosystem? Which are its different components?, 2. Which are the types of consumers? What are the criteria for, their classification?, 3. What may be the relationship between lake and birds on tree?, 4. What is difference between food chain and food web?, , Think and Answer, 1. Write the name and category of each of the, component shown in picture., 2. What is necessary to convert this picture, into food web? Why?, Ecosystem A review, Ecosystem is formed by biotic and abiotic, factors and their interactions with each other., Each factor plays very important role in the, ecosystem. Producers like plants are important., Herbivores like deer, goats, sheep, cattle,, horses, camels, etc. feeding upon producers are, also important. Predators like lion and tiger, which prevent the overpopulation of herbivores, are also equally important. A question may, arise in our mind that whether the caterpillars, found in nature, organisms present in filthy, places, termites, insects present in dung, are, really useful? However, those organisms are, also important though they are dirty. They are, responsible for cleaning the environment., It means that our existence is due to these, factors present around us. Hence, we should, care for these factors., , Can you recall?, , 4.1 Food chain, , Think:, If fallen foliage in forest, dead, trees, and carcasses in and around, villages had not been decomposed for, years……, Discuss, ‘Jivo Jivasya Jivanam’, , 1. Which are different trophic levels in food chain?, 2. What is energy pyramid?, , 36

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Let's Think, , A bird building nest on a tree feeds upon the fishes in nearby, pond. Whether this bird is part of both i.e. tree as well as pond, ecosystem?, , Complete the chart, , Fill up the blank boxes and display the completed chart in, classroom., Ecosystem, , Abiotic components, , Physical factor, , Autotrophic, , Air, water, vapour,, minerals, soil,, sunlight, , Producer, , Animals, , Decomposers, , Inorganic substances, Hydrogen, Oxygen,, Nitrogen,, Calcium, Iron,, Sodium, Potassium, , Tertiary, consumer, , Proteins,, Carbohydrates,, fats, , Paddy is cultivated on large scale in various states of South India. Paddy fields are, frequently attacked by grasshoppers. Similarly, frogs are also present in large number in, the mud of paddy fields, to feed upon grasshoppers and snakes are also present therein to, feed upon their favourite food- frogs., However, if frog population declines all of a sudden,, 1. What will be the effect on paddy crop?, Let's Think 2. Number of which consumers will decline and which will increase?, 3. What will be overall effect on that ecosystem?, Can you tell?, , 1. What is environment?, 2. What is included in environment?, , Relationship between Environment and Ecosystem, Environment is a broad concept. Physical, chemical and biological factors affecting, the living organisms in any possible way is collectively called as environment. In short,, environment is the condition in surrounding. It includes many biotic, abiotic, natural and, artificial factors. There are two main types of environment. One is natural environment, and other is artificial environment., , 37

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Natural environment consists of air, atmosphere, water, land, living organisms, etc., Continuous interactions occur between biotic and abiotic factors. Their interactions are, very important. Artificial environment is also affecting the natural environment directly, or indirectly. Basically, environment consists of two basic factors- 1. Biotic factors,, 2. Abiotic factors. The science that deals with the study of interactions between biotic and, abiotic factors of the environment is called as ecology. Basic functional unit used to study, the ecology is called as ecosystem., Environment consists of many ecosystems. We have studied some ecosystems in, earlier classes. A small pond is an ecosystem whereas the Earth is largest ecosystem. In, brief, biotic and abiotic factors occupying a definite geographical area and their interactions, collectively constitute the ecosystem., Can you recall?, , Which cycles are operated in environment? What is their, importance?, , Environmental balance is maintained through continuous operation of various natural, cycles like water cycle, carbon cycle, gaseous cycles like nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle, etc., Environmental balance is also maintained due to various food chains of ecosystem., Human existence is totally impossible without the existence of nature. Hence, it is, basic responsibility of human being to preserve the nature without disturbing its balance., It is said that we have got this Earth planet on lease from our future generations and not, as an ancestral property from our ancestors. Hence we should not forget to conserve it, for ourselves and for future generations., Environmental Conservation, 1. Which factors affect the environment? How?, 2. What will happen if number of consumers in environment goes, on increasing gradually?, 3. What will be the effect of industry established on river bank on the river ecosystem?, Can you tell?, , When some natural factors of environment and some artificial polluted factors harm, the environment, it creates imbalance between various factors of the environment and, ultimately affects the existence of biotic factors., Observe the environment around, Observe and fill the information Complete the following flow chart., , you., , Factors affecting environment, , Natural factors, , Earthquakes ................., , .................................., , Manmade factors, , Deforestation......................, , ......................................, , 38, , “The, Earth, is, sufficient to satisfy, everyone’s need but, not the greed.”, - Mahatma Gandhi

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At present, many environmental problems have been arisen due to effect of various, natural and artificial factors on the Earth. Environmental pollution is one of those main, factors. Generally, contamination of any material is its pollution. Unnecessary and, unacceptable change in the surrounding environment due to natural events or human, activities are called as environmental pollution. i.e. direct or indirect changes in physical,, chemical and biological properties of air, water and soil which will be harmful to humans, and other living beings is environmental pollution. Various reasons like population, explosion, fast industrialization, and indiscriminate use of natural resources, deforestation,, and unplanned urbanization are responsible for environmental pollution., Can you recall?, , 1. Which are the types of pollution?, 2. What do we mean by natural and artificial pollution?, , 4.2 Fog and pollution in city- A problem, Complete the Chart, , We have studied the air pollution, water pollution and soil, pollution in detail in earlier classes. Based on that, complete, the following chart., , Air pollution, Components, , Pollution is a broad concept., Various types of pollutions like, that of air, water, sound, soil,, thermal, light, pollution occur, around us. Ultimate adverse, effect of all these is on existence, of all the living organisms and, out of this, environmental, conservation has become the need, of hour., , Water pollution, , Soil pollution, , Gases : CO2, CO, Hydrocarbons, Sulphur, NOx,, Hydrogen sulphide, etc., , Solid : dust, ash, carbon,, lead, asbestos, etc., Source, , Industrial wastes,, Domestic waste,, Sewage, Chemicals, discharged from, Industries, Pesticides, used in agriculture., Soil erosion, Retarded, growth of plants/ crops,, Nutritional deficiency etc., , Effect, , Control, Measure, , 39

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Do you know?, Radioactive pollution: Radioactive pollution can occur due to two reasons as natural and, artificial. UV and IR radiations are natural radiations whereas X-rays and radiations from, atomic energy plants are artificial radiations. Chernobyl, Windscale, and Three Miles Island, mishaps are the major mishaps of the world till present. Thousands of people have been, affected for long term due to these accidents. Some of the effects of radiations are as follows1. Cancerous ulceration occurs due to higher radiations of X-rays., 2. Tissues in the body are destroyed., 3. Genetic changes occur., 4. Vision is adversely affected., , Use your brain power, , Why is it said that pollution control is important?, , Need of environmental conservation, General public is not aware about the rules of, environment conservation. There should be large, scale participation of the people in environment, conservation. It will be possible to answer the, environmental problems only if environmental, protection-conservation becomes an effective, public movement. For this purpose, values like, positive attitude and affection towards environment,, knowledge about it, etc. should be inculcated among, the children since their childhood. This will help, to make the future generations more aware about, environmental conservation and protection. So as to, achieve this, it is necessary to increase the awareness, through education., Today, all the developed, developing and, underdeveloped countries have accepted the, responsibility of environmental protection. Their, efforts are in that direction. They have defined the, future plans about environmental protection and have, constituted the necessary laws., Complete the Chart, , Nowadays, we are observing, the environmental degradation, everywhere. Complete the flow, chart given besides with the help, of environment., , To maintain the, balance in nature, , 40, , A peek into the history, In 1972, United Nations, Environment Program (UNEP), has been established in a, conference arranged on human, and environment in which, environmental problems were, discussed. Afterwards, in India,, a, separate, environmental, department had been established, after through discussion on, environmental, problems., Ministry of environment and, forests is involved in planning,, inducting, and, increasing, awareness about environment, and forest through various, programs since 1985., , Need of, Environmental, conservation, , To solve the, natural and, artificial, problems

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Environmental Conservation. Our social responsibility, Since existence of human, there is interrelationship between human and environment., Human stepped on the Earth long after formation of Earth. On the Earth, human being, proved its superiority as compared to other animals with the help of characters like, intelligence, memory, imaginary ability, etc. Human established domination over the, nature. Human utilized all the natural resources as much as possible. In an attempt to live, a satisfactory life, human kept on snatching from the nature as much as possible and this, led to increase in problems. From this entire scenario, we can understand that human has, crucial role in maintaining the environmental balance. If human has disturbed the, environmental balance, then human itself only can conserve and improve the quality of, nature. Many times, general public is unknown that its activities are harmful to environment, and thereby unknowingly many activities happen., Search, , How do butterflies contribute to environmental balance?, , Let’s Discuss, , Do You Know?, , Collect the information about Chipko, Movement and discuss between two, groups of your class about its importance, in present situation., , Laws enacted about environmental, conservation:, Forest Conservation Act, 1980., The land reserved for forest, conservation has been prohibited to, use for any other purpose by this law., Ex. Permission of central government, is compulsory for mining activities., Any person who disobeys this law is, entitled to imprisonment for 15 days., , Internet is my friend, 1. Sound Pollution (Control & Prevention), Rule, 2000., 2. Biomedical Waste (Management &, Handling) Rule, 1998., 3. E-waste (Management & Handling) Rule,, 2011., , Environmental Conservation Act,, 1986., Purpose of this act is to control, the pollution and punish the persons, or institutes harming the environment., Any person or factory is prohibited by, this act from releasing the pollutants in, atmosphere beyond a permissible limit., The person breaching this rule is entitled, for either five year imprisonment or, fine up to Rs. 1 lakh. National Green, Tribunal has been established in, 2010 for effective implementation of, environment related laws., , Always remember, As per wildlife protection Act 1972, As per clause 49 A, trading of rare, animals has been completely banned., As per clause 49 B, use of articles, prepared from skin or organs of wild, animals has been banned., As per clause 49 C, disclosure of the, stock of artefacts made form rare wild, animals is compulsory., , 41

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The big story of a small man , Jadav Molai Payeng is a highly capable person in Assam., Born in 1963, he is working as a forest worker since the age of, 16 years. Once, large number of snakes died in the flood of, Brahmaputra River flowing by the village. As a preventive, measure, Molai planted 20 bamboo plantlets. In 1979, the, local Social Forestry Department began a social afforestation, project on 200 hectares of land. ‘Molai’ was one of the few, forest workers who were looking after that project. Molai, continued to plant the trees even after completion of the project., As a result of his continuous work of planting and caring for, the trees, the barren area witnessed the forest cover over the, 1360 acres., Today, this jungle in Kokilamukh of Jorhat district of Assam is the result of the hard work, for 30 years. He has been awarded with the prestigious ‘Padmashree’ award by government, of India for this unparallel work. Now, it is well known as ‘Molai Jungle’. Many people, come together to destroy the forest, but a single person, if determined, can establish a, new forest!, Environmental Conservation and Biodiversity, Most harmful effect of the environmental pollution occurs on the living organisms., Have you seen some examples of this in your area? Our living world had been richly, diverse. It consisted of varieties of plants and animals. However, we are not able to see, some specific animals about which we had listened from our earlier generations. Who is, responsible for this?, Biodiversity is the richness of living organisms in nature due to presence of varieties, of organisms, ecosystems and genetic variations within a species. Biodiversity occurs at, three different levels., Genetic Diversity, Occurrence of diversity among the organisms of same species is genetic diversity. Ex., Each human being is different from other. Possibility of wiping out the species arises if, there is decrease in the diversity within the species whose members involve in sexual, reproduction., Species Diversity, Innumerable species of organisms occur in the nature. This is called as species diversity., Species diversity includes various types of plants, animals and microbes., Ecosystem Diversity, Many ecosystems are present in each region. Ecosystem is formed through the, interaction between plants, animals, their habitat and changes in the environment. Each, ecosystem has its own characteristic animals, plants, microbes and abiotic factors., Ecosystems are also of two types are natural and artificial., There should be positive attitude of human being towards the environment for, welfare of entire living world. For this purpose, following roles are important. You can, be a conservator, organizer, guide, plant-friend, etc. Describe about the role you wish to, perform and your plans for that role., , 42

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Sacred Groves, The forest conserved in the name of god, and considered to be sacred is called as, sacred grove. These are in fact ‘sanctuaries’, conserved by the society and not by the, government forest department. As it has, been conserved in the name of god, it has, special protection. These clusters of thick, forests are present not only in Western Ghats, of India but in the entire country., 4.3 Sacred grove, More than 13000 sacred groves have been reported in India. Where are such sacred, groves in Maharashtra? Make a list and visit with your teachers., Some symbols are given below. Find the meaning of those, Enlist and discuss symbols in relation to environment conservation. Make a list, of other such symbols., How can biodiversity be conserved?, 1. Protecting the rare species of organisms., 2. Establishing national parks and sanctuaries., 3. Declaring some regions as ‘bioreserves’., 4. Projects for conservation of special species., Stick here a, 5. Conserving all plants and animals., symbol known to, 6. Observing the rules., you., 7. Maintaining record of traditional knowledge., Till now, we have studied the rules and regulations about environmental conservation, and protection, in this lesson. Many people in the society are voluntarily coming together, to perform this noble work. Many institutes at state, national and international level are, involved in this work., Voluntary Organizations, International Environment, 1. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. Organizations, 2. CPR environment group, New Chennai., 1. International Union for Conservation of, 3. Gandhi Peace Foundation, Environment , Nature (IUCN), Gland VD, Switzerland., Cell, Delhi., 2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate, 4. Chipko Centre, Tehri Garhwal., Change (IPCC), Geneva., 5. Centre for Environment Education, 3. United Nations Environment Program,, Ahmadabad., Geneva., 6. Kerala Science Literature Council, 4. World Wildlife Fund, New York., Trivandrum., 5. Bird Life International, Cambridge., 7. Indian Agro Industries Foundation, Pune., 6. Green Climate Fund, Songdo, S. Korea, 8. Vikram Sarabhai Community Science , Centre, Ahmadabad., Green Peace is world’s largest organization engaged in environmental activities. More, than 25 lakh people from 26 different countries are members of this organization., Collect more information about the work of above mentioned organizations., , 43

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Attempts at various levels are performed for conserving, Think and Answer environment. Role of the person is defined as per these levels., Some roles are given below. Which role would you like to, per form? Why ?, Conservation, Conserving the available, resources, , Preservation, 1. Preserving whatever, has been leftover., 2. Remedies to prevent, further loss., 3. Preserving unknown, regions., , Control, 1. Preventing the harm., 2. Stopping the harmful, activities., 3. Changing the mindset., , My Role in Environment, , Prevention, 1. Preventing possible, harms., 2. Designing new plans, 3. Factors harmful to, environment, , Production, 1. Revival of harmed, factors of environment., 2. Attempting innovation., , Awareness, 1. Education, 2. Guidance, 3. Awareness, 4. Imitation, 5. Organization, 6. Participation, , Hotspots of Biodiversity, 34 highly sensitive biodiversity spots are reported all over the world. Such areas had, once occupied 15.7% area of the Earth. At present, 86% of the sensitive areas are already, destroyed. Presently, only 2.3% area of the Earth has been left over with sensitive spots. It, includes 1,50,000 plant species which are 50% of the world count., As far as India is considered, out of 135 species of animals, 85 species are found in, the jungles of eastern region. About 1,500 endemic plant species are found in western, ghat. Out of the total plant species in the entire world, 50,000 are endemic. Collect more, information about locations of these hotspots present in the world., , Three Endangered Heritage Places of the Country, , The Western Ghat spread over the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Tamilnadu, and Kerala has been endangered due to mining industry and search for natural gas., Habitats of Asiatic lion and wild bison of this region have been under threat., Manas sanctuary of the Assam is under threat due to dams and indiscriminate use of, water. Tiger and rhino of that region are under threat., Sunderban sanctuary of West Bengal is reserved for tigers. However, the tiger, population and overall local environment is seriously challenged by dams, deforestation,, excessive fishing, trenches dug for same, etc., , 44

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Collect the names of extinct birds and animals of India and tell, , Recall a little those names to others., , Classification of Threatened Species, 1. Endangered Species, Either number of these organisms is declined or their, habitat is shrunk to such an extent that they can be extinct in, near future if conservative measures are not implemented., Example, Lion tailed monkey, lesser florican., 2. Rare Species, Number of these organisms is considerably declined., Organisms of these species being endemic may become, extinct very fast. Example, Red panda, Musk deer., 3. Vulnerable Species, Number of these organisms is extremely less and, continues to decline. Continuous decline in their number is, worrisome reason. Example, Tiger, Lion., , 4.4 Lion-tailed Monkey, , 4., , Indeterminate Species, , 4.5 Red Panda, These organisms appear to be endangered, but due to their some behavioural habits (like, Specialty of the Day, shyness) there is no definite and substantial, nd, information. Example, Giant squirrel 22 May: World Biodiversity Day, Survey the plants and animals in your, (Shekhru)., area. Maintain a record about their, characteristics., , Do you know?, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) prepares the ‘Red List’, that contains the names of endangered species from different countries. Pink pages of, this book contain the names of endangered species while green pages contain the names, of previously endangered but presently safe species., Always remember, Always Remember, Let us remember…. Let us behave accordingly……, 1. Destroying a plant is to destroy everything., 2. Practice afforestation to conserve environment., 3. Forest is Wealth., 4. Environmental protection is value education., 5. Provident use of paper is prevention of, deforestation., 6. To practice the environmental protection is to, development of human society., 7. Pure air, pure water is key to healthy life., , 45, , Think, World Wildlife Fund, (WWF) published a survey in, 2008. According to it, about, 30% of animal species have, become extinct over the period, of 35 years (1975 – 2005)., What will happen in future if, this continues as it is?

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Exercise, d. How the biodiversity can be , conserved?, e. What do we learn from the story of, Jadav Molai Peyang?, f. Write the names of biodiversity hot, spots., f. Which are the reasons for , endangering the many species of , plants and animals? How can we , save those?, 7. What are the meanings of following, symbols? Write your role accordingly?, , 1. Reorganize, the, following, food, chain., Describe, the, ecosystem to which it belongs., Grasshopper – Snake – Paddy field –, Eagle – Frog., 2. Explain the statement- ‘we have got this, Earth planet on lease from our future, generations and not as an ancestral, property from our ancestors.’, 3. Write short notes., a. Environmental Conservation., b. Chipko Movement of Bishnoi., c. Biodiversity. , d. Sacred Groves. , e. Disaster and its management., 4. How will you justify that overcoming, the pollution is a powerful way, of environmental management?, 5. Which projects will you run in relation, to environmental conservation? How?, 6. Answer the following., a. Write the factors affecting , environment., b. Why does the human beings have , important place in environment?, c. Write the types and examples of , biodiversity., , Project:, Make a presentation on pollution, of Ganga and Yamuna Rivers and, effects of air pollution on Tajmahal., , -: A Pledge for Life :I am aware that the diversity on the Earth is for the existence of me, my family, and the entire mankind. I am aware about the responsibility of conserving and protecting the rich diversity. I am aware about the fast declining number of wildlife, plants, and animals. I am accepting the responsibility of judicious use of natural resources, and management of biodiversity., I pledge for adopting the following principles for happy and satisfactory life of all, organisms on the Earth., I will always try for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources., I will make the change that I am expecting., I will be committed for safety of entire life on the Earth., I will educate the people about benefits of conservation and co-existence., , 46

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5. Towards Green Energy, Ø, Ø, Ø, , Use of various energy sources, Generation of electrical energy, Process of generation of electricity and environment, , Can you recall?, 1., 2., 3., , Let’s Discuss, , What is Energy?, What are different types of Energy?, What are different forms of Energy?, , Make a list of the work that we do in our, day to day life using energy. Which forms of, energy do we use to do this work? Discuss, with your friends., , Energy and use of energy, In modern civilization, energy has become a primary need along with food, cloth and, shelter. We need energy in different forms for diverse types of works. The energy that, we need may be in the form of mechanical energy, chemical energy, sound energy, light, energy or heat energy. How do we get these different forms of energy?, Make a table, , Make a table based on forms of energy and corresponding devices., , We know that energy can be converted from one form to another. Different sources of, energy are used to the different forms of energy necessary for us. In previous standards, we have learnt about energy, sources of energy and various concepts related to them., Here we will learn about various sources that are now used for the generation of electrical, energy, the methods that are used for this, the scientific principles that are used there, the, advantages and disadvantages of these methods and also what is meant by green energy., , Can you tell?, , 1. Where do we use electrical energy in our day-to-day life?, 2. How Electric energy is produced ?, , Generation of electrical energy, Most of the electric power plants are based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, invented by Michael Faraday. According to this principle, whenever magnetic field around, a conductor changes, a potential difference is generated across the conductor., The field around a conductor can be changed in two ways. If a conductor is stationary, and magnet is rotating, the field around the conductor changes or if a magnet is stationary,, but the conductor is moving then also the field around the conductor will change. Thus, in, both these cases, a potential difference is created across the conductor. (Figure 5.1). The, electrical power generating machine based on this principle is called electric generator., , 47

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Such large generators are used in commercial power generation plants. Turbine is used, to rotate the magnet in the generator. A turbine has blades .When a flow of liquid or gas is, directed on the blades of the turbine, it rotates (see Figure 5.2). because of the kinetic energy, of the flow.This turbine is connected to electric generator. Thus the magnet in electric generator starts rotating and electric energy is produced (Fig.5.3), Lines of flux, , Nozzle, , Coil, , Blade, , Voltmeter, , High, Velocity, steam, , Induced, emf, , Rotating, magnetic, field, , Wheel, Shaft, 5.1Electromagnetic Induction, generated electrical, energy, , Rotating, Electric, magnet, 5.3 Schematic of electric generator, Proper energy source to run turbine, , 5.2 Steam turbine, , This method of electric energy generation can, be represented as below., Thus, to generate electricity based on the, principle of electromagnetic induction, we need a, generator. To rotate the generator we need a turbine, and to drive the turbine, we need an energy source., Based on which type of energy source is used to, rotate the turbine, there are different types of power, generating stations. The design of the turbine used, in different types of power stations is also different., , Turbine, , Generator, , Electrical energy, , 5.4 Flow chart showing generation of electrical energy, , Thermal energy based electric power station, In this the turbine is rotated using steam. Water is heated in a boiler. Using the thermal energy released due to burning of coal. Steam of very high temperature and pressure, is generated. The energy in the steam drives the turbine. Thus, the generator connected, to the turbine rotates and electrical energy is produced. The steam is converted back into, water and the water is re-circulated to the boiler. This is shown in flow chart in fig 5.5, Fuel Coal, , Boiler for conversion, of water to steam, , Steam turbine, , Generator, , Electrical, energy, , System for converting steam back to water, 5.5 Flow chart showing generation of electrical energy using thermal energy, , 48

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Since thermal energy is used here to generate electrical energy, such power plants are, called thermal power plants. In thermal power plants, the chemical energy in the coal is, converted into electrical energy through several steps which are shown in figure 5.6., Thermal, energy, , Chemical energy, in coal, , Kinetic, energy, in steam, , Kinetic Energy, in turbine, , Electrical, energy, , 5.6 Energy transformation in thermal power plant, , Let's Think, Stack, , 1. Why the energy in the coal is called as , chemical energy?, 2. Why steam is used to rotate the turbine?, vapour and hot air, , Combustion gases to stack, , Generator, Cooling tower, Condenser, Warm water, , Fuel, Air, Pump, Boiler, , Turbine Pump, , Cooled water, , 5.7 Schematics of Thermal power plant, , If you see a thermal power station, you will observe two types of towers there. What, are they? If you observe the schematic of the thermal power station in Figure 5.7 , you will, get answer to this question., Compare the schematic of the thermal power station with the block diagram above, and you will understand how the boiler, turbine, generator and the condenser are arranged, in the power station., After combustion of fuel (here, coal) in the boiler, the emitted gases are released to the, atmosphere through very high tower. Once the turbine is rotated using the steam at high, temperature and high pressure, steam temperature and pressure decreases. This steam is, converted back to water by taking out heat from it (i.e.by cooling it) . This is done in the, condenser using water in the cooling tower. The water in cooling tower is circulated through, the condenser. Heat energy in the steam is given to the water and the steam condenses, back to water. The heat absorbed by the water is then released to atmosphere through, vapour and heated air through cooling tower. Although, thermal power generation is a, major way of electricity generation today, it suffers from certain problems, Use of ICT, Prepare a presentation about thermal power plant using computerized presentation, animation, video, pictures, etc. Send it to others and upload on You Tube., , 49

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Problems, 1. Air pollution due to burning, Do you know?, of coal: Burning of coal results, Some major thermal power plants in India and, in emission of gases like carbon, their capacity, dioxide, sulphur oxide and nitrogen, oxide which are harmful to the Place , State , Capacity (MW), health., Vindhyanagar, Madhya Pradesh 4760, 2. Along with the emission of Mundra Gujarat 4,620, gases due to burning of coal, soot Mundra Gujarat 4,000, particles are also released into Tamnaar Chhattisgarh 3,400, the environment. This may cause, Chandrapur Maharashtra 3,340, serious health problems related to, the respiratory system., 3. The reserves of fuel used in this method i.e. coal are limited. Therefore, in future,, there will be limitations on the availability of the coal., Power plant based on Nuclear Energy, In the power plant based on nuclear energy also , steam turbine is used to rotate the, generator. However, here, the energy released by fission of nuclei of atoms like Uranium or, Plutonium is used to generate the steam of high temperature and high pressure. The energy, in the steam rotates the turbine, which in turn drives the generator producing electricity., The flow chart of nuclear power plant is shown in fig 5.8 ., Nuclear reactor, for nuclear, fission, , System for steam, generation from, water, , Fuel: Uranium or Plutonium, , Steam turbine, , Generator, , Electrical, energy, , System for conversion of steam back into water, 5.8 Nuclear power plant, , Thus, here nuclear energy is converted into thermal energy, thermal energy is, converted into kinetic energy of steam, kinetic energy of steam is converted into kinetic, energy of turbine and finally the kinetic energy of the turbine is converted into electrical, energy .The step-by-step transformation of energy is shown in figure 5.5., Nuclear, energy, , Thermal, energy, , Kinetic energy, in steam, , Kinetic energy, in turbine, , Electrical, Energy, , 5.9 Energy transformation in nuclear power plant, , Can you tell? How does nuclear fission take place?, When neutron is bombarded on atom of Uranium - 235 , it absorbs the neutron and, converts into its isotope Uranium - 236. Uranium - 236 being extremely unstable converts, into atoms of Barium and Krypton through a process of fission releasing three neutrons, and 200 MeV energy. The three neutrons generated in this process cause fission of three, other Uranium - 235 atoms releasing more energy., , 50

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The neutrons released in this reaction release more energy through fission of more, uranium nuclei. This process of fission of Uranium -235 atoms continues and is called, the chain reaction. In nuclear power plants, a controlled chain reaction results in release, of thermal energy, which is used for electric energy generation., Internet is my friend, , Nuclear Fission, , Complete the following table for some, Neutron absorption, important nuclear power plants in India., Place , , State, , Kudankulam, , ........., ........., ........., ........., , Tarapur, Ravatabhata, , Kaiga , , Capacity (MW), , .........., .........., .........., .........., Boiler, , 5.10 Nuclear fission (Chain reaction), , Turbine, Nuclear, reactor, , Generator, , Control pods, Pump, , Warm water, , Pump, , Cooling tower, Condenser, 5.11 Schematic diagram of nuclear power plant, , A nuclear power plant does not use fossil fuel like coal. Therefore, problems like air, pollution do not arise. Also, if sufficient nuclear fuel is available, this can be a good source, of electrical energy. However, there are few problems associated with nuclear power, generation., Problems:, 1. The products after fission of nuclear fuel are also radioactive and emit harmful radiations., The products are called as nuclear waste. How to dispose the nuclear waste safely is a big, challenge before the scientists., 2. An accident in nuclear power plant can be very fatal. This is because the accident may, result in release of very harmful radiations., Compare, Observe the schematic of thermal power plant and the nuclear power plant. Discuss, what are the similarities and differences between the two?, , 51

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Power generation plant based on energy of natural gas, In this plant, the turbine is run by a gas at very high temperature and pressure generated, by combustion of natural gas. A flow chart showing various stages in the power generation, plant based on natural gas energy is shown in figure 5.12., Compressor for, pressurised air, , Combustion, chamber, , Gas turbine, , Generator, , Electrical, energy, , 5.12 Arrangement in power plant based on energy, of natural gas, , Natural gas, , There are three main sections in this type of plant. Pressurised air is introduced into, the combustion chamber using a compressor. In the combustion chamber the natural gas, burns in presence of the air. The gas at very high temperature and pressure generated in, this chamber runs the turbine. The turbine then drives the generator to produce electricity., Step-by-step transformation of energy in this plant is shown in fig 5.13., Chemical energy, in natural gas, , Kinetic energy generated due, to combustion of natural gas, , Kinetic energy, in turbine, , Electrical, energy, , 5.13 Transformation of energy in power plant using energy of natural gas, , The efficiency of this type of power generation plant is higher than that of power, generation plant based on coal. Moreover, since the natural gas does not contain sulphur,, burning of natural gas results in less pollution. The schematic of power plant based on, natural gas is given in figure 5.14., , Fuel, , Combustion, chamber, , Emission of, hot gases, , Let's Think, , Generator, Gas, turbine, , Which, electricity, generation, process, is eco-friendly and, which not?, , Electrical energy, 5.14 Schematic of power plant based on natural gas, Some natural gas based power plants and, their capacity, Place , State, Capacity(MW), Samaralkota, Anjanvel, Bavanaa, Kondapalli, , Always remember, , Andhra Pradesh , 2620, Maharashtra , 2,220, Delhi 1,500, Andhra Pradesh , 1466, , Though use of energy is unavoidable, in our day to day life, it is necessary to, use it carefully and only in the required, amount., , 52

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Electric energy generation and environment, Electricity generation based on fossil fuels like coal,, natural gas and nuclear fuels like uranium and plutonium are, not environment friendly. It means, that if electrical energy, is generated using these fuels, it can lead to environmental, degradation., 1. We have seen that burning of fossil fuels like coal, and, natural gas leads to emission of certain gases and soot, particles. This results in air pollution. Incomplete combustion, of fuels leads to formation of carbon monoxide. It adversely, affects our health. Increase in percentage of carbon dioxide, ऊर्जा, in the air due to burning of fuels affects environment, severely. The phenomena of global warming is an example, of this. Nitrogen dioxide generated due to burning of fuels, like coal, diesel, petrol, etc. leads to problems like acid-rain., Soot particles generated due to incomplete burning of fossil, fuel cause air pollution. It can lead to problems related to, respiratory system, like asthama., 2. It took millions of years for formation of fossil fuels like, coal, crude oils and natural gases (LPG and CNG). Also, the, reserves of these fuels are limited. They are going to deplete, in future. It is said that with the current speed of their use,, the coal reserves in the world would last for another about, 200 years or so and the natural gas reserves for about 200300 years., 3. We have also discussed above about the problems in use, of nuclear energy like the disposal of nuclear waste and, possibility of disaster due to accident in nuclear power plant., Considering all these points, it can be said that the, energy generation from fossil fuels and nuclear fuels are, not environment friendly., , Towards environment, ऊर्जा, friendly energy…..towards, green energy:, There are other ways of, electricity production which, ऊर्जा, avoids above problems., Electricity generation from, water, reservoir,, wind,, sunlight, biofuels etc. are the, examples of such methods., The energy sources used, in such options i.e. waterreservoir, wind, sunlight,, biofuel are never-ending i.e, are perpetual. Moreover, use, of these sources do not lead, to environmental problems, discussed above. Therefore,, electricity, generation, through these sources can be, called environment friendly., We can also call the energy, generated by these processes, as green energy. Looking at, the problems in electricity, generation, using, fuels, like coal, natural gas and, nuclear fuels, the world, is now heading towards, environment friendly energy, i.e. green energy., , Hydroelectric Energy, Kinetic energy in flowing water or the potential energy in water reservoir is a conventional, source of energy. In hydroelectric power plant, the potential energy in water stored in dam, is converted into kinetic energy of water. Fast flowing water is brought from the dam to the, turbine at the bottom of the dam. The kinetic energy of the flowing water drives the turbine., The turbine in turn drives the generator to generate electricity., The block diagram showing different components of hydroelectric power plant is shown in, figure 5.15, Water reservoir with, potential energy, , Water turbine, , Generator, , 5.15 Different stages in hydroelectric power plant, , 53, , Electrical, energy

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Electricity generation using wind-energy, Kinetic energy, in turbine, , Kinetic energy in, flowing water, , Potential energy, in water, , Electrical, energy, , 5.16 Energy Transformation in hydroelectric power plant, , The schematic of hydroelectric plant is shown in Figure 5.17. Water from about middle of the, total height of the dam is taken to the turbine, as shown by point B in the diagram., , Power house, , Wall, , Generator, , A, B, , Sluice gates, , Reservoir, , C, , Penstock, , Turbine, 5.17 Schematic diagram of Hydroelectric power plant, Use your brain power, , 1.With reference to point B, potential energy, of how much water reservoir in the dam, will be converted into kinetic energy?, 2.What will be the effect on electricity, generation, if the channel taking water to, turbine starts at point A?, 3.What will be the effect on electricity, generation, if the channel taking water to, turbine starts at point C?, Advantages of hydroelectric power, generation, 1. Since no fuel is burnt in hydroelectric, power generation, there is no pollution, resulting from combustion of fuels., 2. If there is sufficient water storage in the, dam, it is possible to generate electricity as, and when necessary., 3. Although water reservoir is used for power, generation, it can be replenished during, rainy season leading to uninterrupted, , Since no fuel is burnt in hydroelectric, plant, no air pollution due to combustion of, fuel results. However, considering the issues, like forced migration of large community,, submerging of forests and fertile land,, adverse effect on living creatures in the river,, it has always been a point of debate whether, the hydroelectricity is environment friendly, or not. What is your opinion about it?, Problems associated with hydroelectric, power plant, 1. The back-water due to storage of water, in dam may submerge villages or towns, in that area. This leads to the problems of, rehabilitation of the displaced population., Moreover, this can also submerge forests, as well as fertile land., 2. The obstruction of the flow of river water, may have adverse effect on living world, in the river., , power generation., , 54

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Do you know?, Some major hydroelectric plants in India, and their capacity (MW), Place , State , Capacity (MW), Tehari Uttarakhand 2400, Koyana, Maharashtra , 1960, Andhra Pradesh, 1670, Srishailam, Nathpa Zakri Himachal Pradesh, 1500, , 5.18 Koyana Dam, What is lake tapping? Why, , Find out it takes place?, , The kinetic energy in wind has been used since long for lifting of water, for driving, floor mill etc. The wind energy can also be used for electricity generation. The machine, which converts the kinetic energy of wind to electrical energy is called wind-turbine. As, the wind strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades rotate. The axel of the turbine is, connected to electric generator through a gear-box. The function of the gear-box is to, increase the rotations per unit time. Thus, the rotating blades drive the turbine and the, turbine in turn drives the generator to generate electricity. Various stages in the windenergy generation system can be shown in figure 5.19 and schematics of a wind mill is, shown in figure 5.20., Wind with, required, velocity, , Wind Turbine, with large fins, , Gear box Generator, Shaft, Air, , Electrical, energy, , Generator, , 5.19 Stages in electric generator, using wind energy, , Bearing, Blades, , The energy conversion process is, shown in figure 5.21., Kinetic Energy in wind, , Shaft, Support, , 5.20 Schematic of wind mill, , Kinetic energy in turbine, , Electric energy, , 5.21Transformation of energy in an electric generator using wind energy, , Wind turbines with capacity right from less than 1 kW to about 7 MW (7000 kW), are commercially available. Depending on the wind velocity available at the site of, installation, wind-turbine with specific capacity is selected. The wind velocity at specific, location depends on many geographical factors., , 55

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Wind velocity is usually high on sea shores and that environment is appropriate for, installation of wind turbine. Wind-energy is a clean energy source. However, the wind-velocity necessary for wind-energy generation is not available everywhere. In that sense, use, of wind-energy is limited., Get information, Blade length : 100 m, Capacity: 6000-7000 kW, Blade length : 50 m, Capacity: 2000 kW, , Blade length : 1.5m, Capacity: 2 kW, , Home, , Wind, Farm, , Get information about, major, wind-power, stations in India and, their capacity. Make a, table of their location,, state and their power, generation capacity in, MW., , Offshore Wind, turbine, , 5.22 Wind turbines of different capacities, , Electric Energy generation using solar energy, Using the energy in the Sunlight, electric energy can be generated in two ways:, 1. In all the above methods of electricity generation we have studied, the electric generator, is driven by using some source of energy and electricity is generated by making use of, the principle of electromagnetic induction. However, electrical energy can be generated, directly from solar radiation without using generator and without using the principle of, electromagnetic induction. This happens in solar photovoltaic cells. Solar photovoltaic, cells convert the solar energy directly into electrical energy., 2. In the second method, the energy in solar radiation is converted into thermal energy first., Then a turbine-generator system is driven using that thermal energy to generate electricity., 1.Solar photovoltaic cell, Solar photovoltaic cell converts the solar radiation energy directly into electrical, energy. This is called solar photovoltaic effect. The electrical energy generated through, this energy transformation process is DC in nature. These solar cells are made of a special, type of material called semiconductor (e.g. silicon). A silicon solar cell of dimension 1 cm2, generates current of about 30 mA and potential difference of about 0.5 V. Thus, a silicon, solar cell of dimension 100 cm2 will generate about 3 A (30 mA/cm2 X 100 cm2=3000, mA= 3 A) current and 0.5 V. Remember that the potential difference available from a, solar cell is independent of its area., Energy in Sunlight, , Photovoltaic effect, , 56, , DC Electric power

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If two solar cells are connected in series as, shown in figure 5.23, the potential difference, obtained from this combination is addition of, the potential differences of individual solar, cells. However, the current generated from, this combination is equal to the current from, an individual cell. It means that when solar, cells are connected in series, currents from, the individual cells are not added. Similarly, as shown in figure 5.24, if two solar cells are, connected in parallel, the current generated, from this combination is the summation of, the currents from an individual solar cells., However, the potential difference obtained, from this combination is the same as the, potential difference obtained from individual, cell. Thus, if two solar cells are connected in, parallel, the potential differences from the two, cells are not added., In this way, by connecting many solar cells, in series and in parallel solar panels generating, required current and potential difference are, made. See Figure 5.25. For example, if 36, solar cells, each of size 100 cm2 are connected, in series in a solar panel, it will give potential, difference of 18 V and current of 3 A. Many, such panels are connected together to generate, electricity on larger scale. A good solar cell, can have an efficiency of around 15%. It, means that if a solar panel receives power of, 100 watt from solar radiation, the electrical, power output from the panel will be 15 watt., Many solar panels are connected in series, and in parallel to generate required current, and potential difference. As shown in Figure, 5.26, solar cell is the basic unit in solar electric, plant . Many solar cells come together to form, a solar panel. Many solar panels connected in, series form a solar strings, and, many solar, strings connected in parallel form a solar, array. As we can obtain as much electrical, power as needed, they are used in applications, which need marginal power (e.g. calculators, that run on solar energy) to power station of, MW capacity., , Cell 1, , Cell 2, , +, , -, , I = I1= I2, , VTotal= V1+V2, 5. 23 Solar cells in series, Cell 1, , I1, , -, , +, , I2, , Cell 2, , -, , +, V =V1 = V2, , I = I1+ I2, , 5.24 Solar cells in parallel, , 5.25 A solar panel made from 36 solar cells, Array, Strings in parallel, , Module, cells in series, String, modules in series, Cell, , 5.26 Solar cell to solar array, , 57

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The power available from the solar cells is DC. So, in applications which need DC, power , e.g. electric lights based on Light Emitting Diodes, the energy can be directly used., However, since the energy from solar cell is available only in presence of sunlight, the, energy has to be stored in batteries for use at later time., However, most of the equipment in domestic, as well as industrial use run on AC power. In, such case, the DC solar power must be converted, to AC power using an electronic device called, inverter(Figure 5.27)., , Solar cell, Electric equipment, working on AC, power, , Battery, , Inverter, , 5.27 Conversion of energy generated, by cells to AC form by using inverter, , Energy from light, Power grid, , We have seen that many solar panels, can be connected together to generate, whatever energy we need. As shown in, Figure 5.28, the DC power generated, from these panels is first converted into, AC power. A transformer transforms the, voltage and current levels of the generated, power and then it is fed into the electricity, distribution network. Figure 5.28 is a, schematic diagram of solar photovoltaic, power station., , Inverter and, Transformer, , Solar, Array, 5.28 Schematic of solar photovoltaic station, , In this way, electricity is generated, without any fuel combustion and so without any air pollution. However, since the, energy is generated using solar radiation,, solar cells can generate electricity during, day-time only., , Find out, Gather information about major solar, photovoltaic power generating plants and, their capacity in India., , Solar Thermal power plant, We have seen that thermal energy generated from coal and nuclear fuel can be used, to generate electricity. Thermal energy can also be generated from solar radiation and can, be used for electricity production. Different stages in such solar thermal power plant are, as shown in figure 5.29, Concentrators, for collecting, sunlight, , Absorber for absorbing, the concentrated, sunlight, , Steam, turbine, , Electric, generator, , 5.29 Different stages in solar thermal power plant, , 58, , Electric, energy

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As shown in Figure 5.30 , many reflectors reflect and concentrate solar radiation on, absorbers. There solar energy is converted into heat energy. Using this heat energy steam, is generated to drive the turbine and generator., Power grid, , Solar energy, , Solar energy, , Steam, , Flow of hot water, Absorber, , Turbine, , Condenser, , Water, , Steam, , Generator, , Solar panel, , Reflector, , Pump, , Cooling, tower, , 5.29 Schematic of solar thermal power plant, , Do you know?, Energy sources use for electrical power generation in the world., Sources , World (%), India (%), Coal 41 60, Natural Gas 22 08, Hydroelectric 16 14, Nuclear energy 11 02, Petroleum 04 0.3, Renewable sources (wind, solar etc.), 06 , 15.7, Total 100 100, , Exercise, 2. Which fuel is used in thermal power, plant? What are the problems associated with this type of power generation?, 3. Other than thermal power plant,, which power plants use thermal energy for power generation? In what, different ways is the thermal energy, obtained?, 4. Which type/types of power generation involve maximum number of, steps of energy conversion? In which, power generation is the number, minimum?, , 1. Remake the table taking into account, relation between entries in three, columns., I, Coal, Uranium, Water, Reservoir, Wind, , II, , III, , Potential energy Wind electricity, , plant, Kinetic Energy Hydro electric, plant, Nuclear Energy Thermal plant, Thermal Energy Nuclear power, , plant, , 59

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11. Give scientific reasons, a. The construction of turbine is different, for different types of power plants., b. It is absolutely necessary to control the, fission reaction in nuclear power plants., c. Hydroelectric energy, solar energy and, wind energy are called renewable, energies., d. It is possible to produce energy from, mW to MW using solar photovoltaic, cells., 12. Draw a schematic diagram of solar, thermal electric energy generation., 13. Give your opinion about whether, hydroelectric plants are environment, friendly or not?, 14. Draw neat and labelled diagrams., a. Energy transformation in solar thermal, electric energy generation., b. One solar panel produces a potential, difference of 18 V and current of 3A., Describe how you can obtain a potential, difference of 72 Volts and current of 9, A with a solar array using solar panels., You can use sign of a battery for a solar, panel., , 5. Solve the following crossword puzzle., a. Maximum energy generation in India, is done using..... energy., b. ...... energy is a renewable source of, energy, c.Solar energy can be called.... energy., d .... energy of wind is used in wind, mills., e. ..... energy of water in dams is used, for generation of electricity., a, b, , d, , c, , e, , 6. Explain the difference., a. Conventional and Non-conventional, Sources of energy., b Thermal electricity generation and, solar thermal electricity generation., 7. What is meant by green energy?, Which energy sources can be called as, green energy sources and why? Give, example., 8. Explain the following sentences., a. Energy obtained from fossil fuels is, not green energy., b. Saving energy is the need of the hour., 9. Answer the following questions., a. How can we get the required amount, of energy by connecting solar, panels?, b. What are the advantages and, limitations of solar energy?, 10. Explain with diagram step-by-step, energy conversion in, a. Thermal power plant, b. Nuclear Power Plant, c. Solar thermal power plant, d. Hydroelectric power plant, , 15. Write short note on, Electrical energy generation and, environment., Project :, 1.Gather information about solar, light, solar water heating system and, solar cooker., 2.Gather information about a power, plant near your locality by vising the, plant., , 60

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6. Animal Classification, Ø History of animal classification, Ø New (method) system of animal classification., Ø Kingdom- Animalia., Can you recall? Which criteria are used for classification of organisms?, You have studied the classification of living organisms in earlier classes. The living, organisms present around us are mainly plants and animals. We have studied the criteria, of their classification. With the help of that, complete the following chart., Living organisms, , Kingdom: Monera, , Unicellular, organisms, , Multicellular, organisms, , Kingdom: -----------, , Kingdom: Animalia, , Kingdom: Fungi, , Kingdom: Plantae, , 6.1 Classification of living organisms, , Can you recall?, , How the plants are classified?, , We have studied the plants classification in last year. It helped us to understand the, diversity of plants around us., You must be looking varieties of animals around you. Some animals are too small, whereas some are too big. Some animals are terrestrial where as some are aquatic. Some, animals crawl on land, some swim in water whereas some fly in air. Some animals have, scales on skin whereas some have feathers or hairs. In this way, there is huge diversity, among the animals too. According to recent studies, estimated number of animal species, on earth is approximately 7 million. It is impossible to study each and every species., However, if groups and sub-groups of animals are formed depending upon the similarities, & differences, it will make it very easy to study such vast variety of animals., , 61

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Formation of groups and sub-groups of animals depending upon similarities and, differences among animals is called as animal classification., History of animal classification, Time to time, different scientists have tried, to classify the animals. Greek philosopher, Aristotle was the first to perform the animal, classification. Aristotle classified the animals, according to the criteria like body size,, habits and habitats. Further, as per the new, developments in sciences, references were, changed and thereby the criteria of animal, classification too. Classification proposed, by Aristotle is known as ‘Artificial method’., Besides Aristotle, artificial method of, classification was followed by Theophrastus,, Pliny, John Ray, Linnaeus, etc. Later on,, ‘Natural system of classification’ was followed., Natural system of classification was based on, various criteria like body organization, types of, cells, chromosomes, bio-chemical properties,, etc. By the time, system of classification based, on evolution was also brought into practice. It, was used by Dobzhansky and Meyer. Recently,, Carl Woese has also proposed the animal, classification, , Benefits of animal classification, 1. Study of animals becomes, convenient., 2. Study of few animals from a, group helps to understand about, that entire animal group., 3. It gives idea about animal, evolution., 4. Animals can be easily identified, with great accuracy., 5. It helps to understand the, relationship of animals with, other living organisms., 6. It helps to understand the, habitat of each animal and it's, exact role in the nature., 7. It helps to understand various, adaptations shown by animals., , Traditional method of animal classification, Traditionally, depending upon presence or absence of the notochord, the animal, kingdom has been divided into two groups- Non-chordates and Chordates., A. Non-Chordates : Characters of non-chordate animals are as follows, 1. Body is not supported by rod-like notochord., 2. Pharyngeal gill-slits are absent., 3. Nerve cord; if present, it is on ventral side. It is solid & paired., 4. Heart, if present, it is on dorsal side., , Non-chordates are classified / divided into ten phyla. Those phyla are- Protozoa,, Porifera, Coelentarata / Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida,, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Hemichordata, , 62

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Chordates : Characters of chordates are as follows, 1. Body is supported by notochord., 2. Pharyngeal gill-slits or lungs are present for respiration., 3. Nerve cord is present on dorsal side of body. It is hollow., 4. Heart is present on ventral side of body., Muscle, , Notochord is a long rod like, supporting structure present on, dorsal side of animal body. It, keeps the nerve tissue isolated from, remaining body., , Tail fin, , Nerve chord, , Notochord, , Anus, , Gill slits, , Mouth, , 6.2 Characteristics of Chordates, , Do you know?, All chordate animals are grouped together in a single phylum and the name of, phylum is same i.e. Phylum- Chordata. This phylum has been divided into three, subphyla as- Urochordata, Cephalochordata & Vertebrata. Sub-phylum Vertebrata has, been further divided into six classes as- Class: Cyclostomata, Class: Pisces, Class:, Amphibia, Class: Reptilia, Class: Aves and Class: Mammalia., , Kingdom:, Animalia, Sub, Kingdom:, Chordates, , 1. Protozoa, 2. Porifera, Phylum 3. Cnidaria, 4.Platyhelminthes, 5.Aschelminthes, , PhylumChordata, , 6. Annelida, 7. Arthropoda, 8. Mollusca, 9. Echinodermata, 10. Hemichordata, , 1. Urochordata, 2. Cephalochordata, , 1.Cyclostomata, 2. Pisces, 3. Amphibia, 4. Reptilia, 5. Aves, 6. Mammalia, , Class, , Sub Kingdom, Nonchordates, , 3. Vertebrata, Subphylum, 6.3 Conventional System of Animal Classification, , This system of animal classification was in practice till now. However, now a days, new, system of classification is followed. We will study this new system of animal classification, in brief., At present, according to the five kingdom classification system of Robert Whittaker, all, multicellular animals are included in Kingdom: Animalia. This system of classification is, based upon some criteria like Body organization, Body symmetry, Body cavity, Germinal, layers, Segmentation, etc., , 63

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Criteria for new system of classification, A. Grades of organization, Body of animals is made up of cells. In, case of multicellular animals, many cells, are performing different functions in their, body., , Do you know?, In unicellular organisms all the, functions of life are performed by same, cell. Body organization of these unicellular, organisms is called 'Protoplasmic grade', of organization, , In case of multicellular, animals, if tissues are not formed,, their body organization is called, as ‘Cellular grade organization’., Ex. Phylum-Porifera., In case of some animals,, cells come together to form, tissues with the help of which all, the body functions are performed., Such animals show ‘Cell - tissue, grade’ organization. Ex. Animals, from phylum- Cnidaria., Flat worms show ‘TissueOrgan grade’ organization. In, this type of organization, tissues, are organized to form some, organs. However, complete, organ systems are not formed., , Amoeba, , Paramecium, , 6.4 Protoplasmic-grade organization., Outlet (Osculla), Spicule, Amoebocyte, Ostium, Non living, part, , Sycon, , Collar cells, 6.5 Cellular grade organization, Pharynx, Bell, Tube, , Planaria, , Gastrovascular, Gonads Cavity, , Muscle ring, Intestine, , Tentacle, , Mouth, Eye spot, Ganglia, , Oral arms, , Nerve chord, , Mouth, , Jellyfish, 6.6 Cell -Tissue grade organization, , 6.7 Tissue -Organ grade organization, , 64

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Body organization of human has been shown in the following figure., Use appropriate labels in that figure. Which organs are present in, human body?, Besides the four types of body organizations, mentioned above, Remaining all animals show, ‘Organ - system grade organization’ in which, different organs are joined together to form organ, system that performs specific functions. Ex. Crab,, Frog, Human, etc., B. Body Symmetry, Take the pictures of human body and spongilla, and try to take an imaginary section through, specific plane of their bodies so as to get two equal, halves., What did you observe?, Observe, , 6.8 Organ- System grade of organization, , In imaginary sense, if body of any animal is cut through imaginary axis of body,, it may or may not produce two equal halves. Depending upon this property, there are, different types of animal bodies., Asymmetrical Body : In case of such body, there is no any such imaginary axis of the, body through which we can get two equal halves. Ex. some sponges., Radial symmetry : In this type of body, if imaginary cut passes through central axis but, any plane of body, it gives two equal halves. Ex. Star fish. In case of this animal, there are, five different planes passing through central axis of body through which we can get two, equal halves., Bilateral symmetry: In this type of body, there is only one such imaginary axis of body, through which we can get two equal halves. Ex. Insects, fishes, frog, birds, human, etc., Asymmetrical body, , Radial Symmetry, , Bilateral Symmetry, , 6.9 Types of body symmetry, , C. Germ Layers: Diploblastic and triploblastic, In case of multicellular animals, germ layers, are formed during initial period of their embryonic, development and from those germ layers only,, different tissues are formed in the body. In case of, some animals, only two germ layers [Endoderm &, ectoderm] are formed. Ex.: All Cnidarians. In most, of all the remaining animals, three germ layers are, formed i.e. mesoderm besides endoderm & ectoderm., , 65, , Endoderm, , Dead layer, , Ectoderm, , Mesoderm, , 6.10 Diploblastic and triploblastic

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D. Body cavity (Coelom), Coelom, Ectoderm, Cavity between the body wall and internal, organs is called as body cavity/coelom. In case, of multicellular animals, during initial period, Mesoderm, of their embryonic development, body cavity, Endoderm, is formed from either mesoderm. Such type of, body cavity is present in animals of phylum Eucoelomates, Annelida and all phyla coming after Annelida., Such animals are called as eucoelomate, Ectoderm, (animals with true body cavity). Body cavity is, Pseudocoelom, absent in case of animals from phyla Porifera,, Mesoderm, Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes. Such animals, Endoderm, are called as acoelomate. In case of animals, from phylum Aschelminthes, they have body Pseudocoelomates, cavity but it is not formed by the above, Ectoderm, mentioned two ways. Hence those animals are, Mesoderm, called as pseudocoelomates., E. Body Segmentation, If the body of animals is divided into, small, similar units, then such body is called as, Endoderm, segmented body and each small unit is called Acoelomates, as segment. Ex. Animals like earthworm from, 6.11 Animal types as per body cavity, phylum Annelida., , Kingdom, Kingdom:, Animalia, (Multicellular organisms without, cell wall), , Body organization, , Body symmetry, , Body cavity, (Coelom), , Asymmetrical, body, , Cellular, grade, , 1. Porifera, , Radial, symmetry, , Tissue /, organ /, organ-system, grade, , Bilateral, symmetry, , 2. Cnidaria, Acoelomate, , Pseudocoelomate, , king, , dom, , Phylum, , 3. Platyhelminthes, , 4. Aschelminthes, 5. Annelida, 6. Arthropoda, , Eucoelomate, , -An, , ima, , lia, , 7. Mollusca, 8. Echinodermata, , 9. Hemichordata, , With the help of above mentioned criteria, animals are classified ., , 66, , 10. Chordata

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Phylum- Porifera, 1. These animals are with simplest body plan and are, called as ‘Sponges’. They bear numerous pores on, their body. Those pores are called as ‘Ostia’ and, ‘Oscula’., 2. These are aquatic animals. Most of them are marine, and few are fresh water dwellers., Spongila, 3. Most of the animals have asymmetrical body., 4. These animals have special types of cells- collar cells., Collar cells, 5. These animals are always attached to substratum,, Osculum, hence do not show locomotion. Hence, they are, referred as sedentary animals., 6. Their spongy body is supported by spicules or spongin, fibres. Spicules are made up of calcium carbonate or, silica., 7. These animals feed upon small organisms taken in, their body along with water. Water is taken in through, Ostia, ostia and given out through oscula., 8. These animals reproduce by budding, an asexual, method and / or by sexual method. Besides, they have, Sycon sponge, good ability of regeneration., Examples: Sycon, Euspongia (Bath sponge), 6.12 Animals in Porifera phylum, Hyalonema, Euplectella, etc., Phylum - Coelenterata/Cnidaria, 1. Body of these animals is cylindrical or, umbrella-like. If it is cylindrical, it is called, Mouth, as ‘Polyp’ and if it is umbrella like, it called, as ‘Medusa’., Testes, 2. Most of these animals are marine. Only few, are fresh-water dwellers., 3. Body of these animals is radially symmetrical, Ovary, & diploblastic., 4. Cnidoblast bearing tentacles are present, Hydra, around the mouth. Tentacles are useful for, capturing the prey whereas cnidoblasts, Coral, inject the toxin in the body of prey., Those are useful for protection too., Examples: Hydra, Adamsia (Sea anemone),, Physalia (Portuguese- man-of war),, Aurelia (Jelly fish), Corals, etc., , Tentacles, , Body, New bud, , Tentacles, Sea anemone, , 6.13 Animals in Cnidaria phylum, , 67

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Do you know?, Bath sponge: This is black coloured and somewhat round-shaped, animal. Its body is mainly made up of fibers of a protein- spongin and, due to this, they have good water-holding capacity. It was used for, bathing during old days. Besides, it was also used for manufacturing, of pillows and cushions. These were also used as wetting material, for sticking postal stamps and counting the currency notes., Phylum - Platyhelminthes, Mouth, 1. Body of these animals is slender & flat like, Oral sucker, Genital, a leaf or strip. Hence, they are called as, aperture, Ventral, ‘flatworms’., Leaf like body, sucker, 2. Most of these animals are endoparasites., Few are free-living & aquatic., Liver fluke, 3. Body is acoelomate & bilaterally, symmetrical., Excretory pore, 4. These are triploblastic i.e. their body is made, up of three germ layers- endoderm, ectoderm, Planaria, & mesoderm., 5. These animals are hermaphrodite i.e. male, and female reproductive systems are present, Tape worm, in the same animal body., Examples: Planaria, Liver fluke,Tape worm,, 6.14 Animals in phylum Platyhelminthes, etc., , Surprising information, Coral reefs are present in ocean. These reefs are actually colonies, of specific cnidarians. A precious stone called ‘Coral’ (पोवळा) and, the coral powder (प्रवाळ भस्म) used in ayurveda is derived from these, reefs. Collect more information about these corals from internet., , Phylum- Aschelminthes, 1. Body of these animals is long thread-like or, cylindrical. Hence, they are called as round, worms., 2. These animals are either free living or, endoparasites. Free living animals are either, aquatic or terrestrial., 3. Body of these animals is triploblastic and, pseudocoelomate., 4. Body of these animals is non-segmented and, covered with tough cuticle., 5. These animals are unisexual., Examples: Ascaris (Intestinal worm), Filarial, worm, Loa loa (Eye worm), etc., , 68, , Mouth, Genital, aperture, Mouth, Male, Ascaris, , hole, Tail, , Female, Ascaris, , hole, , Tail, 6.15 Animals in phylum, Aschelminthes

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Internet is my friend, Collect the Information, 1. How does the infection of tapeworm in man, liver fluke in grazing animals like, goat and sheep occur and what are their preventive measures?, 2. How does the infection of round worms like Ascaris, Filarial worm and plant, nematodes occur and what are their preventive measures and treatment?, Phylum - Annelida, 1. Body of these animals is long, cylindrical and metamerically segmented., 2. Most of the animals are free-living, but few are ectoparasites. Free-living animals, may be marine or fresh water dwellers or terrestrial., 3. These animals are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and eucoelomate., 4. They have setae or parapodia or suckers for locomotion., 5. Their body is covered with special cuticle., 6. These animals are either hermaphrodite or unisexual., Examples: Earthworm, Leech, Nereis, etc., Segment, Anus, , Tentacle, , Clitellum Mouth, , Anus, , Mouth, Parapodia, , Earthworm, , Mouth, , Leech, , Anus, , Nereis, , 6.16 Animals in phylum Annelida, , Get Information, , 1. Why is earthworm called as friend of farmers?, 2. How may be the leech used in ayurvedic system of treatment?, , Phylum- Arthropoda, 1. These animals have jointed appendages. Hence they are called as arthropods., 2. Planet Earth has highest number of animals from this phylum. Hence, this is largest, phylum with highly successful animals in animal kingdom., 3. These animals are found in all types of habitats ranging from deepest oceans to, highest mountains., 4. Body of these animals is triploblastic, eucoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical and, segmented., 5. Chitinous exoskeleton is present around their body., 6. These animals are unisexual., Examples: Crab, spider, scorpion, millipede, centipede, cockroach, butterfly, honey, bee, etc., , 69

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Centipede, , Wings, , Find out, , Thorax, , Head, , What is chitin?, , Antennae, Abdomen, Butterfly, , Scorpion, , Legs, , Cockroach, , 6.17 Animals in phylum Arthropoda, , Let's Think, 1. What types of benefit & harm occur to human from animals of phylum- Arthropoda?, 2. Which are the animals from phylum Arthropoda those have shortest & longest, lifespan?, 3. Why has it been said that only insects directly compete with humans for food?, , Phylum- Mollusca, Siphon, 1. Body of these animals is soft and slimy. Hence, they are referred as mollusc., Eye, 2. This is second largest phylum in animal, kingdom., 3. These animals are aquatic or terrestrial. Most Tentacle, of the aquatic molluscs are marine, but few, are fresh water dwellers too., Octopus, 4. Body of these animals is triploblastic,, Sucker, eucoelomate, non-segmented and soft. Except, animals like snail, their body shows bilateral, symmetry. Their body is divided into three, divisions like head, foot and visceral mass., 5. Visceral mass is covered with mantle. This, mantle secretes a hard, calcareous shell. This, shell may be external or internal or even, Snail, Bivalve, absent in some cases., 6. These animals are unisexual., 6.18 Animals in phylum Mollusca, Examples: Bivalve, Snail, Octopus, etc., Books are my friend, , Surprising Information!, 1. Octopus is most clever animal among all, non-chordates. It can change its colour., 2. It can perform three types of locomotions, like swimming, creeping & walking., , 70, , Collect the information about pearl, production from bivalves by reading, appropriate books.

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Phylum- Echinodermata, 1. Calcareous spines are present on the body of these animals; hence they are called as, echinoderms., 2. These animals are found only in ocean., 3. Their body is triploblastic, eucoelomate. And it is radially symmetrical in adult, stage. However, they show bilateral symmetry in larval stage., 4. They perform locomotion with the help of tube-feet. Tube feet are also useful for, capturing the prey. Some animals are sedentary., 5. They have skeleton made up of calcareous spines and / or ossicles (plates)., 6. These animals have good ability of regeneration., 7. These animals are mostly unisexual., Examples: Star fish, sea-urchin, brittle star, sea-cucumber, etc., , Star fish, , Sea-cucumber, , Sea-urchin, , 6.19 Animals in phylum Echinodermata, , Do you know?, , In certain situations, star fish can break apart its body, parts and regenerate those later on., , Phylum- Hemichordata, 1. Body of these animals is divided into three, parts as proboscis, collar & trunk., 2. Notochord is present in proboscis, region only. Hence, they are called as, hemichordates., 3. These animals are also called as ‘acorn, worms’., 4. These are marine animals, live in burrows, in sand., 5. They have one to many pharyngeal gill, slits., 6. They are unisexual or some may be, hermaphrodite., Ex.: Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus., , Proboscis, Collar, Balanoglossus, , Saccoglossus, Trunk, , 6.20 Animals in phylum Hemichordata, , Through the view point of evolution, Balanoglossus is considered as connecting link, between non-chordates and chordates. This animal shows the characters of both the, groups., , 71

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Phylum- Chordata, These animals have supporting notochord in their body. All chordates are included in, the same phylum. The phylum Chordata is classified in to three subphyla. Following are, important characters of phylum Chordata, 1. Notochord is present in the body during at least any developmental stage., 2. Pharyngeal gill slits are present in the body during at least any developmental stage., 3. Single, tubular spinal cord is present on dorsal side of body., 4. Heart is present on ventral side of body., A. Sub phylum - Urochordata, 1. These are marine animals., 2. Their body is covered by skin-like, test or tunic., 3. Larvae of these animals are freely, swimming and notochord is present, in only tail region of larvae. Hence,, they are called as Urochordata., 4. Larvae metamorphose into adults, after settling down at bottom of the, sea., 5. Generally, these animals are, hermaphrodite., Examples: Herdmania, Doliolum,, Oikopleura, etc., , Branchial, aperture, , Atrial aperture, , Tunic, Body, , Foot, Doliolum, , Herdmania, , 6.21 Animals in Sub- phylum Urochordata, Notochord, Nerve chord, , Pharyngeal gills, , Segmental Muscles, , Liver Intestine, , Anus, , Gonads, , 6.21 Animals in Sub- phylum Cephalochordata, , B. Sub phylum -Cephalochordata, 1. These are small, fish-like, marine, animals., 2. Notochord is present throughout the, body length., 3. Pharynx is very large and contains, gill-slits., 4. These animals are unisexual., Ex.: Amphioxus., , C. Sub phylum -Vertebrata/Craniata, 1. In these animals, notochord is replaced by vertebral column., 2. In these animals, head is well developed., 3. Brain is protected by cranium., 4. Endoskeleton is either cartilaginous or bony., 5. Some chordates are jaw-less (Agnatha) whereas some are with jaws (Gnathostomata)., , 72

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Subphylum- Vertebrata is divided into six classes as followsa. Class- Cyclostomata, Eye, 1. These animals have jaw-less mouth, provided with sucker., Body, Sucker, 2. Their skin is soft and without any scale., Gill slits, 3. Paired appendages are absent., 4. Endoskeleton is cartilaginous., 5. Most of the animals are ectoparasites., Examples: Petromyzon, Myxine, etc., b. Class- Pisces, 1. These, are, cold, blooded, 6.23 : Class Cyclostomata-Petromyzon, (Poikilotherms) aquatic animals, living in marine and fresh waters., 2. Body is spindle shaped to minimize, Lateral line, water-resistance., Dorsal fin, 3. They have paired & un-paired fins, for swimming. Tail fin is useful as Eye, Caudal, a steering organ during swimming., fin, 4. Exoskeleton is in the form of, scales & endoskeleton is either, Mouth, Ventral fin, cartilaginous or bony., Pelvic fin, Gill slits, 5. Respiration occurs with gills., Pectoral fin, Examples.: Rohu, Pomfret, Sea, 6.24 Class Pisces : Scoliodon (Dog fish), horse, Shark, Electric ray, Sting, ray, etc., c. Class- Amphibia, Mouth, Nares, 1. These animals are strictly aquatic during, Trunk Tympanum, larval life and perform only aquatic respiration, whereas they can live in water as well as on Soft skin, land during adult life and can perform aquatic, as well as aerial respiration., Fore arm, 2. They have two pairs of appendages. Digits, are without claws., 3. Exoskeleton is absent. Skin is without, any derivative and usually kept moist for Frog, Leg, respiration., 4. External ear is absent but tympanum is, Rough skin, present., 5. Neck is absent. Eyes are prominent with eye Toad, lids., 6.25 Class Amphibia: Frog and Toad, Ex.: Frog, Toad, Salamander, etc., , 73

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d. Class- Reptilia, 1. According to the course of animal evolution,, these are first true terrestrial animals with, creeping movement., 2. These are cold blooded (poikilotherms), animals., 3. They creep on the land as their body cannot be, lifted up., 4. Their skin is dry and scaly., 5. Neck is present between head & trunk., 6. External ear is absent., 7. Digits are provided with claws., Examples: Tortoise, Lizard, Snake, etc., e. Class- Aves, 1. These vertebrates are completely adapted for, aerial life., 2. These are warm blooded (Homeotherms) i.e., they can maintain their body temperature, constant., 3. Their body is spindle-shaped to minimize air, resistance during flight., 4. Forelimbs are modified into wings. Digits are, covered with scales and bear claws., 5. Exoskeleton is present in the form of feathers., 6. Neck is present between head and trunk., 7. Jaws are modified into beak., Examples: Peacock, Parrot, Pigeon, Duck,, Penguin, etc., f. Class- Mammalia, 1. Presence of mammary glands is typical, character of mammalia., 2. These animals are warm blooded., 3. Body is divided into head, neck, trunk and tail., 4. Digits are provided with nails, claws, or, hooves., 5. Exoskeleton is in the form of hairs or fur., Examples: Elephant, Human, Kangaroo,, Dolphin, Bat, etc., , Tail, , Eyes, Scaly skin, , Legs, 6.26 Class-Reptilia : Wall lizard, , Head, Eyes, Neck, , Beak, , Claws, , 6.27 Class- Aves: Pigeon, Eyes, , Body, , Legs, , Patagium, , 6.28 Class-Mammalia: Bat, , Use your brain power, , 1., 2., , Animals like ghariyal & crocodile live in water as well as on land. Are they amphibians or reptiles?, Animals like whale, walrus live in water (ocean). Whether they are included in, pisces or mammalia?, , 74

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Use of Information Technology, Prepare the presentation of, animal classification using video clips, downloaded from internet., , Always remember, Varieties of animals are found, in our surroundings. We should be, cautious about not causing any harm, to animals during their studies and, observations., , Books are My Friends, Read the book- The Animal Kingdom:, Libbie Hyman and some other similar, books., , Exercise, 1., , 2., , 3., 4., 5., , d. To which phylum does Cockroach, belong? Justify your answer with, scientific reasons., 6. Give scientific reasons., a. Though tortoise lives on land as well, as in water, it cannot be included in, class- Amphibia., b. Our body irritates if it comes in, contact with jelly fish., c. All vertebrates are chordates but all, chordates are not vertebrates., d. Balanoglossus is connecting link, between non-chordates & chordates., e. Body temperature of reptiles is not, constant., 7. Answer the following questions by, choosing correct option., a. Which special cells are present in, the body of sponges (Porifera)?, 1. Collar cells. 2. Cnidoblasts., 3. Germ cells. 4. Ectodermal cells., b. Which of the following animals’, body shows bilateral symmetry?, 1. Star fish. , 2. Jelly fish., 3. Earthworm., 4. Sponge., c. Which of the following animals can, regenerate it’s broken body part?, 1. Cockroach., 2. Frog., 4. Star fish., 3. Sparrow. , d. Bat is included in which class?, 1. Amphibia., 2. Reptilia., 3. Aves. , 4. Mammalia., , Identify me., a. I am diploblastic & acoelomate., Which phylum do I belong to?, b. My body is radially symmetrical., Water vascular system is present in, my body. I am referred as fish, though I am not. What is my name?, c. I live in your small intestine., Pseudocoelom is present in my, thread like body. In which phylum, will you include me?, d. Though I am multicellular, there are, no tissues in my body. What is the, name of my phylum?, Write the characters of each of the, following animals with the help of, classification chart., Bath sponge, grasshopper, rohu,, penguin, frog, lizard, elephant, jellyfish., Write in brief about progressive, changes in animal classification., What is the exact difference between, grades of organization and symmetry?, Explain with examples., Answer in brief., a. Give scientific classification of, shark up to class., b. Write four distinguishing characters, of phylum- Echinodermata., c. Distinguish between butterfly and, bat with the help of four, distinguishing properties., , 75

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8. Complete the following chart., Body cavity, , Germ Layer, , Phylum, , Absent, , -------------, , Porifera, , Absent, , Triploblastic, , -----------, , Pseudocoelom -------------, , Present, , -------------, , 11. Label the following., , Aschelminthes., Arthropoda, , 9. Complete the following chart., Type, , Character, , Project :, , Example, , In each week, on a specific day of your, convenience, observe the animals present, around your school & residence. Perform this, activity for six months. Keep datewise record of, your observations. After the observation period, of six months, analyze your observations with, respect to seasons. With the help of your teacher,, classify the reported animals., , Cyclostomata, Gill respiration, Amphibia, Whale, Poikilotherms, , 10. Sketch, label and classify, Hydra, Jellyfish, Planaria, Round worm,, Butterfly, Earthworm, Octopus, Star fish,, Shark, Frog, Wall lizard, Pigeon., , Photos with courtesy of : Shri Suresh Isave, , 76

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7. Introduction to Microbiology, Ø Applied Microbiology, Ø Industrial Microbiology, Ø Products , , Can you recall?, , 1. Which different microbes are useful to us?, 2. Which different products can be produced with the help of, microbes?, , Applied Microbiology, Branch of biology in which study of the enzymes related to some prokaryotes and, eukaryotic microbes, proteins, applied genetics, molecular biology, etc. is performed; is, called as applied microbiology. This study is used for the society and various products like, food and medicines are produced on large scale with the help of microorganisms., Industrial microbiology, This science is related to commercial use of microbes in which various economic,, social and environment related processes and products are included. Various microbial, processes useful for this purpose are carried out., Industrial Microbiology: main features, A. Various productions with the help of fermentation process. Ex. Bread, cheese, wine, , raw material for chemicals, enzymes, nutrients, medicines, etc., B. Use of microbes for garbage management and pollution control., , Can you recall?, , We use the fermentation process while conversion of milk into, yoghurt. Which microbes are useful for this process?, , Products, A. Dairy Products, Since ancient days, milk is converted into various products for its preservation purpose., Ex. Cheese, butter, cream, kefir, yoghurt, etc. Water content and acidity of the milk changes, during formation of these products and texture, taste and flavour is improved., These processes are performed on large scale with more skill. For production of most, of the milk products, bacteria in milk itself are used; only cheese is produced with the help, of fungi. Basic process for production of yoghurt, cheese and cream is same. Milk is, pasteurized at the beginning to destroy unwanted microbes. It is then fermented with the, help of lactobacilli. In this process, lactose sugar of the milk is converted into lactic acid, and milk proteins are coagulated with the help of lactic acid. Besides, compounds with, taste and flavour are also formed. Ex. Diacetyl has the flavour of butter., , 77

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2. Yoghurt Products, Yoghurt is a milk product produced with the help of lactobacilli (inoculant). For, maintaining the protein content, condensed milk powder is mixed with milk to be fermented, for industrial production of yoghurt. Milk is boiled and once it cools to warm temperature,, bacterial strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii are added to it, in 1:1 proportion. Lactic acid is formed due to Streptococcus that makes the proteins to gel out, that gives dense consistency to the yoghurt., Acetaldehyde like compounds are formed due to lactobacilli, that gives characteristic taste to the yoghurt. Now a day, various, fruit juices are mixed with yoghurt to impart different flavours. Ex., Strawberry yoghurt, banana yoghurt, etc. Shelf life of yoghurt and, its probiotic properties can be improved by pasteurization., 3. Butter, Two types of butter like sweet cream and cultured are produced, on large scale. Microbes are used for production of cultured variety., 4. Cheese production, Cheese is produced on large scale from the abundantly available, cow milk all over the world. First, chemical and microbiological, tests of milk are performed. Some colours and microbes like, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus cremoris, and Streptococcus, thermophilus are mixed with milk. It imparts sourness to the milk., After this, to impart the dense texture, whey (water in yoghurt) needs, to be removed., An enzyme, rennet obtained from alimentary canal of cattle, was being traditionally used earlier. However, an enzyme protease, obtained from fungi is used at present to produce vegetarian cheese., The whey is separated from yoghurt (which has some other, uses). Then, process of production of cheese is started through steps 7.1 Cheese and Butter, like cutting the solid yoghurt into pieces, washing, rubbing, salting, and mixing of essential, microbes, pigments and flavours. Then, cheese is pressed and cut in to pieces and stored for, ripening., 1. Which different types of cheese are used in western food like, Let’s think, pizza, burger, sandwich, etc?, 2. What is difference between those types of cheese?, , Do you know?, During industrial production of milk products, strict cleanliness and sterilization, is essential as bacteria can be attacked by viruses. Hence, virus-resistant varieties of, bacteria are developed. Recently, use of mutant varieties of bacteria has been increased., Artificially, some strains are developed that will help to avoid unnecessary steps /, materials., Freshly prepared cheese is always soft e.g. cottage cheese, cream cheese, mozzarella, cheese. On storing for 3 to 12 months, semi-hard cheddar cheese is formed whereas after, ripening for 12 – 18 months, very hard cheese called parmesan cheese is formed., , 78

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Can you tell?, , What for probiotic food is famous?, , Probiotics, These are also milk products, but contain active bacteria e.g. Lactobacillus,, Acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, etc. These microbes maintain, the balance of intestinal microorganisms i.e. increase the population of microbes helping, the digestion and decrease the population of harmful microbes (ex. Clostridium). Probiotic, products are available in various forms like yoghurt, kefir, sauerkraut (pickle of cabbage),, dark chocolate, miso soup, pickles, oils, corn syrup, artificial sweeteners, microalgae (Sea, food like Spirulina, Chlorella, Blue green algae, etc.)., Why the probiotics have developed much importance in, recent days? These products form the colonies of useful, microbes in alimentary canal and control other microbes and, their metabolic activities, improve resistance and lower the, ill-effects of harmful substances formed during metabolic, activities. Useful microbes become inactive due to antibiotics;, probiotics make them active again., Nowadays, probiotics are used for treatment of diarrhoea, and treatment of poultry also., Use your brain power, , 7.2 Probiotics, , In the earlier class, you had prepared the solution of, dry yeast for observation of yeast. Which substance is, prepared by its use on commercial basis?, , Bread, , Different types of breads are produced from flour of cereals. Dough is formed by, mixing of baker’s yeast – Saccharomyces cerevisiae, water, salt and other necessary, materials with flour. Due to fermentation of carbohydrates by yeast, sugar is converted in, to carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethanol. Dough rises up due to CO2 and the bread becomes, spongy., Compressed yeast is used in commercial bakery industry. It is available in dry,, granular form for domestic use. Yeast produced for commercial use contains various, useful contents like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, various vitamins, and minerals. Due to, this, bread and other products produced with the help of yeast become nutritive. Ingredients, like vinegar, soya sauce and monosodium glutamate (ajinomoto) that are used in presently, popular chinese food are produced by microbial fermentation., Vinegar Production, Vinegar is used in each country of the world to impart sour taste to, food materials and for preservation of pickles, sauce, ketch-up, chutneys,, etc. Chemically, vinegar is 4% acetic acid (CH3COOH)., Ethanol, an alcohol is obtained by fermentation of carbon, compounds like fruit juices, maple syrup, sugar molasses, starch of the, roots; with the help of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae., , 7.3 Vinegar, , 79

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Mixture of bacterial strains like Acetobacter and Glucanobacter, is mixed with ethanol for its microbial degradation. Acetic acid, and other by-products are obtained through it. Acetic acid is, separated from mixture by rarefaction. Acetic acid is bleached with, the help of potassium ferrocynide. Then, it is pasteurized. Finally,, very small quantity of SO2 gas is mixed to produce vinegar., Soya sauce is produced by fermentation of the mixture of flour 7.4 Aspergillus oryzae, of wheat or rice and soyabean with the help of the fungus Aspergillus, oryzae., Production of beverages, Sr., Fruit, Microbe used, Role of microbe, Name of, No., beverage, 1, Separating seeds from, Coffee, Caffea arabica Lactobacillus brevis, fruit, 2, Cocoa, Theobroma, Candida,, Hansenula, Separating seeds from, fruit, cacao, Pichia,Saccharomyces., 3, Grapes, Wine, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation of juice, 4, , Apple, , Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation of juice, , Saccharomyces cerevisiae, , Fruit and seeds of coffee, , Cider, , Cocoa seeds, , 7.5 Some ingredients of beverages production, Can you tell?, , 1. Which functions are performed by enzymes secreted in, human digestive system?, 2. Give names of some such enzymes., , Microbial Enzymes, Nowadays, instead of chemical catalysts, microbial enzymes are used, in chemical industry. These enzymes are active at low temperature, pH and, pressure; due to which energy is saved and erosion-proof instruments are also, not necessary. Enzymes carry out specific processes; hence unnecessary byproducts are not formed due to which expenses on purification are minimised., In case of microbial enzymatic reactions, elimination and decomposition, of waste material is avoided and enzymes can be reused. Hence, such, enzymes are eco-friendly. Some examples of microbial enzymes are oxidoreductases,, transferases,, hydrolases,, lyases,, isomerases,, ligases,, etc., Process of dirt / muck removal occurs at low temperature too due to mixing of, enzymes with detergents. Glucose and fructose syrup can be obtained from corn flour, by action of enzymes obtained from bacilli and streptomyces. Microbial enzymes, are used in various industries like cheese, plant extracts, textile, leather, paper, etc., , 80

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Use your brain power, , Search, , Food materials like cold drinks, ice creams, cakes, juices, are available in various colours and flavours. Whether these, colours and flavours are really derived from fruits?, , Read the ingredients and their proportion printed on bottles of cold, drinks and juices and wrappers of ice creams. Find out the natural and, artificial ingredients. Wheat or rice flour is inoculated with Aspergillus., , Organic acids used in various commercial products and microbes useful for the same, , Source, Sugar and beet, molasses, ammonia, salt, Sugar molasses,, salt, Glucose, corn steep, liquor, Molasses, corn, steep liquor, Molasses, corn, steep liquor, , Microbe, , Amino acid, , Use, , Brevibacterium, L-glutamic acid Production of monosodium, glutamate (Ajinomoto), Corynobacterium, Aspergillus niger Citric acid, Aspergillus niger Gluconic acid, , Lactobacillus, delbrueckii, Aspergillus, itaconius, , 7.6 Aspergilus niger, , Lactic acid, Itaconic acid, , Drinks, toffees, chocolate, production, Production of minerals used, as supplement for calcium, and iron, Source of nitrogen,, production of vitamins., Paper, textile, plastic, industry, gum production, , What is the xanthan gum that imparts thickness to, your favourite ice creams, puddings, chocolates, milk, shakes, chocolate drinks, instant soups, etc.? This gum, is obtained by fermentation of starch and molasses with, the help of Xanthomonas species. It is variously useful, due to properties like solubility in hot and cold water,, high density, etc. It is used for production of pigments,, fertilizers, weedicides, textile pigments, tooth pastes,, high quality paper, etc., , Substances obtained by microbial processing and their roles, Substances obtained by microbial processing, , Roles, , Citirc, Malic and Lactic acid, , To impart acidity, , Glutamic acid, Lysine, Tryptophan, , Protein binding, , Nycin and natamycin, , Microbial restrictor, , Ascorbic acid (Vit. C), B12, B2, , Antioxidants, vitamins., , Beta carotene, lycopenes, xanthenes, lutein, , Edible colours, , Polysaccharides, glycolipids, Emulsifiers, Vanillin, Ethyl butyrate (fruit flavour), peppermint, Essence, flavour, essence of various fruits and flowers, Xylitol, aspartame, Artificial sweetener (low calorie), , 81

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Can you recall?, , 1. What do you mean by antibiotic?, 2. Which precautions should be taken about their consumption?, , Antibiotics, Many diseases of human and other animals have been controlled due to antibiotics, obtained from different types of bacteria and fungi. Antibiotics like penicillin, cephalosporins,, monobactam, bacitracin, erythromycin, gentamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tetracyclins,, vancomycin, etc. are used against various strains of gram positive and gram negative, bacteria. Rifamycin is effective against tuberculosis., in etc., 1. Which different materials are decomposed in biogas plant?, Can you tell? 2. Which useful materials are obtained through it? Which is the, fuel out of those?, 3. Decomposition occurs through which organisms?, Microbes and Fuels, 1. Gaseous fuel- methane can be obtained by microbial, anaerobic decomposition of urban agricultural and industrial, waste., 2. Ethanol, an alcohol is a clean (smokeless) fuel, obtained during fermentation of molasses by the yeastSaccharomyces., 3. Hydrogen gas is considered to be the fuel of future., Hydrogen gas is released during bio-photolysis of water in, 7.7 Saccharomyces (yeast), which bacteria perform the photoreduction., Similar to fuels, various industrial chemicals are also produced through microbial, process. Ex. various alcohols, acetone, organic acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, that, are useful as raw materials in chemical industry. Some of these are useful as raw materials, for plastic and food products., Biomass, , Observe, Observe the fig. 7.7., Discuss about bio-fuel., Bio-fuel : Biofuel is, important, among, the, renewable source of good, energy. These fuels are, available in solid (coal,, dung, crop residue), liquid, (vegetable oils, alcohol),, gaseous (gobar gas, coal, gas) forms. These fuels are, easily available and in, plenty of quantity. These are, reliable fuels of the future., , Solar energy + CO2, , Conversion, of cellulose, to glucose, , Harvesting, , Threshing, , Sugar, , CO2, , Cellulose, , CO2, , Biofuel, , CO2, Liquid fuel, production, through, fermentation, , CO2, 7.8 Biofuel production, , 82

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Microbial Pollution Control, Solids wastes, sewage and various pollutants are ever increasing with increase in, pollution. Along with it, ever increasing diseases and degradation of environment are the, world-wide problems. Especially, cities in densely populated countries like India are, affected with these problems. Life of the future generations will be difficult if these, problems are not solved at right time and to right extent. Let us see the role of microbes in, environment., You already know that microbes are used for disposal of solid waste through biogas, plant and compost production. How urban waste that is accumulated in terms of tonnes,, may be disposed off ?, 1. Why is it asked to segregate wet and dry waste in each home?, 2. What is done with the segregated waste?, 3. Which is most appropriate method of disposal of dry waste?, Methane, Soil Processing, Gas, Garbage, cover on sewage, Land-filling sites, , Let's Think, , Degradable waste being, accumulated in urban areas, is used for this purpose. Large, well to, Plastic Sheet pits are dug in open spaces far, monitor, away from the residential area, ground, and those pits are lined with, water, Collection of sewage, plastic sheets as a precaution, level, against pollution of soil due to, leaching of toxic and harmful, 7.9 Modern landfill site, materials., Compressed waste is dumped in the pit. It is covered with layers of soil, saw dust,, leafy waste and specific biochemicals. Bioreactors are mixed at some places. Microbes, present in soil and other top layers decompose the waste. Completely filled pit is sealed, with soil slurry. Best quality compost is formed after few days. Such land filling sites can, be reused after removal of compost., , Observe, , Observe the garbage vans of grampanchayat and municipality., Nowadays, there is facility of decreasing the volume of garbage by, compaction in those vans. Explain the advantages of this activity., , Sewage Management, In villages, domestic sewage is disposed off either in nearby soil or in biogas plant., However, in cities, sewage needs to be carried to processing unit and acted upon by, microbial processes., Microbes which can decompose any compound as well as destroy the pathogens, of cholera, typhoid, etc. are mixed with sewage. They release methane and CO2 by, decomposition of the carbon compounds present in sewage. Phenol oxidizing bacteria, decompose the xenobiotic chemicals present in sewage., , 83

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The sludge that settles down, in this process can again be used, as fertilizer. Water released, after microbial treatment is, environmentally safe. Microbes, are used for bioremediation of, environment polluted due to, sewage., , Collect Information, 1. Which materials should not be present in, garbage for its proper microbial decomposition?, 2. How the sewage generated in your house , or apartment is disposed off ?, , Clean Technology, Human being has made a very fast progress in technology. However, environmental, pollution is also increasing with same speed. Let us see the ways of control over air, soil, and water pollution with the help of microbes., Microbes have natural ability of decomposing the manmade chemicals. Hydrocarbons, and other chemicals are transformed with the help of these abilities., 1. Some microbes remove the sulphur from fuels., 2. Metals like copper, iron, uranium, zinc, etc. leach into environment from low, quality metalloids. These are converted into compounds before leaching, with the help of, thiobacilli and sulphobacilli., Can you tell?, You must have seen or read the news of dead fishes or, oily water accumulating at the sea coasts. Why does this, happen?, Spilling of petroleum oil occurs in ocean due to various, reasons. This oil may prove fatal and toxic to aquatic, organisms. It is not easy to remove the oil layer from surface, of water by mechanical method. However, bacteria like 7.10 Alcanovorax borkumensis, Pseudomonas spp. and Alcanovorax borkumensis have, the ability to destroy the pyridines and other chemicals., Hence, these bacteria are used to clear the oil spills. These, are called as hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). HCB, decompose the hydrocarbons and bring about the reaction, of carbon with oxygen. CO2 and water is formed in this, process., Plastic bottles are formed from the chemical substance, 7.11 Pseudomonas, PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyester). Now a day,, most of the urban garbage consists of plastic. It has been, observed that species like Vibrio, Ideonella sakaiensis, can decompose the PET. Similarly, species of bacteria, like Actinomycetes, Streptomyces, Nocardia, Actinoplanes, have ability of decomposing rubber from garbage., 7.12 Acidobacillus, , 84

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Sulphuric acid is present in the acid rain and materials, coming out of mines. You know that erosion of metals present in, statues, bridges and buildings occurs due to it. Sulphuric acid is, source of energy for some species of bacteria like Acidophillium, spp. and Acidobacillus ferroxidens. Hence, these bacteria can, control the soil pollution occurring due to acid rain., , Internet is My Friend, , Collect pictures of various, useful microbes. Display chart of, their information in classroom., , 7.13 Geobacter, , Water soluble salts of uranium are present in the wastes produced during, electroplating and in effluent released in environment from the atomic energy plant., Geobacter convert these salts of uranium into insoluble salts and thereby prevent those, salts from mixing with ground water sources., Microbes and Farming, Can you tell?, , How the bacteria present in soil and root nodules of, leguminous plants are useful?, , Microbial Inoculants, Some microbes-containing inoculants are produced by process of fermentation. These, inoculants are sprayed on seeds before sowing and some of the inoculants are released, into plants. Microbes in the inoculants help in plant growth by supplying nutrients. They, improve the quality of vegetarian food. Solution containing Azotobacter and artificial, nitrogenase is used in organic farming., Soil pollution occurring due to, chemical fertilizers is prevented due to use, of these solutions. Fluoroacetamide-like, chemicals are mixed with soil due to use of, chemical pesticides in agriculture. These, prove to be harmful to other plants and, animals as well as cause skin diseases to, human. These pesticides in the soil can be, destroyed with the help of microbes., Bioinsecticides, Bacterial and fungal toxins which, can destroy pests and pathogens can be, directly integrated into plants with the help, of biotechnology. Being toxic to insects,, they do not consume the plants. Similar to, bacteria, some species of fungi and viruses, are useful as pesticides. Spinosad, a byproduct of fermentation is a biopesticide., , Always Remember, , Plastic being used for, storing the garbage is, biodegradable polylactic, acid. Such material should, be used as per need only, and environment should be, saved., , 7.14 Caterpillar feeding on leaf, , 85

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Exercise, 1. Rewrite the following statements, using correct of the options and, explain the completed statements., (gluconic acid, coagulation, amino, acid, acetic acid, clostridium,, lactobacilli), a. Process of -- -- -- -- of milk proteins, occurs due to lactic acid., b. Harmful bacteria in like -- -- -- in the, intestine are destroyed due to, probiotics., c. Chemically, vinegar is -- -- --., d. Salts which can be used as, supplement of calcium and iron are, obtained from -------- acid., 2. Match the pairs, ‘A’ group ‘B’ group, a. Xylitol, 1. Pigment, b. Citric acid, 2. To impart , sweetness, c. Lycopene, 3. Microbial , restrictor, d. Nycin, 4. Protein binding , emulsifier, , 5. To impart acidity, 3. Answer the following., a. Which fuels can be obtained by microbial, processes? Why is it necessary to increase, the use of such fuels?, b. How can the oil spills of rivers and, oceans be cleaned?, c. How can the soil polluted by acid, rain be made fertile again?, d. Explain the importance of biopesticides in organic farming., e. Which are the reasons for increasing, the popularity of probiotic products?, f. How the bread and other products, produced using baker’s yeast are, nutritious?, g. Which precautions are necessary for, proper decomposition of domestic, waste?, h. Why is it necessary to ban the use of, plastic bags?, , 4. Complete the following conceptual, picture., Cleaning, Sewage after, processing, , 5. Give scientific reasons., a. Use of mutant strains has been, increased in industrial microbiology., b. Enzymes obtained by microbial, process are mixed with detergents., c. Microbial enzymes are used instead, of chemical catalysts in chemical, industry., 6. Complete the following conceptual, picture with respect to uses., , Xanthan gum, , 7. Complete the following conceptual, picture related to environmental, management., Oil spill, , Microbes, , 86

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Project :, , 8. Answer the following., a. What is role of microbes in compost, production?, b. What are the benefits of mixing, ethanol with petrol and diesel?, c. Which plants are cultivated to, obtain the fuel?, d. Which fuels are obtained from, biomass?, e. How does the bread become, spongy?, , 1. Find the ways to implement the, zero garbage system at domestic, level., 2. Which are the microbes that, destroy the chemical pesticides in, soil?, 3. Collect more information about, reasons for avoiding the use of, chemical pesticides., , 87

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8. Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Ø   , Cell Biology (Cytology), Ø   , Stem Cells, Ø   , Biotechnology and Its Applications Ø   , Important Stages in , , , Development of Agriculture, , 1. What is cell?, 2. What is tissue? Which are the functions of tissue?, 3. Which technique in relation to tissues have you studied in, earlier classes?, 4. Which are the various processes in tissue culture?, We have studied the plant production by technique of tissue culture in the last class., Stem cells are used for that purpose. Whether such stem cells are present in animals?, Assign names in the figure given below. Explain the various stages, Observe, those are kept blank., , Can you Recall, , Cytology, Earlier, we have studied the structure,, types and organelles of the cell. This is, called as cell biology / cytology. Besides, above mentioned points, it includes the, study of cell division and many other, aspects of the cell., There are revolutionary changes in the, field of human health due to cell biology., Research institutes specially dedicated for, research on cells are established at Pune, and Bengaluru, India. National Center for, Cell Science (http://www.nccs.res.in) at, Pune and ‘Instem’ (http://www.instem.res., in) at Bengaluru are involved in valuable, 8.1 Diagram, research., Visit both the websites mentioned above and with the help of your teacher, try to, understand the research undergoing in those institutes., Stem Cells, These are special types of cells present in the body of multicellular organisms. These, cells give rise to all other types of cells present in the body of multicellular organisms., Similarly, these cells play an important role in wound healing., We had studied the stem cells of plants in the previous class. Now, we shall study the, stem cells in animals, particularly in human beings., New organism is formed from the zygote that is formed by union of male and female, gamete. At the earliest stage of development, organism is in the form of a mass of cells., All the cells in that mass are almost alike. Those cells are called as stem cells., , 88

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During further development, these cells form any type of cell, different types of tissues, and perform different functions in the body. This is the differentiation of stem cells. However,, once the tissues are formed, the cells in those tissues, at the most, can form same types of cells, only. This is the case in each part of the body. However, stem cells are present for longer, duration in some parts of the body., Stem cells are present in the umbilical cord by which the foetus is joined to the uterus of, the mother. Stem cells are also present in the blastocyst stage of embryonic development., Stem cells are present in red bone marrow and adipose connective tissue of adult human, beings. It has become possible to produce different types of tissues and the degenerated part, of any organ with the help of these stem cells., , Stem Cell Preservation, For the purpose of preservation, stem cell samples are carefully collected from sources, like cord blood, red bone marrow or embryo (blastocyst) and are kept in small, sterile vials., Those vials are kept in liquid nitrogen at -1350C to -1900C., Use your brain, , Just like the grafting in plants, is the organ transplantation, possible in humans?, , Stem cell research, In biotechnology, stem cell research is a revolutionary event after cloning. This technique, has the potential of bringing about the fundamental changes in the medical science., Depending upon source, stem cells are of two types as embryonic stem cells and, adult stem cells., Embryonic stem cells, Division of the zygote starts and thereby it is converted into embryo. Cells of embryo, undergo repeated mitotic divisions. Cell differentiation starts from 14th day of conception. Cells, of different organs like osteocytes (bone cells), hepatocytes (liver cells), and neurons are formed, due to differentiation. Embryonic cells before differentiation are called as embryonic stem cells., 220 different types of cells in human body are formed from single type cells i.e. embryonic stem, cells. Thus, stem cells are primary type of undifferentiated cells with self-multiplying ability, and they are parent cells of all types of human cells. This property of stem cells is called as, pleuripotency. It has been found that if these stem cells are collected well before the beginning, of differentiation on 14th day i.e. during 5th – 7th day and cultured with certain biochemical, stimulus in laboratory, as per the stimulus, they can transform themselves into desired type of, cells, thereby tissues and finally into organs., Adult stem cells, Stem cells can be obtained from the body of adult person too. There are three main, sources of stem cells in the body of adult persons. Stem cells can be obtained from red bone, marrow, adipose connective tissue and blood. Besides, stem cells can be obtained from cord, blood immediate after birth., Uses of Stem Cells, 1. Regenerative Therapy, A. Cell Therapy: Stem cells are used to replace the dead cells in case of conditions like, diabetes, myocardial infarction, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc., B. To produce blood cells required in conditions like anaemia, thalassemia, leukemia, etc., 2. Organ Transplantation: In case of failure of organs like kidney and liver, those can be, produced with the help of stem cells and transplanted., , 89

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Discuss about stem cells and organ transplantation in the class, with the help of figures given below., Organ transplantation, Neuron Stem cells, Various organs in the human body, either become less efficient or completely, functionless due to various reasons like, Brain, Bone, aging, accidents, infections, disorders, etc., Life of such person becomes difficult or, even fatality may occur under such, conditions. However, if a person gets the, necessary organ under such conditions, its, Heart, life can be saved., Intestine, Liver, Availability of donor is an important, 8.2 Stem cells and organs, requirement in organ transplantation. Each, person has a pair of kidneys. As the process, of excretion can occur with the help of, Can replicate, single kidney, person can donate another, themselves, one. Similarly, skin from certain parts, Stem cells, of the body can also be donated., Various factors like blood group,, diseases, disorders, age, etc. of the donor, and recipient need to be paid attention, during transplantation., However, other organs cannot be, donated during life time. Organs like liver,, heart, eyes can be donated after death only., Can be transformed into, This has led to the emergence of concepts, other types of cells, like posthumous (after death) donation of, body and organs., 8.3 Stem cells therapy, Organ and Body Donation: Human bodies are disposed off after death as per traditional, customs. However due to progress in science, it has been realized that many organs remain, functional for certain period even after death occurs under specific conditions. Concepts like, organ donation and body donation have emerged recently after realization that such organs can, be used to save the life of other needful persons. A liberal view behind the concept of organ and, body donation is that after death, our body should be useful to other needful persons so that their, miserable life would become comfortable. Awareness about these concepts is increasing in our, country and people are voluntarily donating their bodies., Life of many people can be saved by organ and body donation. Blinds can regain the, vision. Life of many people can be rendered comfortable by donation of organs like liver,, kidneys, heart, heart valves, skin, etc. Similarly, body can be made available for research in, medical studies. Many government and social organizations are working towards increasing the, awareness about body donation., Visit the websites- http://www.who.int/transplantation/orInternet is my friend gan/en/ & www.organindia.org/approaching-the-transplant/ and, collect more information about ‘brain dead’, organ donation and, body donation., , Observe, , 90

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Eyes, , Always Remember, Organ, donation, and, transplantation is under the control of, ‘Transplantation of Human Organs, Act,, 1994’, and, subsequent, amendments of 2009, 2011 and 2014, so that overall process would be, transparent and any person would, not be cheated., , Heart, Lungs, Pancreas, Liver, , Recall A Little, , Kidney, , 1. What is biotechnology?, 2. In which various fields, the, biotechnology has been useful?, 3. What is the impact of biotechnology, on agriculture and other related fields?, , Bone, Skin, , 8.4 Organs that can be donated, Biotechnology, We have studied in the earlier class that biotechnology is bringing about artificial, genetic changes and hybridization in organisms for human welfare. Various branches of, science like cytology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetic engineering are, included in biotechnology. There is considerable progress mainly in the field of agriculture, and pharmacy due to biotechnology. New experiments are being performed for improving, the agricultural yield. In pharmacy, experiments for production of antibodies, vitamins,, and hormones like insulin have been successful. High-class varieties of crops have been, developed through the technique of tissue-culture., Biotechnology includes following main areas, 1. Use of various abilities of microbes like yoghurt production from milk and alcohol, from molasses., 2. Use of productivity of the cells. Ex. – Production of antibiotics and vaccines, etc. with, the help of specific cells., 3. Use of bio-molecules like DNA and proteins in human welfare., 4. Development of plants, animals and products of desired quality by gene manipulation., Production of human growth hormone with the help of genetically modified bacteria., 5. Use of genetic and non-genetic technique. Non-genetic biotechnology involves use of, either cell or tissue. Ex. Tissue culture, production of hybrid seeds, etc., Benefits of Biotechnology, 1. It has become possible to increase the per hectare yield irrespective of the limitations, of crop-land area., 2. Expenses on disease control have minimized since development of resistant varieties., 3. Due to development of fast fruit setting varieties, yield per annum has been increased., 4. Development of stress resistant varieties which can withstand variable temperature,, water-stress, changing fertility of soil, etc. has become possible., , 91

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Development of Biotechnology in India, Government of India had established the National Biotechnology Board in 1982., This board was transformed into department of biotechnology under the ministry of, science and technology, in 1986. Various institutes in India are working under the control, of this department of biotechnology. It includes National Institute of Immunology,, National Facility for Animal Tissue and Cell Culture, National Centre for Cell Science,, National Brain Research Centre, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants., There are facilities of higher education and research in these institutes from where, thousands of students have pursued Ph.D. degrees and are contributing to the progress, of country in the field of biotechnology., , Commercial Applications of Biotechnology:, 1. Crop Biotechnology: Biotechnology is used in, agricultural field to improve yield and variety., a. Hybrid Seeds: Genes of two different crops are, recombined to form hybrids of various crops. This is, especially useful for fruits., b. Genetically Modified Crops: Crops developed, with desired characters by integrating foreign gene, with their genome are called as genetically modified, crops. High yielding varieties with resistance to, diseases, alkalinity, weeds, other stresses like cold, and drought., Bt Cotton: A gene had been isolated from the, bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and integrated with, the genome of cotton. Due to this, the toxin which is, fatal for bollworm was produced in leaves and bolls, of cotton. If bollworm feeds on leaves, the toxin, destroys its alimentary canal and the bollworm dies., Bt Brinjal: BT Brinjal variety is developed by, using the gene isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis., This improved variety of brinjal kills the pest in same, way as the Bt cotton does., Golden Rice: A gene synthesizing the vitamin A, (Beta carotene) has been introduced in this variety of, rice. As compared to the normal variety, this variety, which has been developed in 2005 contains 23 times, more amount of beta carotene., Herbicide tolerant plants: Weeds always affect, the growth of main crop. If herbicides are used to, destroy the weeds, it affects the main crop too. Due to, this, Herbicide tolerant plants varieties of crops are, being developed. Due to this, it has become possible, to selectively destroy the weeds., , 92, , 8.5 Some crops

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c., , Biofertilizers, Due to use of biofertilizers instead of chemical, fertilizers, nitrogen fixation and phosphate, solubilization abilities of the plants are improved., Mainly the bacteria like Rhizobium, Azotobacter,, Nostoc, Anabaena and plants like Azolla are used, as biofertilizers., In the last year, we have studied the tissue, culture. Genetic improvement of the plants has, become possible due to tissue culture and besides,, those characters inherited to next generation., Make a list and discuss, , 8.6 Azolla, , Give five examples of each of the fruiting and flowering, plants developed through tissue culture and mention their benefits., , 2., , Animal Husbandry, Two main methods as artificial, insemination and embryo transfer are used, in animal husbandry. It helps to improve, both, the quantity and quality of animal, products. Ex. Milk, meat, wool, etc., Similarly, animals with more strength, have been developed for hard work., , USE OF ICT, Collect information about, various hybrid varieties of animals., What are their benefits? Make a, presentation of various pictures and, videos., , 3., , Human Health, Diagnosis and treatment of the diseases are two important aspects of the human health, management. Biotechnology helps to identify the role of gene, if any, in disease of a, person. Diagnosis of diabetes and heart diseases has become possible even before the, onset of symptoms, with the help of biotechnology. Diagnosis of the diseases like AIDS,, dengue can be done within few minutes. Hence, treatment can be done at the earliest., Various medicines are used for the treatment of diseases. Ex. The hormone insulin is, used in treatment of diabetes. Earlier, insulin was being collected from the pancreas of, horses. However, nowadays, due to biotechnology, insulin can be prepared with the help, of bacteria. For this purpose, human insulin gene has been inserted into the genome of, bacteria. Various vaccines and antibiotics are also produced in the same way., a. Vaccines and Vaccination: Vaccine is the ‘antigen’ containing material given to, acquire either permanent or temporary immunity against a specific pathogen or disease., Traditionally, vaccines were prepared with the help of pathogens. Completely or partially, killed pathogens were used as vaccines. However, due to this, there were chances of, contracting the disease in case of some persons. Hence, as an alternative, scientists tried, to artificially produce vaccines with the help of biotechnology. For this purpose, scientists, produced the antigen in laboratory with the help of gene isolated from the pathogen and, used it as vaccine. Thus, safer vaccines are being produced., , 93

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Now, proteins which act as antigen are injected in pure form instead of injecting the, killed or semi-killed pathogens. These proteins keep the persons away from the diseases, by keeping the immune system active. Thus, injecting the antigens is safest way in, vaccination. Vaccines produced with the help of biotechnology are more thermo-stable, and remain active for longer duration. Ex. Vaccines of polio, hepatitis,, Edible Vaccines: Work on production of edible vaccines is in progress and presently,, potatoes are being produced with the help of biotechnology. These potatoes are called as, transgenic potatoes. These potatoes will act against bacteria like Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia, coli. Consumption of these raw potatoes generates the immunity against cholera and the, disease caused due to E. coli. What will happen if these potatoes are cooked for consumption?, Inject virus in the plant, , Transgenic, Isolation of plant virus., desired gene, from human, pathogen, , Virus infects, the pieces of, potato leaves., , Entire plant is developed from the, leaf pieces containing genes of human, pathogen., 8.7 Transgenic potatoes, , Consumption of, raw potatoes, helps to develop, immunity, against that, pathogen, , b. Treatment: Biotechnology is useful for production of hormones like insulin,, somatotropin and blood clotting factors., c. Interferon: This is a group of small sized protein molecule used in treatment of viral, diseases. These are produced in blood. However, nowadays, with the help of biotechnology,, transgenic E. coli are used for production of interferon., d. Gene therapy: Gene therapy to treat genetic, disorders in somatic cells has become possible, due to biotechnology. Ex. Phenylketonuria (PKU), arises due to genetic changes in hepatocytes (liver, cells). It has become possible to treat it with gene, therapy. This method is called as somatic cell, gene therapy. All the cells except sperms and ova, in the body are called as somatic cells, , Do you know ?, Indian Institute of Science, has developed a transgenic, variety of tobacco. If cattles, feed upon leaves of this plant,, they do not contract a viral, disease- rinderpest., , e. Cloning: Production of replica of any cell or organ or entire organism is called cloning., i. Reproductive cloning: A clone can be produced by fusion of a nucleus of somatic cell, with the enucleated ovum of anybody. Thus, there is no need of sperm to produce the new, organism., , 94

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Internet My Friend, , Collect more information about the Human Genome Project,, one of the important projects in the world, , ii. Therapeutic cloning, Stem cells can be derived from the cell, formed in laboratory by the union of somatic cell, nucleus with the enucleated egg cell. Various, diseases can be treated with the help of these stem, cells., * Similar to cells, genes can also be cloned, and millions of copies of same gene can be, produced. Those can be used for gene therapy, and other purposes., * Controlling the inheritance of hereditary, diseases, continuation of generations,, enhancing the specific tendency may become, possible due to cloning technique. However,, there is world-wide opposition to human, cloning on various issues., 4. Industrial Products / White Biotechnology, Various industrial chemicals can be, produced through less expensive processes., Example: Alcohol production from sugar, molasses with the help of transgenic yeast., 5. Environment and Biotechnology, It, has become possible to solve, environment related various problems with the, help of biotechnology., Microbial techniques are already in use for, treatment on sewage and solid waste. Sewage is, rich in organic matter. If such sewage is released, in natural water bodies like rivers, the organic, matter in it gets oxidized with the help of, dissolved oxygen. Due to this, level of dissolved, oxygen in water decreases, adversely affecting, the aquatic life. As a remedy on this, sewage, should be released in to rivers only after, oxidation with the help of microbial technique., i., , See the proteins produced by, biotechnology and the names of, diseases they are used against1. Insulin , Diabetes, 2. Somatostatin Dwarfism, 3. Erythropoietin Anaemia, 4. Factor VIII, Haemophilia, 5. Interleukin, Cancer, 6. Interferon, Viral infection, , Peeking into History, A sheep ‘Dolly’ was born in Scotland, by cloning technique on 5th July 1996., Nucleus from the udder cell of sheep, of ‘Finn Dorset’ variety had been, introduced into enucleated ovum of, Scottish sheep. Then, the ovum was, allowed to develop in the uterus of, Scottish sheep and thereby the ‘Dolly’, had been born. It was showing the, characters as per the chromosomes in, nucleus and any character of Scottish, sheep was not visible., , Dolly (Clone), , Microbes are useful on large scale while production of compost by treatment on solid, organic waste material., ii. Bio-remediation, biopesticides, biofertilizers, biosensors, etc, are some new concepts, in biotechnological methods., , 95

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Bioremediation means either absorption or destruction of toxic chemicals and harmful, pollutants with the help of plants and microorganisms. If plants are used for this purpose,, it called as ‘phyto-remediation’. Some examples of bioremediation are as follows* The Pseudomonas bacteria are useful for cleaning the hydrocarbon and oil pollutants, from soil and water., * The fern Pteris vitata can absorb the arsenic from the soil., * Genetically modified variety of Indian mustard can absorb selenium from soil., * Sunflower can absorb uranium and arsenic., * The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is highly radiation resistant organism. It has, been genetically modified and used to absorb the radiations from radioactive debris., * Grasses like alfalfa, clover and rye are used in phyto-remediation., 5., , Food Biotechnology: Food items like bread, cheese, wine, beer, yoghurt, vinegar, are produced with the help of microorganisms. These food items are probably the, oldest ones produced with the help of biotechnology., 6. DNA fingerprinting: DNA sequence of each person is unique as that of the, fingerprints. Due to this, identity of any person can be established with the help, of its available DNA. This is called as DNA fingerprinting. It is mainly useful in, forensic sciences. Identity of the criminal can be established with the help of any, part of its body found at the site of crime. Similarly, identity of father of any child, can be established. This research is performed in Center for DNA fingerprinting and, Diagnostics, Hyderabad., Cleaning of Oil Spillage in Oceans: If oil spillage occurs, it adversely affects the, marine life. Now, cleaning the ocean without any harm to environment in cheaper, way has become possible with the help of oil-digesting and fast multiplying bacteria., India born American citizen and scientist Dr. Anand Mohan Chakravarti had for the, first time suggested the use of such microbes. Naturally, the credit for this discovery, goes to him., , Important stages in agricultural development, Green revolution, Problems of population explosion were, started to appear at the beginning of 20th, century. Almost all the countries, especially, underdeveloped and developing countries had, been badly affected by the effects of poor, quality and quantity of food. Various methods, applied for harvesting maximum yield from, minimum land are collectively called as green, revolution., , Dr.M.S Swaminathan, , Dr. Norman Borloug, , Improvised dwarf varieties of wheat and rice, proper use of fertilizers and pesticides, and water management has led to the increased production of food grains and thereby, large population had been saved from hunger. Dr. Norman Borlaug (USA) and Dr. M. S., Swaminathan (India) have valuable contribution in green revolution., , 96

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Various research institutes and laboratories are engaged in development of new, varieties of various crops through research. Ex. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, (IARI), New Delhi, National Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur and allied branches, Indian, Institute of Sciences, National Pomegranate Research Institute, Solapur., Collect Information, , Internet is My Friend, , Which new species of the rice have been developed in, India?, Collect the information and make the chart about the, work of various state and national-level institutes related, with biotechnology., , White revolution, Various parts of India were rich in milk and milk products. However, those products, were not sufficient to meet the needs of far-flung regions. Dr. Verghese Kurien proved, through the cooperative movement and use of biotechnology that Dairy cannot be allied, but it will be a mainstream business. He put the cooperative dairy movement of Anand,, Gujarat at all time high status., While achieving the self-sufficiency in dairy, business, various experiments were performed for, quality control, newer dairy products and their, preservation. Why people from all over the world, are again preferring the local wild varieties?, Blue revolution, Production of various useful aquatic organisms, with the help of water is called as blue revolution., Farm ponds and the fishes are very common in East, Asian countries. However, people are not only, thinking of cultivating the fishes and shrimps but 8.8 Milk processing and milk products, other aquatic plants and animals too. Government, of India has vowed to increase the production by, encouraging the people for pisciculture by launching, the program ‘Nil-Kranti Mission-2016’ (NKM-16)., 50% to 100% subsidies are offered in this case., Marine and fresh water fishery is possible on, large scale. Fresh water fishes like rohu, catla and, other fishery products like shrimp and lobsters are, being cultured on large scale, 8.9 Pisciculture : Prawns, , Fertilizers, Two types of fertilizers are used in agriculture. One of those is organic manure and others, are chemical fertilizers. Water holding capacity of the soil improves with soil conservation, due to use of manures., , 97

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Upper layer of the soil essential in agriculture is formed, due to humus formation. Various essential elements like N,, P, K can be available to crops due to earthworms and fungi., In soil-less farming i.e. hydroponics, liquid chemical, fertilizers are used. However, there are more harmful effects, of liberal use of chemical fertilizers. It includes decrease in, fertility of soil., Insecticides, Though the natural immunity of plants can prevent the, infections, use of insecticides is not under control. Irrespective, of the natural friends of farmers like frogs and insectivorous, birds, pesticides are used on large scale for increase in yield., Pesticides are in fact a type of poison. This poison enters the, food-web through water and food and its bio-magnification, occurs. Various pesticides like DDT, malathion,, chloropyriphos, etc. have been proved to be dangerous., , 8.10 Fertilizers and, Insecticides, , Organic farming, Now a days, organic farming and, organic products have become buzzwords., Organic products are being available and, demand for them is ever-increasing., , Oil cake, , Chemical fertilizers and pesticides, have been used on large scale. These, poisonous chemicals reached the human, body through food and water and their, adverse harmful effects on human and, environment became apparent., , Vermiculture, , Various problems like soil fertility and, pest infestation have become serious. So as, to overcome these problems, farmers are, opting for organic farming. It includes, complete ban on chemical fertilizers and, pesticides and use of local, sturdy varieties, and thereby maintaining natural balance., Definitely, this is a welcome decision., , 8.11 Oil cake and Vermiculture, , 8.12 Apiculture, Apiculture, You must have seen the bee hive. Worst method of harvesting / collecting the honey, from these hives is driving away the bees by smoking the hive with burning torch and then, cutting the hive into pieces. This method causes the destruction of hive and large scale, death of bees. However, it is easy to collect the honey without destroying the hive and, bees, if artificial bee boxes are used., , 98

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Cultivation of Medicinal Plants, India has been gifted with a great, biodiversity., Indian, citizens, have, established the humble and strong relation, with the nature. We have a great tradition, of ayurveda that cures the diseases with, the help of natural sources., , Try this, Bring a packet of ‘Balghuti’ from, ayurveda shop. Learn the information, about each component in it. Collect, information about various other medicines, and prepare the chart as shown below., Local Name, of plant, Adulsa, , 8.13 Adhatoda vasica (Adulsa) and, Azadirachta Indica (Neem), , Name of, active, ingredient, Vasicine, present the, leaves, , Uses, , Cough, , During earlier days, medicinal plants were collected from the forest. However, due to, depletion in forest area, medicinal plants are becoming rare. Hence, medicinal plants are, being cultivated., Which fruit processing industries you observe in your, Make a list and discuss surrounding ? What is their effect ?, Fruit Processing, We are daily using various products, prepared from fruits. All are consuming, the products like chocolates, juices, jams, and jellies. All these products can be, produced by processing on fruits. Fruits, are perishable agro-produce. It needs the, processing in such a way that it can be, used throughout the year. Fruit processing, includes various methods ranging from, storage in cold storage to drying, salting,, air tight packing, preparing murabba,, evaporating, etc., , 8.14 Mango processing Unit, , Exercise, , 1. Fill in the blanks and complete the statements., a. Methods like artificial insemination and embryo transplant are mainly used for -b. -- -- -- -- is the revolutionary event in biotechnology after cloning., c. The disease related with the synthesis of insulin is --- --- ---., d. Government of India has encouraged the -- -- --- -- for improving the productivity, by launching NKM-16., , 99

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2. Match the pairs., a. Interferon, 1. Diabetes, b. Factor , 2. Dwarfness, c. Somatostatin 3. Viral infection, d. Interleukin, 4. Cancer, , 5. Haemophilia, 3. Rewrite the following wrong, statements after corrections., a. Changes in genes of the cells are, brought about in non-genetic, technique., b. Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis is, introduced into soyabean., 4. Write short notes., a. Biotechnology: Professional uses., b. Importance of medicinal plants., 5. Answer the following questions in, your own words., a. Which products produced through, biotechnology do you use in your daily, life?, b. Which precautions will you take, during spraying of pesticides?, c. Why some of the organs in human, body are most valuable?, d. Explain the importance of fruit, processing in human life?, e. Explain the meaning of vaccination., 6. Complete the following chart., , Merits of, Biotechnology, , 100, , 7. Write the correct answer in blank, circles., , Uses of, stem cells, , 8. Identify and complete the following, correlations., a. Insulin : Diabetes :: Interleukin : -- -- -b. Interferon : -- :: Erythropoietin :, Anaemia., c. ------- : Dwarfness :: Factor VIII :, Haemophilia., , d. White revolution : Dairy :: Blue, revolution : -- -- -- --., 9. Write a comparative note on usefulness, and harmfulness of biotechnology., , Projects:, 1. Visit the organic manuring projects, nearby your place and collect more, information., 2. What will you do to increase public, awareness about organ donation in, your area?, 3. Collect information about ‘green, corridor’. Make a news-collection, about it.

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9. Social health, Ø Social Health, Ø Stress Management, , Ø, , Factors endangering the social health, , Elders always instruct you to get out of the home to interact with, Let’s Think relatives and others and play outdoor games but not to spend time, continuously with television, phone and internet., Why the children of your age are instructed same in each home? Our lifestyle has, been changed to some extent in this age of technology. Each person is busy with own daily, routine work and favourite job only. How much is it scientifically correct?, Earlier, we have studied the importance of physical health, cleanliness and staying healthy., However, the concept of health does not end with it only., , Try this, , Classify your classmates into following groups depending, upon the observation for a week., 1. Highly interactive. 2. Occasionally interactive. 3. Non-interactive, , Make a list of the friends of each of the above three group members and also mention, the group to which you belong., Social health, , Observe and Discuss, Satisfying basic needs of, persons-Food, clothing,, shelter, medicines., Education and Job, Opportunities, Transport Facilities, , Observe the following chart. Discuss about the relationship, of various factors shown therein with the social health., Education, , Financial, Status, , Gardens, , Social and Physical, conditions of the, surrounding, Social environment of, the surrounding, , Factors affecting, the social health, , Residential area, Water, , Social safety, Social treatment, , Toilets, Play grounds, , Political conditions (views), , 9.1 Factors affecting the social health, , 101

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Out of the various aspects of social health, we thought about only one in the above, mentioned activity. Social health is the ability of a person to establish relationship with, other persons. Ability to change one’s own behaviour according to changing social, conditions is an important characteristic of social health. Various factors like strong, personality, having large number of friends and relatives, proper use of time during, loneliness and with peer-group, trust in others, respect and acceptance for others are, important for good social health. We have seen that various factors affect the social health., Factors disturbing the social health, Mental Stress, Competition has increased in opportunities for education, employment and business, due to increase in population. Children are facing the problems of loneliness and mental, stress due to reasons like nuclear family and parents staying outdoors due to job., There are many bindings on girls and excessive freedom for, boys in some families. Boys enjoy the concession from their, domestic duties whereas girls have compulsion for the same, on the pretext that ‘should be used to it’. Do you see the, advertisements about increasing awareness on avoiding the, discrimination between girls and boys or sister and brother, in same family on choice for fresh/left-over food, learning, medium? In society too, adolescent girls have to, unnecessarily face the problems like teasing and molestation., Girls are facing the problem of stress due to such gender, 9.2 Mental Stress, inequality., Nowadays, everyone has to face the stress due to ever increasing disorder, crime and, violence. At the same time, people looking at this as ‘fast and easy way of making money’, may become scapegoats and become part of such system. This is the deadly effect of, social illness., Addiction, Peer-group influence is stronger in case of, adolescents. Adolescents always prefer the, company of friends and follow their good or, bad habits instead of following advice of, parents and teachers. Children in their early, age try upon tobacco, cigarette, gutkha,, alcoholic drinks, drugs, etc. due to either peer-group pressure or symbol of high standard, living or as an imitation of elders. However, it, may lead to addiction to such deadly substances., Temporarily intoxicating drugs of plant origin, and some chemicals may permanently damage, the human nervous system, muscle system,, heart, etc. Earlier, we have studied the, carcinogenic effect of tobacco containing, substances on mouth and lungs., 9.3 Addiction control, , 102

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Chronic diseases, Ignorance towards the people, suffering from chronic diseases like, AIDS, T.B, Leprosy and Mental, health / disorders and old persons, leads to increase in old age homes, and this may cause harm to social, health., , Think, , Can you tell ?, , Whether the incidence shown, in the following picture is, rational? Express your opinion., , 9.4 An incidence, , Have you ever seen the persons inebriated with drugs or liquor loitering on dirty, places? Whether such a pitiful condition of most intelligent human being is acceptable?, You must have read the news about many deaths due to poisonous liquor. Why does, it happen?, Liquor is produced from alcohol obtained through fermentation of substances., However, if this process is performed in a wrong way, poisonous liquor is produced and, proves fatal for many at a time. Efficiency of nervous system (especially brain) and liver, as well as lifespan of person decreases due to alcoholism. Brain development in adolescents, is hindered due to alcoholism and thereby ability of memorization and learning becomes, slow. Addictive person cannot think rationally. Due to this, the person has to face the, social, mental and familial illness along with physical illness., Communication Media and excessive use of Modern Technology, Two caricatures presenting the situations of the year 1998 and 2017 about playing on, playground are given below. Observe those caricatures. Express, your opinion about arising of such different situations, Observe, , Then, , Now, , Go to play!, , Come for, Study!, , 9.5 Different Situations, , Distribute the 24 hours of your daily routine as per various duties you, , Compare have observed. Make two categories as time spent on your health and, time spent on other responsibilities and compare both the categories., , 103

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Now a days, excessive, unnecessary and irrational use of modern technology and, communication media is becoming a sensitive issue through the view point of social health., Persons spending the time with cell phones for several hours are usually unaware of the, surrounding. This is also a sort of addiction and leading to endangering of the social health., Various physical problems like tiredness, headache, insomnia, forgetfulness, tinnitus,, joint pains and problems in vision may arise due to radiation of cell phones. More serious, fact is those radiations penetrate the bones of children more effectively than the bones of, adults. Persons continuously using the computers and internet become solitary. They cannot, establish harmonious relations with relatives and other members of the society. Habitually,, they become self-centered and thereby they may develop problems like autism and, selfishness. They become less sensitive towards others. Chronic effect of such tendency is, that they are not ready to help others in need and hence they also do not get it in need., 1. Do you recall the sudden closing of any cartoon serial of forRecall a little, eign origin being telecast on television?, 2. Explain details on happenings about blue whale game., Children who watch the cartoon films may, imitate the characters of those films. Tendency, and behaviour of the children who play the games, like virtual war and car races (especially, deliberately brought about virtual accidents in, games) gradually become negative. Some games, available on cell phones and computers are, extremely time-consuming and also cause, economic losses, to lose concentration on some, essential subjects and may also prove fatal., Along with some useful purpose, huge, information available on internet is used for, viewing some inappropriate videos too. However,, there is a governmental regulation over such, media. Website, movies and cartoon films, inappropriate for children are banned by the, government., Why is there increase in news of death by, drowning in ocean, falling in deep valleys or, under trains during catching the cell phone, selfie?, There is increasing competition to upload the, videos of road accidents instead of helping the, victims. What is the mentality of such people?, Why are the video-clips of parents threatening, or hitting the children not studying as per their, wish or domestic helpers beating the children, are very common on social media nowadays?, , 9.6 Boy using cell phone while eating, , •, •, , •, , 104, , 9.7 Selfie on Road, , Observe, Observe the above images Is it, rational? Why?

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Person indulging in such destructive and, unnatural activities is usually under stress and, such activities are bursting of stress. Medical, science has declared such activities as mental, illness., Person indulging in selfie is not aware about, the world around and the risks. This is called as, selfiecide. Persons indulging in domestic, violence, sending messages to others before, committing suicide or those who send the video, clips of suicidal act are mentally ill and they do 9.8 Pedestrian making a video-clip of the, so to win the sympathy., accident scene, Hence, make the constructive use of communication media like television, phone and, internet for essential needs and entertainment only but do not go into their clutches by, spending hours with those media., Internet My Friend, , Visit the website www.cyberswachhtakendra.gov.in, , Cyber crimes, t Banks continuously spread the message on mobile, phones about not to disclose the aadhar / PAN / credit, card / debit card number and other personal information, if demanded by any person., t Do not disclose your PIN to anyone while withdrawing, cash from ATM machine or purchasing through card, payment. Why such instructions are given?, t Consumers are deceived by showing superior items on, websites but actually selling the items of either inferior, quality or impaired ones., t Bank transactions are done using PIN without the, knowledge of consumers., t Confidential information about government, institutes, and companies is obtained from internet with the help, of computer programs or other ideas and misused. This, is called as hacking of information., t Nowadays, crimes like opening a fake account on, Facebook and displaying false information and thereby, teasing the girls or exploiting them financially., t Misuse or illegal sale of the written literature, software,, photos, videos, music, etc. of others by obtaining from, internet is called as piracy., t Electronic media is also misused by sending derogatory, messages, spreading vulgar pictures and inflammatory, statements., , 105, , 9.9 Cheating of Consumers

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t Electronic media is also misused by sending derogatory messages, spreading vulgar, , pictures and inflammatory statements., t Exchange of information through media like email, Facebook and Whatsapp occurs, very fast. However, our personal information and phone numbers are automatically, spread and thereby reaches the unwanted persons which leads to malpractices like, incoming of unnecessary messages. Some of such messages either impair of shut down, the mobiles and computers., All the above mentioned incidences are examples of cyber crime. Committing such, crimes is also a mental illness. Later on, the criminal also has to face the mental stress., ‘Cyber crime unit’ has been newly launched in police department. Cyber crime experts, collect the details, investigate the cyber crime and thereby find the criminal with the help, of internet., Do You Know, IT Act-2000: This act has been enacted since 17th October 2000 and been amended, in 2008. Person committing the cyber crime has to face the punishment like imprisonment, for 3 years of fine up to 5 lakh. Maharashtra is at forefront in controlling the cybercrimes, and it has been proved to be a first state to start a separate cyber crime unit., Stress management, Have you seen the loudly laughing, citizens in morning in public gardens?, Name of this newly popularized concept, is ‘laughter club’. These people relieve, their mental stress by laughing loudly., Various ways of expression like, establishing communication with friends,, peers, cousins, teachers and more, importantly parents, noting down our, feelings, expressing our feeling with near, and dear ones help us to relieve the stress., Fostering the hobbies like material, 9.10 Laughter Club, collection, photography, reading, cooking,, sculpturing, drawing, rangoli, dancing, etc. help us to properly utilize the free hours. By, diverting the energy and mind towards the positive thinking, negative thoughts are, automatically neutralized., Can you tell ?, , Why do you wait for periods of music, P.T., drawing in the, classroom?, , Learning and listening to the music, singing keeps us happy and drives away the, stress. Music has the power of changing the mindset. Importance of outdoor games is, unparallel. There are various benefits of sports like it causes physical exercise, improves, discipline, interaction and tendency of unity, loneliness is driven away and person becomes, more social., , 106

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Regular exercising, massaging, visiting, Always Remember, the spa too help to relive the stress. Yoga is, not limited for asanas and pranayam but it, Nature is closest friend of human, includes discipline, balanced and good food,, being. Hobbies like gardening, bird, and meditation also. Deep breathing, yogic, watching, lingering in nature, rearing, sleep, yogasanas, etc. are good for health., domestic animal, etc. helps to create, Meditation helps to improve the ability of, positive mindset, improves confidence., concentration. It imparts positivity in our, Social health can be maintained by, temperament. Meditation helps the students, keeping ourselves aware about, to improve concentration in their studies., happenings around us, neutralizing the, Deliberate inculcation of characters like time, negative thoughts (ex. revenge), etc., management, planning of our own duties and, decision power is nothing but cultivating the, socially strong and ideal personality., We have all the ways to manage our stress. However, if those are not successful due to, certain reasons, it leads to some more serious problems like depression and frustration. Medical, advice, counselling and psychotherapy are available for such persons. Similarly, many NGOs, also provide helping hand. Let us see the information about some of those., 1., , Unified Movement against Tobacco., , This movement has been started by 45 different well-known organizations like WHO,, Tata trust, etc. This movement is active for controlling the tobacco consumption and, providing guidance to activists against tobacco., 2., , Salaam Mumbai Foundation, , This organization runs programs in various schools in Mumbai to empower the, children living in slum area in the field of education, sports, arts and business. This, organization encourages the children to take education by helping them to improve their, health and lifestyle. This trust has made some districts in Maharashtra completely tobaccofree through hard work. Since the year 2002 this organisation is working with various, school in urban and rural area for, making the society tobacco-free. This, programme is being implemented with, the help of Government in about 200, schools in Mumbai and 14000 schools, in the rest of Maharashtra. The oath of, freedom from tobacco is taken in every, school as per the Government letter., Government Schemes, Phone number / helpline numbers, are published in newspaper to help the, children in distress or facing any type, 9.11 Counselling, of problem. Children contact the, helpline to narrate their problems. Proper help and guidelines are offered to children., , 107

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Exercise, 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word., a. Laughter club is a remedy to drive, away -- -- -- --., b. Alcohol, consumption, mainly, affects -- -- -- -- system., c. The act -- -- -- -- is to curb the cyber, crimes., 2. Answer the following., a. Which factors affect the social, health?, b. Which changes occur in persons, continuously using internet and, mobile phones?, c. Which problems do the common, man faces due to incidences of, cyber crime?, d. Explain the importance of good, communication with others., 3. Solve the following cross-word, 1. Continuous, consumption, of, alcoholic and tobacco-materials., 2. This app may cause the cyber, crimes., 3. A remedy to resolve stress., 4. Requirement for stress free life., 5. Various factors affect -- -- -- health., 6. Art of preparing food items., , आ, , 5, , 6, 4अ, , 1, , 3, , 2, , Aई D D I, , C T, , I, , O N, , 4. Which are various ways to minimize, stress?, , 108, , 5. Give three examples of each., a. Hobbies to reduce stress., b. Diseases endangering the social, health., c. Physical problems arising due to, excessive use of mobile phones., d. Activities under the jurisdiction of, cyber crime laws., 6. What will you do? Why?, a. You are spending more time in, internet/mobile games, phone, etc., b. Child of your neighbour is addicted, to tobacco chewing., c. Your, sister, has, become, incommunicative. She prefers to, remain alone., d. You have to use free space around, your home for good purpose., e. Your friend has developed the hobby, of snapping selfies., f. Your brother studying in XII has, developed the stress., 7. What type of changes occurs in a, home having chronically ill old, person? How will you help to maintain, good atmosphere?, Project:, Enlist various factors affecting the, social health in your residential, area. Decide the necessary changes, to correct the situation and, implement those changes.

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10. Disaster Management, Ø  , Disaster, Ø  , Types of disaster, Ø  , Effect/ Impact of disaster, Ø  , The nature and extent of disaster, Ø  , Mock drill, , Can you recall?, Disaster, , Ø  , Effect of disaster, Ø  , Disaster management, Ø  , First aid and emergency action, , 1. What is disaster?, 2. Which disasters have you experienced in your area?, 3. What are the effects of that disaster on local and surrounding, conditions?, , Variously dangerous events occur many times in the environment. Those are called as, disasters. Some of the main natural disasters are floods, wet and dry famine, cyclones,, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. These are ‘all of a sudden’ troubles to the mankind. Such, events cause sudden changes in the environment and thereby cause the damage to it. Environment is also damaged due to use of natural resources for our development. This leads, to sudden disasters, unexpected to human. These can be called as man-made disasters., United Nations has defined the disaster as ‘the sudden event that leads to the huge loss of, life and property. Words like ‘huge’ and ‘sudden’ are important in the definition. As the, disaster occurs suddenly, it cannot be predicted. Hence, precautions are not possible. Huge, losses to the property occur in the area of disaster. There are long term effects on society, due to incidences of life and property loss. Various areas of life like economic, social,, cultural, political, law and administration, etc. are affected by it. The life in the area of, disaster disturbs totally. There is loss to life and property of the people in distress., Earlier, we have studied various types of disasters and the measures to be taken. None of, the different disasters are similar. Period of each disaster is not same. Some disasters are, short term where as some are long term. Reasons behind each disaster are also different., Depending upon the nature of disaster, it can be determined that which component of the, environment will be affected more., Can you tell?, , Which are two main types of disasters?, , Earlier, we have studied the effects of various types of disasters and the precautionary, measures to be taken in case any disaster happens. We can classify the disasters in other, ways too; like catastrophic disasters. Ex. Cyclones in Odisha, catastrophic earthquakes of, Gujarat and Latur, frequently buzzing cyclones in coastal Andhra Pradesh, etc. which lead, to total chaos, huge loss of life and property in respective region. However, irrespective of, all these, life has always returned to normal within short time. Disasters making the impact, for long duration are those whose after-effects are either severe or severity increases with, time. Ex. Famine, various problems of crop, strikes of workers, rising levels of oceans,, desertification, etc., , 109

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Let’s Discuss, , Observe the following images. Whether the places of, disasters are known to you? Discuss the effects of these, disasters on public life. How it could have been saved from, these disasters? Discuss with your friends in the class-room., Internet is my friend, Search for the video, clips of disasters. Discuss, in your class about effects, of disasters and remedies, over it., , Can you tell?, , 10.1 Some Disasters (Courtesy: Lokmat Library, Aurangabad ), , How can disasters be, classified depending upon, various criteria?, , Types of Disasters, (Geophysical) , Geological, Ex. Earth, quake,, volcano,, tsunami,, land-slides,, land-fall,, erosion,, alkalization,, flooding,, etc., , Atmospheric, Ex. Hot and, cold waves,, snow-storms,, snow fall,, cyclones,, hail storm,, drought, flood,, meteorite, sun, spots, etc., , Can you recall?, , (Biological) , Plant, Ex. Forest fire,, fungal disease spreading, (Blister), weed,, (aquatic, carrot, grass, common, grass), , Animal, Infectious, viruses,, bacteria, (cholera,, malaria,, hepatitis,, plague),, insects, bite, of poisonous, animals,etc., , (Man Made), Unknown, poisonous, gases., Atomic, test., Unplanned, action, Accident.., , International, War, fire,, bomb blast,, forced, migration,, terrorism,, rapes, child, labour., , 1. Which are the destructive effects of flood?, 2. Which are the effects of dry famine?, 3. Which are the destructive effects of earthquake?, 4. What is forest fire? What is its effect on environment?, , 110

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Effects of disaster, , We have understood the serious effects of disaster with the help of above-mentioned, questions. Collapsing of bridges, flooding of coastal villages, shortage of food are some, of the problems of floods. Collapsing of houses, developing cracks in land are some of the, effects of earthquake. Disasters like forest fire and drought also adversely affect the environment. However, what is exact nature of these disasters? Whether there are any changes, in nature before the occurrence of disasters? For how long the effects occur after the occurrence of disaster? How? It needs to be think over all these aspects. This helps us to, understand the nature and gravity of the disaster., Disasters definitely affect the economy of the nation. That effect is always relative to, disaster and economy i.e. if any port is destroyed, there are long lasting effects on economy due to huge expenses on its reconstruction. An effect of disaster on social leadership is, that if local leadership is not strong enough, citizen become confused. It affects their participation in rescue and rehabilitation activities. Administrative problems arise during the, disaster. If local governing bodies are affected by disasters, related departments cannot, answer the problems of disaster efficiently. All the concerned departments are affected by, disaster and thereby entire system collapses., Complete the chart, , What will be the effect on yourself and surrounding, if any, accident-like disaster occurs during the sports on playground or, in school?, , Injuries, emotional /, mental stress, increase, Medical, in epidemics, death of, victims., , Po, , l, , l, , cia, , ................................., ................................., ................................., ................................, lit, , So, , tal, , men, , Use your brain power, , iron, , Sudden increase in fund, expenditure, shortage of, funds for development of, other sectors, decrease in, productivity., , Env, , ................................., ................................., ................................., ................................, , Stress on workers, collapsing, of transport system, shortage of, facilities, etc., , Adm, i, Prof nistrativ, essio, e, nal, , Partial or complete collapsing of buildings,, drying out of water sources, contamination of, water, Stinky pollution of environment due to, decomposing corpses of humans and other, animals., , ica, , Let's Think, , Different problems occurs with disasters. in the concept map different effects are mentioned. Read it and fill, the blank places., , Economic, , Disaster, , Depending upon above information, explain the various, effects of the disaster of railway accident., , 111

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Nature and scope of disaster, Taking into consideration the scope of disaster, some of the important facts must be, thought over, as follows, 1., Pre-disaster phase, Lets Think, 2., Warning phase, 3., Emergency phase, Explain the nature and scope of, 4., Rehabilitation phase, the disaster of flood with the help of, 5., Recovery phase, six points given beside., 6., Reconstruction phase, Taking into consideration the nature and scope of disaster, only three aspects of, disaster are important for common citizens., 1. Phase of emergency: Important character of this phase is that maximum lives can be, saved by quick actions during this phase only. Various actions like search and rescue operations, medical assistance, first aid, restoring communication services, removing the, people from affected area are expected in this phase. Gravity of disaster can be estimated, in this phase only., 2. Transitional Phase: Rehabilitation work is started in this phase, after the subsidence of, any type of disaster. It includes clearing of debris, restoring water supply, repairing roads,, etc. so that it will help to bring normalcy in public life. Rehabilitation of the victims is, important aspect of this phase. Generally, different institutes offer the monetary and other, type of help to such people. It helps to soothe the mental stress at the earliest if these victims are offered with the permanent mean of earning livelihood and this is true rehabilitation., 3. Reconstruction Phase: This is highly complicated phase. This phase begins in transitional phase. People reconstruct their buildings and facilities like roads and water supply, are restored. Farming practices are restarted. However, it takes long time for reconstruction., Planet Earth has experienced many natural disasters. Listening to the description of those, disasters brings numbness to the mind. Most of the disasters and related unprecedented, situations have been occurred in the Asian continent and region of Pacific Ocean. Huge, loss to the life and the planet Earth has been occurred due to such disasters. Generally,, such conditions of natural imbalance have been arisen due to greed of economic progress, of human being., In reality, old problems of several years have become fierce. Ex. Increasing population, its, increasing needs emerging problems out of it are now at the extreme end. Such disasters, have been increased after the world war-II. Condition of instability arises in the country, due to various reasons like economic inequality, racial and religious differences, etc. Incidences like terrorism, abduction, social differences have been a routine now., Production and use of harmful chemicals is under ban in developed countries. However, production of either same or those chemicals which can wipe out the human race is, common in developing and poor countries., , 112

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Do you know?, In 2014, there had been a huge landslide in the village Malin, Tal. Ambegaon,, Dist. Pune. Following is the image of the school reconstructed after the disaster., , Another such threat to human being is from the atomic energy plants. Ex. Radiation, leakage occurred after a blast in atomic energy plant at Chernobyl, Russia. Its ill-effects, are still experienced in the region. This atomic energy plant was only used for electricity, generation. Now a day, many countries are equipped with atomic energy. Out of this,, risk of radiation leakage is increasing due to carelessness. Hence, importance of disaster, management has become the foremost need of almost all the nations. In fact, it is most, necessary for citizens of all countries, because they are the main sufferers in any type of, disaster. Hence, direct participation of citizens in disaster management is highly necessary. Similarly, disaster management schemes should be changed with respect to location, time and nature of the disaster. It should not be restricted for a particular period., Overall, there may be any type of disaster, it should be overcome. Concept of disaster, management has been arisen out of this only., Disaster management, Objectives of Disaster Management, Disaster may be minor or major, short-time or long-time, it should be overcome, 1. Saving of human life during the, and effective disaster management is, calamity and release of the people., necessary for it. There is close relationship, 2. Supply of essential commodities, between disaster management and public, of the people to reduce the effect, participation. Disaster management is either, of disaster., prevention of disasters or making, 3. To restore the human life in the, arrangements to face it or at least achieve, region by creating reconciliation, the abilities to face it., in disaster., Disaster is a very fast process, in fact it, 4. Rehabilitate disaster victims., is accident. What shall we do in such, 5. Considering protective measures, situation? How can we protect ourselves,, in disaster, such disaster will not, our belongings and animals?, reach in future and take care to, In case of disaster management, there, reduce their intensity., should be an attempt to minimize the losses., Disasters are never planned but losses due it, can be prevented in a planned manner., , 113

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Disaster management is achieving or time to time improving the ability to face the disasters, through scientific and careful observations and analysis of data. For example, preparing, the action plan through study of various aspects like preventive measures, rehabilitation, and reconstruction and executing that plan is nothing but the management of disaster., Disaster management can be divided into two parts., Pre-disaster management, This, includes, the, complete, preparation and planning to face any, type of disaster. For that purpose.., a. Identifying the pro-disaster areas., b. Collecting the information about, intensity of disaster and probable, sites of disasters through predictive, intensity maps and hazard maps, respectively., c. Getting special training for disaster, management., d. Increasing awareness about disaster, management among the general, public through training programmes,, mass media, and etc. Post-disaster, management, Observe, , Post-disaster management, 1. Providing all types of necessary help, to victims of disasters., 2. Participation of preferably local, peoples saved from the disaster in, arranging the help to victims., 3. Quick establishment of help centre., Different types of disasters need different types of control centres., 4. Categorization of the help material, received from control centre, delivering the material to victims and continuous review of the help., 5. Being always prepared for disaster, rescue., , Observe the disaster cycle given below and explain each aspect of, the disaster of earthquake., , Preparation: Plan is, prepared to minimize the, destruction in any disaster,, if occurs., , Redemption: Plan for, minimizing the damage, to the society and, country., , Restoration: This is an important, link between measures after, disaster and national development., This step is useful for progress of, nation and rehabilitation., , Resurgence : Resurgence is an, important link between emergency, measures and national progress., Resurrection is a stage used for the, welfare and rehabilitation of the, nation., , Main aspects of, disaster, management cycle, Response :, Response to the disaster is, to be given immediately, after the incidence. This, factor is followed by, the disaster strike in this, cycle., , 114, , Preparedness: A plan, is chalked out so as to, get the quick response, from general public, and administration., , Impact of disaster:, Intensity of, various aspects of, disaster and disaster, management, are, reviewed.

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Always remember, , Try this, , Organisations providing, precautionary warning, , National disaster management authority, Chairman : Prime Minister, , State disaster management authority, Chairman : Chief Minister, , District disaster management authority, Chairman : Collector, , Other Social/ private, organisation, , Which factors will you consider, Though avoidance of natural disaster is, while designing the pre-disaster impossible, loss out of it can be minimized., management plan for your school / However man-made disasters can be avoided., home?, Helping each other in the crisis of disaster is, Prepare a survey report with the our ethical responsibility., help of your teacher., Structure of Disaster Management Authority, In case of disaster, an authority has been established at the level of government., Following flow chart indicates the function of control and coordination under the disaster, management from national to village level. Disaster Management Act, 2005 has been, passed in our country., , Taluka disaster management authority, Chairman : Tahsildar, , General, public, , Village level Committee, Chairman : Sarpanch, , System involved in, actual rescue and, rehabilitation work, , Get information, Visit the District Collector or Taluka Tehasildar office and collect the information, about disaster management., District Disaster Management Authority:, At the district level, district collector is responsible for disaster management and implementation of rehabilitation schemes. Collector is planning, coordinating and controlling, the implementation of rehabilitation programme, gives out necessary instructions and reviews the entire system. District collector is also responsible for designing the schemes for, each district, separately for each type of disaster and getting those sanctioned from, state-level authorities., , 115

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District-wise Disaster Control Unit:, District control unit is established immediately either after the impact of disaster or, getting intimation about it. It reviews about various aspects of disaster, keeps continuous, contact with various agencies like army, air force, navy, telecommunication department,, paramilitary forces, etc. for getting help. It is also responsible for coordinating with various, voluntary organizations for their help in disaster management., Internet is my friend, Find out more about the activities of international organizations that work for, disaster management., 1. United Nations Disaster Relief Organization, 2. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, 3. Asian Disaster Reduction Centre., 4. Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre., 5. World Health Organization., 6. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization., , Who Does What?, , Can you tell?, , National Disaster Response Force has been established as, per the Disaster management Act, 2005. Divisions of this, force are working in army. Overall, 12 divisions are, working in the country. Its headquarter is in Delhi and it is, in action all over the country with the help of army. In, Maharashtra, National Disaster Response Force is in, action through State Reserve Police Force. Personnel of, this force have substantial contribution in rescue work in, disasters like cyclones, cliff-sliding, building collapse, etc., Website: http://www.ndrf.gov.in, 1. What is first aid?, 2. How can we offer first aid to victims of any disaster?, , First Aid and Emergency Action:, You have studied in earlier classes about the types of first aid to be offered to the, persons injured in disasters. Use of this knowledge is useful for offering the help to, classmates or people around you facing any disaster and injured there in., , Sometimes, we have to face the disaster, due to our own unawareness. Some, symbols given beside are seen used, around us. Those symbols can not be, ignored. Such symbols are useful to, avoid the mishaps., 10.2 Signs, , 116

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Let's Think, , Following are some pictures of disasters. Which precautions would, you take during those disasters?, , A, , B, , C, , 10.2 Various disasters, , Observe, , a, , Give the reference of following pictures and explain importance, of each of those in disaster management. Which are other such, activities?, , b , , c, , d, , e, , f, , 10.4 Various activities, , In emergency condition, various transportation methods like cradle method, carrying, on back, carrying on two hands are to be followed. Those methods depend upon the, condition of victim. We face different types of major or minor disasters in our daily life., Varieties of disasters like accidents, stampede, injuries in fighting, electric shock, burns,, heat shock, snake bite, dog bite, fire due to electric short circuit, epidemic of any disease,, etc. happen around us. Victims of disaster need to be offered some primary help before, actual medical treatment. First aid is useful in such circumstances., Complete the chart, , Complete the chart as per the objectives of First Aid., Relieving the pains, , Preventing deterioration, of condition of victims of, disaster, , Objectives of First Aid, Attempt to improve the, condition, , Saving lives, , 117

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First Aid Kit, It is essential to have material necessary for first aid with us. That material is available, in the first aid kit. You can also prepare a first aid kit. It is also important to use whatever, the material available in the given condition for first aid., Meet the medical officer / doctor from your village and collect, , Get information information about providing the first aid., The necessary material in first aid box, , 1. Bandage strips of different size 8. Antiseptic (Dettol/ Savlon) 15. Scissor, 16. Thermometer, 9. Safety pins, 2. Wound gauze., 17. Petroleum jelly, 3. Triangular and circular bandage. 10. Blade, 11. Small pins, 4. Medicated cotton, 12. Needle, 5. Hand gloves, 13. Band aid, 6. Clean and dry cloth pieces., 14. Torch, 7. Soap, , Can you tell?, , Whether there had been mock drill by fire fighters under the, disaster management scheme in your school? Which techniques, did you see during the drill?, , Mock Drill, It is a practice to check the preparedness of facing the disaster as early as possible., Virtual / Apparent situation of disaster is created to check the reaction time for any type, of disaster. Trained personnel observe their responsibilities to check execution of plan, designed for disaster redressal. This helps to check the efficacy of the system prepared for, disaster redressal., Mock drill is arranged on disaster of fire in various schools by the fire fighters. It, includes the demonstrations like extinguishing the fire, rescuing the people trapped at, higher floors of buildings, rescuing the persons whose clothing have caught the fire, etc., Such activities are also arranged by police force and voluntary organizations., Objectives of Mock Drill, 1. Evaluating the response to the disaster., 2. Improving the coordination between, various departments of disaster control., 3. Identification of own abilities., 4. Improving the ability of quick response, to disaster., 5. Checking the competency of the planned, actions., 6. Identifying the possible errors and risks., , 118, , Internet is my friend, Watch the video clip of fire fighting, mock drill on you tube and send to, your friends and relatives.

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Always remember, 1. Do not make chaos and push each other while using staircase in the school., 2. Remind important help-lines and use as per need. Ex. Police 100, Fire fighting force, 101, Disaster Control Unit 108, Ambulance 102, etc., 3. Follow the traffic rules. Look at left and right sides while crossing the road and ensure, that any vehicle in not passing by., 4. Do not touch any unclaimed object. Do not spread rumours., 5. Do not make chaos at the crowded places., Health, y life, is the, key to, succes, s, , Give up the, addictions and, stay happy, , Cleanliness, and health, always coexist, , Follow the, rules to avoid, disasters, , Today’s students are, future citizens of, country, , Exercise, 1. Complete the table., (Motor accident, land sliding, forest, fire, theft, riot, war, epidemic, drought,, locust attack, financial crisis, flood,, famine) , Disaster, , Symptoms Effects, , Remedy, , 2. Write notes., a. Disaster management Authority, , 3. Answer the following questions., a. Explain the role of district disaster, control unit after occurrence of any, disaster., b. Give the reasons for increase in, human disasters after the World, War-II., c. Which are the objectives of disaster, management?, d. Why is it essential to get the training, of first aid?, e. Which different methods are used, for transportation of patients?, Why?, 4. On the basis of the structure of disastermanagement authority, form the same, for your school., , b. Nature of disaster management, c. Mock drill, , 5. Write down the reasons, effects and, remedial measures taken for any two, disasters experienced by you., , d. Disaster Management Act, 2005, , 119

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6. Which different aspects of disaster, management would you check for, your school? Why?, 7. Identify the type of disaster., a. Terrorism, b. Soil erosion, c. Hepatitis, d. Forest fire, e. Famine, f. Theft, , a., , b., , 8. Some symbols are given below., Explain those symbols. Which, disasters may occur if those symbols, are ignored?, , c., , d., , 9. Explain that why is it said like that?, A] Mock drill is useful, B] Effective disaster management, makes us well prepared for future., 10. Complete the following chart., Properties of Predisaster, management, , 11. Following are the pictures of some, disasters. How will be your pre- and, post-disaster management in case, you face any of those disasters?, , 120, , Project:, 1. Demonstrate the activities shown on, page no. 106 of std. IX textbook in, front of the students of other classes., Make a video clip and send it to others., 2. Form a group of students from your, school to demonstrate the mock drill, and demonstrate it in the school.