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CONTENTS, , S.N., , PROSE & POEM, , PAGE NO, , 1, , A HERO, , 7-11, , 2, , GRANDMA CLIMBS A TREE, , 11-13, , 3, , THERE’S A GIRL THE TRACKS, , 13-17, , 4, , QUALITY OF MERCY (MEMORIZATION), , 17-18, , 5, , GENTELMAN OF RIO EN MEDIO, , 18-22, , 6, , I AM THE LAND, , 22-23, , 7, , DR: B.R AMBEDKAR, , 24-27, , 8, , SONG OF INDIA, , 27-30, , 9, , THE CONCERT, , 30-34, , 10, , JAZZ POEM TWO, , 34-35, , 13, , COLOURS OF SILENCE, , 36-40, , 14, , BLIND BOY, , 40-42, SUPPLIMENTARY READING, , 1, , NARAYANPUR INCIDENT, , 45-45, , 2, , ON THE TOP OF THE WORLD, , 45-46, , 3, , A GREAT MARTYR EVER CHERISHED, , 46-47, , GRAMMAR, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, , COLLOCATION, SYLLABIFICATION, OPPOSITE WORDS, PASSAGE, JUMBLED SENTENCE, DEGREE OF COMPARISON, , 48, 48, 49-50, 50-52, 52, 53-57, 4

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7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, , PROFILE WRITING, PICTURE DISCRIPTION WRITING, ESSAY WRITING, DEVELOPING STORY, LETTER WRITING, EDITING, GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE USAGE, FINITE AND NON FINITE VERB, LANGUAGE FUNTION, DIRECT INDIRECT, QUESTION TAGS, PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, PHRASAL VERBS, ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION, , 72-73, 73-74, 74-77, 77-78, 78-79, 79-80, 80, 81-82, , 9, , HOMOPHONES, , 81-82, , 10, , ARTICLES, , 11, , ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE, , 12, , IF CLAUSE, , 13, , WH QUESTIONS, , 86-87, , 14, , HELPING VERB, , 87-88, , 15, , PREPOSITION, , 88-89, , 16, , SYNONYMES, , 57-59, 59-61, 61-64, 64-65, 65-71, 71-72, , 83, 83-85, 85, , 89-90, , 5

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Instructions to the students, Dear students,, This is a simplified notes on the second language English., All learning aspects of English second language have been covered, in this short notes., Our main aim is to make all students understand English language, easily., We have tried to use simple language and words which are, familiar to the student., We hope that it would surely become self study material for all, students., This notes consist of., It has been covered all prose lessons summaries, one mark., questions, 2 marks questions, 3 marks questions and extracts with, answers, to help the student to how to write appropriate answer, in examination., It has been covered all poems summaries, one mark questions, 2, mark questions, 3marks questions and extracts with answers, to, understand the poems in an easy way., It has been covered all grammar points with examples., We hope that it would help the students to understand well and, score more in the examination., , 6

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A HERO, -R K Narayan, ‘A Hero’ written by R. K. Narayan is a wonderful story which starts with Swami's, father reading out news report about a young boy's fight with a tiger. He read out the whole, paragraph describing the young boy’s fight with the tiger and his flight up the tree where he, stayed till people came that way and killed the tiger. Swami however found it impossible that a, young could be so brave as to fight with a tiger. He argued the same with his father. His father, became annoyed and told him to sleep alone in his office room to prove that he has courage., Swami did not like the idea as he had always slept beside granny and was scared to sleep alone., But his father didn’t agree to it and order him to sleep alone. Swami silently went to his granny’s, room and pretended to be slept. But his father came and awaken him and took him to his room, where he was supposed to sleep alone. Swami requested a burning lamp for the night but was, refused. Then father allowed to keep the door open. Swami was frightened of both the, darkness and the loneliness. He remembered all the devil stories which he had heard or read., Thinking about such scary things, he fell asleep. He dreamt of a tiger chasing him and woke out, of fear. Then he noticed something moving down. He thought it was a devil and in order to get, rid of him, he bit it. Someone screamed loudly. His father and servants came running to the, room and found a burglar amidst the furniture with a bleeding ankle. Next morning, everyone, congratulated Swami on his brave deed. He was informed that the police was grateful to him for, catching one of the most notorious house breakers of the district. That night when his father, came back home, he asked for Swami and came to know that he had gone to sleep with his, granny again. He was annoyed but gave up, telling his wife not to blame him if Swami became, spoilt later. Swami, who was listening to all this conversation, was relieved that his father had, finally given up., , I. Four alternatives are given. Choose the best alternative., 1. “Swami disputed the theory". What was the theory?, a) Courage is more important than strength., b) A man who has the strength of an elephant can fight a tiger., c) Strength and age are more important than courage., d) Even a boy can fight the tiger., 2. What did Swami do when he saw something coming near him?, a) He cried that something had bitten him. b) He covered his face with a blanket., c) He lifted the bench and threw it at that something., d) He hugged it with all his might and used his teeth on it like a deadly weapon., 3. Father disliked Swami sleeping, a) Beside him b) alone, c) beside his granny, d) in the office room, 4. In his sleep, Swami was racked with nightmares about, a) A lion, b) a ghost c) a tiger, d) a cobra, 5. When the classmates came to know that Swami had done a brave deed, they, a) Called him a hero b) patted his back c) Congratulated him d) looked at him with respect, 6. Things took an unexpected turn for Swami, because of, a) The burglar b) his father c) the newspaper report d) his mother, 7. What did Swami's father want to do to his son if he went to his granny's side at night?, He would, a) Beat him, b) make him a laughing stock in his school, c) Send him out, d) make him sleep again in the office room, 7

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8. After reading through the newspaper, Father asked Swami "What would you say to, that?" Swami replied, a) The boy is courageous, b) the news is false, c) A grown- up person has fought the tiger, d) you are joking, 9. What according to swami’s father is necessary to fight the tiger?, a) Strength, b) Age, c) Intelligence, d) Courage, 10. What was disgraceful about swami, according to his father?, a) Refusal to sleep in his office room b) Sleeping alone in his room, c) Sleeping in the passage, d) a boy sleeping beside his grandmother or mother, ANSWERS:1- a, 2-d, 3-c, 4-c, 5-d, 6-c, 7-d, 8-c, 9-d, 10-d, , II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentence each, 1. Swami’s father read a paragraph in the newspaper. What did it describe?, Ans: A boy had a fight with the tiger. Then he climbed the tree and stayed there for half a day, till some people came that way and killed the tiger., 2. What did swami tell his father about the office room? How did father react to it?, Ans: Swami told his father that his office room was dusty and there might be scorpions behind, his law books. Father told him that there were no scorpions and instructed him to sleep on the, bench., 3. Why did swami go to bed very early on the next day? What reason did his mother give for, it?, Ans: Swami knew that his father would ask him to sleep in the office room again. Swami’s, mother told her husband that Swami did not have a wink of sleep the previous night. So he, went to bed at 7.30 p.m., 4. “You think you are wiser than the newspaper”. What made Swami’s father say so?, Ans: After reading the newspaper, Swami's father told his son that a boy fought with the tiger., Swami asked his father how a boy could fight the tiger. He told him that the person who fought, with the tiger must be very strong and grown-up., 5. What was Swami’s plan to change the subject? What was the result?, Ans: Swami told his father loudly and with a great deal of enthusiasm "We are going to admit, even elders in our cricket club hereafter. We are buying brand new bats and balls. Our captain, has asked me to tell you." But his father insisted him to sleep in the office room., 6. “Congratulations were showered on Swami next day” how did Swami’s classmates,, teachers and the headmaster congratulate him?, Ans: Swami's classmates looked at him with respect. His teachers patted his back. The, headmaster said that Swami was a true scout., 7. As the night advanced, Swami felt that something terrible would happen to him. What, would it be? How would it happen?, Ans: As the night advanced and everything became quiet, Swami's heart began to beat faster., He remembered all the stories of devils and ghosts he had heard. He was filled with fear and, every moment he expected the devils to come up to carry him away., 8. What did swami feel when he saw something moving in the darkness? What did he do?, How did he react?, Ans: When Swami saw something moving in the room, he was filled with horror. He imagined, that it was the devil that would pull him out and tear him into pieces. He decided to save, himself and as the figure came nearer, he crawled out of the bench, caught hold of it and dug, his teeth into it., 9. Why were congratulations showered on Swami?, 8

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Ans: Because he unknowingly caught the notorious burglar of the district., 10. The police inspector asked Swami to join the police. What was Swami’s reply? Was he, really willing to join the police? Give reasons., Ans: Swami replied that he would certainly join the police when he was grown up. Swami was, not willing to join the police because he had no courage. He wanted to choose one of these, professions - being an engine driver, a railway guard, a bus conductor., , III.Read each of the following extracts and answers the questions given below, 1. “Something was moving down”, a)What was that ‘something’, according to Swami?, Ans: The Devil, b) Was it really as Swami Thought? Give reason., Ans: It was not a devil but a burglar., c) What did Swami think when he saw it?, Ans: Swami thought that his end had come near, 2. “Our captain has asked me to tell you.”, a) Who is the ‘me’?, Ans: Swami, b) What had the captain asked him to tell?, Ans: The cricket club was going to admit even elders as members and the club would buy brand, new bats and balls, c) When did the speaker say so?, Ans: Father persuaded Swami to sleep in the office room, d) Had the captain asked him to say so? Give reason., Ans: The captain of the club might not have asked Swami to tell this to his father. Swami said, this just to change the subject., 3. “Will you at least leave the door open?”, a) Who did the speaker ask?, Ans: The speaker asked his father., b) Why did he want the door to be opened?, Ans: He was afraid of the dark and devils or ghosts., c) What reply did the speaker get?, Ans: Swami should promise that he would not roll up his bed and go to his grandma's side at, night., 4. “Let me see if you can sleep alone tonight in my office room.”, a) Who is the ‘me’?, Ans: Swami's father, b) Who did the speaker ask to sleep in the office room?, Ans: Swami, C) Why did he ask him to sleep in the office room?, Ans: To prove that Swami has courage., 5. Granny pleaded, “Why do you disturb him?”, a) Who did Granny plead to?, Ans: Swami's father, b) When did she say so?, Ans: Swami's father asked his son to get up from the bed and sleep his office room, C)Who does ‘him’ refer to?, Ans: The word `him' refers to Swami, D) What does ‘plead’ mean in the context?, 9

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Ans: The word 'plead' means to ask for something in a serious and emotional way., 6. “He lay gazing at it in horror. His end had come.”, a)What did he feel the ‘it’ was?, Ans: According to him ‘it’ was the devil, b)What did he do with the ‘it’?, Ans: He hugged it with all his might and used his teeth on it like a mortal weapon, c) “His end had come.” What does the statement mean?, Ans: He thought that he was going to die. / The devil would kill him., d)What really was the ‘it’?, Ans: The ‘it’ was really a burglar., 7. “All right molly coddles and spoil him as much as you like”, a)Who made his statement?, Ans: Swami's father, b) Who does ‘you’ refer to?, Ans: Swami’s mother, C) How, according to the speaker, was he being spoiled?, Ans: Swami used to sleep beside his granny. His mother and granny did not advise him to learn, to sleep alone in the night and also to be courageous, 8. “He wished that the tiger had not spared the boy.”, a) What do the underlined words imply?, Ans: Underlined words meant that he wished that the tiger had killed the boy, b) Why did Swami have such thoughts?, Ans: Swami was upset and frightened because his father had asked him to sleep alone to prove, that he was courageous., c) How can you say that Swami would have been happy if the tiger had not spared the boy?, Ans: Swami would not have been asked to sleep in his father’s office alone., 9. “No wonder he wanted to be asleep before I could return home. Clever boy”!, a) Who did Swami sleep with before his father returned?, Ans: Swami slept beside his grandmother., b) Why do you think Swami had gone to sleep before his father’s return?, Ans: Swami still did not have the courage to sleep alone. He was afraid his father would force, him to do so., c) Do you think his father was angry with him for this? Give a reason to support your answer., Ans: Swami’s father uses the phrase ‘clever boy’. This may have been said affectionately, not, out of anger., 10. “If you do it, I will make you the laughing stock of your school”., a) Who said this and to whom?, Ans: Swami's father said to his son., b) What is the ‘it?’, Ans: Swami used to sleep beside his granny or his mother every day., c)How would the speaker make him the laughing stock?, Ans: Swami's father threatened him that he would tell all his friends at school, "Swami is afraid, of sleeping alone in the dark. So he sleeps with his granny or his mother.", , IV. Answer the following questions in 5- 6 sentences, 1. Narrate how Swami became a hero overnight?, Ans: Swami was forced to sleep alone in the office-room. His father wanted that he should not, be afraid of darkness When he slept there was absolute silence and in spite of it, some noises, reached Swami's ears. Frightening, Swami spread his bed under the bench. He was racked with, 10

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nightmares like a tiger was chasing him and he tried to escape and the nightmare continued. He, groaned in despair. He put his hand out to feel his granny's presence but he touched the, wooden leg of the bench. When he felt something was rustling and moving he thought his end, had come. He thought that the devil would pull him out. He hugged it tightly and had used his, teeth on it like a mortal weapon. The burglar cried in pain. His father, cook and servant rushed, to the room. The burglar was handed over to the police. Thus Swami became a hero overnight., 2. What desperate attempts did Swami make to escape from his father?, Ans: Swami disliked the idea of sleeping alone in his father's office-room, so he tried to divert, his father's attention by talking about the latest news from his cricket-club. When his father, didn't listen to him he told him that he would sleep there from the first of next month. When his, father didn't agree to that, he silently tiptoed to his bed, pulled the sheet and pretended to be, asleep. His father came there also and told him to follow him to the office. Swami tried to deter, him by saying that there might be scorpions in the office-room but this did not change his, father's mind. Finally, he agreed to sleep there on the condition that he would leave the door, open as his father had not agreed even to the suggestion of having a lamp-burning in his room, for the whole night., , GRANDMA CLIMBS A TREE, SUMMARY, The poem ‘Grandma Climbs a Tree is written by Ruskin Bond. He calls his grandmother, genius because she could climb up any trees very quickly even at the age of sixty two. She had this, gift from her child hood. She was very happy in a tree than in a lift., When her family members advised her to stop climbing trees in old age and spend her life, gracefully. She just laughed and said that she would grow old disgracefully and she could do that, well., One day, when the family members went to town, she climbed a tree and could not come, down; she admitted to the hospital after rescue. The doctor took granny’s temperature and, advised her to take one week bed rest. The family members were felt relieved that there was, nothing serious. They took care of her up in bed. Grandma felt miserable as she lay in bed;, As soon as she felt stronger, she refused to lie in bed. She called her son and asked him to, build her a house on a tree top. The poet’s father was a dutiful son and in accordance with her, wishes, with the help of poet he immediately started to build house for her on a tree., When grandma moved up, he would climb up every day with glasses and a tray and sit with, her while she drinks sherry. She got it and lived like a queen in her house on the tree., I. Four alternatives are given. Choose the best alternative., 1. The poets grandma learn to climb the tree when she was _____ old, a) Five years b) Seven years c) Six years d) 10 years, 2. ‘Ever since childhood, she’d had this gift’. What does the word ‘gift’ refer to? (June, 2015), a) Making houses b) running around in gardens, c) climbing trees, d) taking rest, 3. Grandma had ----------------- of climbing trees in the poem: (2015), a) The habit, b) the chance, c) the gift, d) the blessings, 4. Grandma learnt to climb trees from, a) Her mother, b) her brother, c) her father, d) her husband, 5. the doctor after examining grandma, said, 11

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a) She should be admitted, b) she had to have a surgery, c) She should take rest for a week, d) she could climb a tree, 6. The family members told that one should grow old ___, a) Gracefully, b) disgracefully, c) bravely, d) timidly, 7. Grandma wanted a house, a) On the ground b) beside the sea, c) on a tree top, d) beside the road, 8. Grandma was confined to her bed and it was like a, a) Season in heaven b) palace, c) jail, d) brief season in hell, 9. When she felt stronger she said, a) ‘I’ll lie here no longer b) I will lie here longer c) I will go walking, d) I will dance, 10. Grandma sits in her tree house like a, a) Beggar, b) queen, c) nun, d) thief, Answer:1. c2.c 3.a 4.b 5.c 6.a 7.c 8.d 9.a 10.b, II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each., 1. Why does the poet call his grandmother a genius?, Ans: The poet’s calls his grandma genius because she could climb trees even at the age of 62. She, could not live without it., 2. The speaker in the poem does not call his grandmother ‘childish’. What else was she according, to him? Why does he consider her to be so? (June 2015), Ans: The poet calls his grandmother a genius. Even at the age of sixty two she could climb any tree, in no time. The poet called her genius for her unusual habit but not childish., 3. What did people tell the grandmother as years passed by?, Ans: The people told grandmother that she should stop climbing trees as she grew old. They stated, that one should grow old gracefully., 4. What had the doctor recommended? What was the reaction of the kids to this advice?, Ans: The doctor took granny’s temperature and said that she should spend one week in bed. The, children were relieved that there was nothing serious. They tucked her up in bed., 5. ‘My father knew his duties’. What did he think his duty was?, Ans: As soon as she was better, grandma called her son and told him that she wanted house in a, tree top. Her son was dutiful and in accordance with her wishes, immediately started to build a, house for her on a tree., 6. What qualities of grandma do you appreciate? (April 2015), Ans: The poet’s grandmother had love for trees. Even at the age of 62, she climbed a tree. When, people advised her to stop climbing trees at that age, she laughed and said she would not stop., Thus she uphold dignity of her unusual habit and she was proud of it., III. Read each of the following extracts and answer the questions given below., 1. Ever since childhood, she’d had the gift, For being happier in a tree that in lift., (a) Who is referred to as ‘she’ in the extract?, Ans: ‘She’ is referred to the poet’s grandmother., (b) Which ‘gift’ does she have? What is unusual about this gift?, Ans: She had the ‘gift’ of climbing trees. Even at the age of 62, she could climb up a tree very, quickly., (c) Write the rhyming words used in these lines?, Ans: The rhyming words are gift-lift., 12

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2. “My grandmother was a genius.”, (a) Whose grandmother was a genius?, Ans: Ruskin Bond’s/ poet’s grandmother was a genius., (b) Why did he call her a genius?, Ans: She could climb any kind of tree swiftly., (c) What does ‘genius’ mean in the context?, Ans: A gifted person/ expert., 3. Then she sat up and said, “I’ll lie here no longer”, (a) What does ‘here’ refer to?, Ans: ‘Here’ refers to bed., (b) Why was granny forced to lie down?, Ans: The doctor advised her to be in bed for a week., (c) What did she ask for when she felt stronger?, Ans: To build a house on top of the tree., 4. “And she called for my father and told him undauntedly”., (a) Who does ‘my father’ refer to?, Ans: The poet Ruskin Bond’s father., (b) Who does ‘she’ refer to?, Ans: ‘She’ refers to the grandma., (c) What did he do?, Ans: He built her a house on top of the tree., , THERE'S A GIRL BY THE TRACKS!, -Deven Kanal, Roma Talreja was a 21 year old call centre executive. One day, when she was, returning to her home, she caught the 6:32 p.m. train. It was jam-packed but she, somehow,, managed to squeeze herself into a ladies' compartment. She didn't find any space to stand, safely on, was suddenly pushed and thrown out of the coach as she could not find any steel, railing above to balance herself. She was thrown out of the train. She lay there senseless., Another train was speeding from the opposite direction. A 20-year-old youngster whose name, was Baleshwar Mishra saw a young woman in a black salwar-Kameez lying next to the tracks. He, immediately grabbed the train's emergency chain and pulled it down. The train slowed down., He asked the other passengers to get down with him so as to help the young woman but none, came forward. He got down and the train pulled away., He ran for several minutes and then found her by the side of the tracks. He asked her, how she was but she did not respond. He looked here and there to ask for help but there was, nobody in sight. Baleshwar could see blood flowing out of a gash behind the young woman's, head. Saying a silent prayer, he lifted her and started walking across the tracks. He asked many, people for help but all in vain. Just when he was about to lose hope, a tempo-truck pulled over, and a middle aged man stepped out. Baleshwar requested the truck-driver to help him shift the, young woman to a hospital nearby and he did so. But the nearest hospital could give only firstaid to her. So, Baleshwar and the driver had no choice but to move her back to the truck. When, the vehicle moved forward, Roma opened her eyes. Baleshwar quickly asked her name and, whom he could call before she should blackout once more. The girl told him that her name was, Roma and he could call her brother Dinesh and she gave him his cell phone number., Immediately after this, Roma again lost her consciousness. Baleshwar borrowed the driver's, phone and called Dinesh. He gave him all the information., 13

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Meanwhile, Roma was shifted to Divine Multi-Speciality Hospital and Research, Centre. Looking at her injuries, she was immediately shifted to the ICU without any paperwork., Roma was still unconscious but the X-rays showed that the injuries looked severe but they only, needed deep wound sutures. Dr. Agarwal was of the opinion that she could have bled to death, if nobody had helped her. Next morning when she regained her consciousness, she saw her, brother and her fiancé by her side. She could not speak anything and fell asleep again., Baleshwar revisited the spot on the tracks to look for Roma's belongings because Dinesh had, informed him that her cellphone and bag were missing. A railway employee assured him that, some of her belongings had been found., In a few days, Roma was perfectly fine. Roma was astonished to find a stranger, risking his life for her. She felt she could never repay Baleshwar. When Baleshwar was asked, why he had done it, Baleshwar replied, "That day it was Roma. Tomorrow it could be you or me, by the tracks, bleeding and alone.", I.Four alternatives are given. Choose the best alternative., 1. “There’s a girl by the tracks!” The voices cried out. Whose voices were they?, a) People who were in the railway station., b) Passengers who were in Roma Talreja’s compartment., c) Passengers who were in Baleshwar’s compartment., d) The railway employees., 2. Baleshwar said, “Sister, are you okay?” He could not get response because she, a) was deaf, b) was experiencing pain, c) Could not understand his language d) was unconscious, 3. What was Dinesh Talreja?, a) A marketing salesman b) A call centre executive c) A mechanic, d) An officer, 4. Why did the medical director admit Roma without any paperwork?, a) It was a Govt. Hospital, b) Baleshwar had come with the traffic police, c) He Knew Baleshwar, d) Roma was severely injured and was unconscious., 5. What was astonishing, according to Roma?, a) The doctor admitting her to ICU, b) A Stranger jumped off a moving train and risked his life to save her., c) The doctor admitted her without any paper work, d) The hospital did not report the matter to the police, 6. The other passengers did not volunteer to help Baleshwar because, a) They thought one man was enough, b) the train was moving too fast, c) They were afraid of getting trapped in the court d) they did not know Baleshwar, 7. Baleshwar disagreed with the traffic constable’s suggestion because, a) The hospital did not have experienced doctors, b) It was a private hospital and he had no money to pay, c) The hospital was far away, d) The hospital did not have an operation theatre, 8. on the day of accident, while returning home Roma was looking forward to, a) Having supper with her parents and brother, b) Going for a movie, c) Going to the airport to receive her brother, d) visiting the garden., 9. What happened to Baleshwar as soon as he jumped down from the slow moving train?, a) His ankle was broken, b) He felt pain in his ankle, c) His knee was broken, d) His left leg was injured, 10. Doctor Agarwal asked Baleshwar to wait until, a) The arrival of the police, b) He got X-Ray report, 14

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c) The arrival of Roma’s family, , d) Roma’s recovery, , Answers: 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-d, 5-b, 6-c, 7-c, 8-a, 9-b, 10-c., II.Answer the following questions in 2 or 3 sentences each, 1 .After her work at the call centre, how did Roma Talreja spend her time?, Ans: Roma Talreja went to the cafeteria. She and her friends joked, laughed and made plans for, the weekend. After returning home she was looking forward to having supper with her parents, and brother., 2.What as Dinesh Talreja doing when he received the phone call from Baleshwar? Why, couldn’t he recognize the number?, Ans: Dinesh Talreja was wrapping up his day at his marketing job at retail outlet in Ulhasnagar., When Baleshwar called him on the mobile he could not recognize the number because he didn't, know who was calling him. That number was not in his mobile., 3.Why did Baleshwar Mishra grab the train’s emergency chain?, Ans: While going by train to Mumbai, Baleshwar noticed a young woman lying next to the, tracks. He wanted to help her. In order to stop the moving train, he grabbed the train's, emergency chain., 4. What happened to Baleshwar as he jumped off the slow moving train?, Ans: A burst of pain shot up in his ankle. Fortunately, there was no real damage. He got up to, find part of his old slipper's sole torn off as a result of his fall., 5. What did Baleshwar request the motorists? What was the result?, Ans: Baleshwar implored the motorists to stop as his sister was injured. He requested them to, help him to take her to a hospital. But no one stopped. After some time a middle-aged tempotruck driver stopped and helped Baleshwar., 6. What did Baleshwar Mishra do as soon as he saw the girl lying next to the tracks?, Ans: on seeing the girl on the tracks, Baleshwar immediately pulled the red emergency chain of, the train. As the train slowed down, he asked the other passengers to come with him to help, the girl. No one came forward. Then Baleshwar bravely jumped off the still-moving train and, rushed towards the girl., 7. When Roma recovered, what did she have to say about her saviour, Baleshwar?, Ans: Roma wondered how a stranger could jump off a train and risk his life for her. She could, not imagine what would have happened to her if Baleshwar had not been there. She felt that, she could never repay him for what he had done., 8. Write briefly about the personal details such as qualification and profession of Roma, Talreja and Baleshwar Mishra., Ans: Roma Talreja was a B.Com graduate from Pune. She was working as a call-centre executive, in Mumbai. She loved her job, talking and connecting to customers., Baleshwar Mishra was a high-school dropout. He had come to Mumbai in search of a job., 9. Baleshwar had a good memory. Do you agree with this? Give an example to support your, view., Ans: Yes, Baleshwar had a good memory. Roma had given him her brother's cell phone number, before she lost consciousness again. Baleshwar quickly memorized it and was able to contact, Dinesh and inform him about the accident., 10. How did the truck driver help Baleshwar?, Ans: Baleshwar had begun to lose hope because no one stopped to help him. After a few, minutes a middle aged tempo- truck driver stopped his vehicle. He and Baleshwar took Roma to, a nearby hospital. After the basic first aid, the truck driver took her to Divine Multi Specialty, Hospital. On the way to the hospital, the truck driver lent his mobile phone to Baleshwar so that, he could call Roma's brother., 15

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III.Read each of the following extracts and answer the questions given below., 1. “He advised that she should be moved to a nearby hospital.”, a)Who is the ‘He’?, Ans: The doctor at the small hospital, b) To whom did he advise?, Ans: Baleshwar, c)Why could he not admit her?, Ans: The Hospital lacked personnel and equipment, 2. “There’s a girl by the tracks!” the voices cried out, a)Whose voice was that?, Ans: Passengers in the moving train., b) What was the name of the girl?, Ans: Roma Talreja, c)How did she happen to lay by the tracks?, Ans: Roma was jammed between the other women. She lost her balance and fell off the train., 3. “Sister, are you okay? “ But there was no response., a)Who asked this question?, Ans: Baleshwar asked this question, b)Who does ‘sister’ refer to?, Ans: The word ‘sister’ refers to Roma Talreja, c)Why couldn’t he get a response?, Ans: Because she was unconscious., 4. “Chacha, can I borrow your mobile?”, a)Who is the ‘Chacha’?, Ans: Baleshwar addressed the truck driver as ‘Chacha’., b) Who did the speaker want to speak to?, Ans: Baleshwar wanted to inform Dinesh Talreja, Roma’s brother, c) What did he want to speak to him about?, Ans: He wanted to inform Roma’s brother Dinesh about Roma’s accident., 5. “Let’s go and help her.”, a)Who said these words?, Ans: Baleshwar, b) Why did he want to help her”?, Ans: The girl lying on the other side of the tracks was injured and she needed help., c)Why didn’t others come to his help?, Ans: Other passengers didn’t come to his help because they were afraid of the court and police., , IV.Answer the following in 6- 8 sentences, 1. How did Baleshwar help Roma?, Ans: Baleshwar found Roma sprawled by the side of the tracks. They were somewhere between, two stations, five kilometres away in Thane district, which borders Mumbai. He asked her how, she was but she didn't respond. He looked here and there to ask for help but there was nobody, in sight. Baleshwar could see blood flowing out of a gash behind the young woman's head., Saying a silent prayer, he lifted her and started walking across the tracks. He asked many people, for help but all in vain. Just when he was about to lose hope, a tempo-truck pulled over and a, middle aged man stepped out. Baleshwar requested the truck-driver to help him to shift the, young woman to a hospital nearby and he did so. But the nearest hospital could give only first, 16

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aid to her. So, Baleshwar and the driver had -no choice but to move her to another hospital, where she recovered later. Baleshwar also called her brother there, 2. After Roma made a full recovery, Baleshwar met her. Briefly describe how Roma thanked, him, and what Baleshwar said in reply?, Ans: Roma recovered fully after a few days. Baleshwar went to meet her. She showed her, gratitude towards him for saving her life. She wondered what would have happened to her if, Baleshwar hadn't been there. She felt it astonishing that a stranger would jump off a train and risk, his life for her. She felt that she could never repay Baleshwar for he had helped her when she, needed it the most. He felt that it had been Roma that day and it could be anyone else some other, day. That's why he had helped her. He took it as his moral duty to help a human being in need., , QUALITY OF MERCY, - William Shakespeare, SUMMARY, ‘Quality of Mercy’ is an extract from Shakespeare’s play ‘The Merchant of Venice’. Portia,, one of the main characters in the play, argues mercy is the greatest virtue of all. Portia compares, mercy to the gentle rain from heaven upon the earth. Mercy blesses both the person who shows it, and the person who receives it. It is the most powerful of all virtues and enhances the glory of a, king more than his crown. A sceptre is a decorated rod carried by a king or queen as a symbol of, power. It is the symbol of majesty. It shows the kings temporal power. It controls people through, fear. The power of mercy is above the power of sceptre. Mercy is divine if it sits in the heart of, man then earthly power becomes divine power. The power of man who shows mercy along with, justice would be God-like in nature., The quality of mercy is not strain’d;, It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven, Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest:, It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes., ‘Tis mightiest in the mightiest; it becomes, The throned monarch better than his crown., His sceptre shows the force of temporal power,, The attribute to awe and majesty,, Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings;, But mercy is above this sceptred sway;, It is enthroned in the heart of kings;, It is an attribute to God himself;, And earthly power doth then show likest God’s, When mercy seasons justice., , I. Four alternatives are given. Choose the best alternative., 1. The throned monarch better than, a) His crown, b) His kingdom, c) Mercy, d) Kindness, 2. His sceptre shows the force of, a) Divine power, b) Temporal power c) Physical power d) Mental power, 3. A decorated rod carried by a king as a symbol of power is called a, a) Sword, b) Crown, c) Sceptre, d) Throne, 4. according to the speaker, a king’s mercy sits in, a) Stomach, b) Head, c) Arms, d) Heart, 17

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5. Mercy is an attribute to, a) King himself, b) God himself, c) Man himself, 6. Mercy is like a gentle rain drops from __________, a) Heaven, b) Earth, c) Palace, 7. “The quality of mercy is not strained”., The word ‘strain’ means, a) Request, b) Force, c) Willing, , d) Heaven itself, d) Tree, , d) Get, , Answer: 1.a 2.b 3.c 4.d 5.b 6.a 7.b, II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each., 1. What is mercy compared to? How is the comparison apt? Justify your answer., Ans: Mercy is compared to the gentle rain from heaven upon the earth. The rain which falls on the, earth helps in the fertility of the earth (soil) and thereby blesses the earth. In the same way the, quality of mercy is gentle and blesses both the giver and the receiver. Mercy can’t be strained., 2. The speaker says that mercy is twice blessed. What does she mean by this?, Ans: The speaker says that mercy brings blessings in two ways. The person who shows mercy is, blessed. The person who receives mercy is also blessed., 3. “Mercy seasons justice”. Explain this statement., Ans: Mercy is a divine power. Justice should go hand in hand with mercy. The king will have to, pronounce judgement which might be harsh. Still it should be combined with mercy., 4. In the poem “Quality of mercy” what is above sceptred away? (June 2015), Ans: In the poem ‘Quality of mercy’, the feeling of mercy has been shown as being sceptred away., It will fill the minds of others with respect and love towards the person the person showing it., III. Read each of the following extracts and answer the questions given below., 1. “It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven., Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest.”, (a) What does ‘upon the place beneath’ refer to?, Ans: The earth, (b) What is compared to the gentle rain from heaven?, Ans: Mercy is compared to the gentle rain., (c) Why does the speaker feel it is ‘twice blessed’?, Ans: The person who shows mercy is blessed. The person who receives mercy is also blessed., 2. “But mercy is above the sceptred sway, It is enthroned in the hearts of kings, It is an attribute to God himself”, (a) How is mercy different from a sceptre?, Ans: Sceptre creates awe while mercy is divine., (b) How is mercy an attribute of God himself?, Ans: When a king is merciful, he reveals the quality attributed to god himself., (c) What does ‘enthroned’ mean in the context?, Ans: Seated, , GENTLEMAN OF RIO EN MEDIO, -Juan A. A. Sedillo, Don Anselmo lived in Rio en Medio where his ancestors had lived for hundreds of, years. He had inherited land from his ancestors. It has small house but attractive. A little stream, ran through his land and his orchard was beautiful., 18

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Anselmo decided to sell his land. The day of the sale he came the office with a dark, young man. He was informed in the office that the party had agreed to pay twelve hundred, dollars in cash for the house. The narrator told that they surveyed the land and found it double, across the river so he owned more than eight acres i.e., almost twice as much as he had, thought. The Americans, who were buying his house, were willing to pay the double amount., The old man thought for some time and replied that since he had agreed to sell his house and, land for twelve hundred dollars, he would not accept more than that. Finally, he signed the, deed and left the place after taking twelve hundred dollars only., A month later, the Americans moved into that house after getting it renovated. But, one day, they went to the office and complained that the children were overrunning their, property. They played every day under the trees; built little play fences around them and took, away the blossoms. Hence, they were not allowing them to live in peace., A meeting was again arranged with Don Anselmo. He came and listened to their, complaints. In the end he said that he had sold them his property but not the trees in the, orchard. He further added that he was perhaps the oldest man in the village and everyone else, in that village was, in some form or another, his relative. The day he took position of the house, from his mother, he had planted a tree for each child born in the village. So the trees in that, orchard belong to the children of that village and not to him. So it was clear that he had sold the, land and not the trees., The Americans could not do anything because initially he had generously refused the, amount for extra land. It took them a long time to buy those trees back from the villagers so, that they could live in peace., I .Four alternatives are given. Choose the correct alternative as answer., 1.When the Americans asked the children to stop coming to the orchard, the children, a) Did not give any reply., b) Said that they had to ask Anselmo., c) Agreed to do so., d) Laughed and talked back to them, 2. Seeing Don Anselmo’s old coat, green and faded, the author suddenly thought of, a) Senator Catron, b) The America, c) Cahplin, d) The Jazz player, 3. The Americans bought land from Don Anselmo because, a) They liked Don Anselmo, b) They had plenty of money, c) They wanted to live peacefully, d) They were also agriculturists, 4. It took months of negotiations to come to an understanding with the old man because he, a) Could not hear properly, b) Could not understand the language, c) Was not in a hurry, d) The land was not measured, 5.“Don Anselmo” I said, “we have made a discovery”, The discovery was that the old man......, a) Did not own the trees, b) Had asked for a high price, c) Had many relatives, d) Owned more land than he thought, 6. The old man had agreed to sell his land for ___________, a) Twelve hundred dollars, b) Twelve thousand dollars, c) Seven hundred dollars, d) Seven thousand dollars, 7. The Americans are Buena gente. The underlined word means, a) Aristocratic people, b) Good people, c) Proud people, d) Sincere people, 8. What kind of a man was Don Anselmo?, a) A miser, b) A spendthrift, c) Greedy, d) Generous, 9. Don Anselmo had innumerable kins. It means he had a number of, a) Trees, b) Children, c) Fruits, d) Relatives, 10. Don Anselmo removed his hat and gloves carefully because, a) They were new and costly, b) It was the custom of the people in Spain, 19

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c) He didn’t want them to get spoiled d) It was a sign of respect, Answers: 1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-c, 5-d, 6- a, 7-b, 8-d, 9-d, 10-c, II.Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each., 1. Why did the story teller send a surveyor/engineer to Don Anselmo’s land? What report did, he give?, Ans: The story teller sent a surveyor/an engineer to measure the extent of land of Don, Anselmo.The engineer reported that the Don Anselmo own more than eight acres., 2. Why did Don Anselmo say that he did not sell the trees?, Ans: Don Anselmo planted a tree when a child was born in the village. So, the trees grown on, The land belonged to the children of that village. Hence, he thought that he had no right to sell, the trees., 3. The buyers of the Orchard were very fair in the approach. Who were the buyers? How were, they fair in their approach?, Ans: The Americans were the buyers of Don Anselmo's orchard. They came to know from the, Engineer, that Don's land measured more than 8 acres. So, they were willing to pay double the, amount to Don. Don told them that the trees were not belong to him but to the children. Legally, the Americans owned the trees. Instead of taking legal action against Don, they bought the, trees from Don's descendants., 4. What makes you think that Don was a gentleman?, Ans: Don Anselmo was a man of principles. When the Americans offered him twice the money, (2400 dollars), Don Anselmo refused to accept it. It was because he had agreed to sell his, property for 1200 dollars., 5.Don Anselmo said, “Trees are not mine but children are the owners of the trees.” Do you, think Don was right as per law? Justify your answer, Ans: Don Anselmo was an innocent man and he did not know the law of the land. When a, Person buys a property, whatever that is grown there, belongs to him. So, Don Anselmo was not, right in saying that the trees did not belong to him but to the children., 6. The Americans were really good people. Give example., Ans: When the Americans came to know that Don Anselmo's land measured more than 8 acres,, they were willing to pay Don double amount. Don Anselmo said that the trees in the orchard did, not belong to him but to the children. The Americans instead of taking legal action bought the, trees individually from Don Anselmo's descendants., 7.The story teller offered the old man almost the double of the price he had quoted earlier., Why?, Ans: The buyers of the land got the land surveyed in order to make the deed. It was found that, Don Anselmo owned sixteen acres which was almost twice as much in size than what they had, fixed the price for. The Americans were good people and they offered to pay double the price, they had quoted earlier., 8. “One day they came back to the office to complain.” What did the American family, complain about?, Ans: The American family complained that the children of the village were running all over, running their property. They came every day, played under the trees, built play fences around, them and picked the flowers., 9.“Don Anselmo and the Americans were generous in their own way.” Give examples., Ans: The story-teller offered 2400 dollars to Don Anselmo. But Don Anselmo refused to take it, because he had agreed to sell his land to the Americans for 1200 dollars. Legally the trees in the, land belonged to the Americans. As Don Anselmo was very generous person, they bought the, 20

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trees from the descendants of Don instead of taking legal action., 10.How do you say that Don Anselmo was a man of principles?, Ans: Don Anselmo thought that he owned only 8acres of land. The story- teller told him that he, owned nearly 16acres and the Americans were willing to pay twice the amount. Anselmo said, that he had agreed to sell the land for 1200 dollars and he would not take more than that. This, shows that he was man of principles., III.Read each of the following extracts and answer the questions given below, 1.I sent a messenger up to the mountains for Don Anselmo. It took a week to arrange another, meeting., a)Who is the ‘I’here?, Ans: The Story Teller., b)Why did he send for Don?, Ans: He wanted to talk to him about the complaint of the Americans., c)What was the result of the meeting?, Ans: Don Anselmo told him that the trees belonged to the children. Therefore he had no right to, stop the children coming to the garden and playing there., 2. “The old man hung his head for a moment in thought. Then he stood up and stared at me.”, a)Who did he stare at?, Ans: The old man stared at the story teller., b)Why did he stare at him?, Ans: The story teller told the old man that Americans were willing to pay for the additional land, as well., c)What did the old man tell him?, Ans: The old man told him that he would take only 1200 dollars as agreed and nothing more., 3. “Finally I broached the subject.”, a)Who is the ‘I’?, Ans: The story teller., b)Who did he broach the subject to?, Ans: He broached the subject to Anselmo, c)What was the subject?, Ans:Children of the village were coming to the orchard everyday and spent more of their time in, playing. The story teller requested Anselmo to stop the children from the coming to orchard., 4. “There was nothing we could do”, a)Who does ‘we’ refer to?, Ans: The Americans and narrator., b)When did they feel so?, Ans: Anselmo told that he did not sell the trees because they belonged to the children of the, village., c)What did they do at last?, Ans: The Americans bought the trees from the descendants of Anselmo., 5. “When one signs a deed and sells real property, one sells also everything that grows on the, land”, a)Who said this?, Ans: This was said by the story-teller to Don Anselmo, b)When did the speaker say these words?, Ans: When Don said that he sold only the land to the Americans but not the trees., c)What answer did the speaker get?, 21

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Ans: The trees belonged to the children because he planted a tree when each child was born in, the village., IV.Answer the following in 5- 6 sentences, 1. Don Anselmo’s appearance and manners were quite unusual. How would you support this, statement based on the text?, Ans: Don Anselmo had an unusual appearance. He was an old man who wore an old green coat, which was faded when he went to the office. The gloves he was wearing were old and torn,, through which his finger-tips could be seen. He was carrying the skeleton of a worn-out, umbrella in the form of a cane., As far as his manners were concerned, even they were quite unusual. He was offered, twice the amount of what he had been offered earlier by the Americans because he had more, land than had been estimated but he refused to take more than the amount which he had, agreed upon. Secondly, when the children didn't let the new residents live in peace in the, house, they approached Don Anselmo but he refused to help them in any way. He said that he, had sold the land and not the trees. That was quite strange., 2.Don Anselmo was passionate about his land and the children of Rio en Medio. Which details, in the text support this statement? Write them., Ans: Don Anselmo had inherited the land from his ancestors. They had been living there for, hundreds of years. He looked after the land which his ancestors had tilled and had owned a, beautiful garden. He was very affectionate towards that land and the children of Rio en Medio., In fact, whenever a child was born he had planted a tree for that child. He was the oldest man in, the village and considered everyone living there as his relatives-nieces, nephews and, grandchildren. When the man informed him about the children spoiling the garden which, belonged to the Americans, he refused to help them by saying that he had sold the land and not, the trees. The trees belonged to the children and so he would not stop them., 3.At last the problem of ownership was resolved. But it took a long time, what might be the, reason for it?, Ans: The Americans bought the land and orchard of Don Anselmo from him after paying him, twelve hundred dollars and they shifted into it after one month. But soon, they faced a, problem. The children of the village were overrunning their property. When they complained to, Don Anselmo, he said that he had sold the land to them and not the trees. All the trees, belonged to the children as he had planted each tree in the name of each child when he or she, was born. He could not sell the trees because they did not belong to Don Anselmo. The, Americans could not do anything because earlier the old man had been quite generous to them, as he had refused the fortune he could have had for the extra land. It took most of the next, winter to buy the trees individually from the descendants of Don Anselmo in the valley of Rio en, Medio., , I AM THE LAND, -Marina de Bellagenta, Summary, “I am the Land” poem is written by Marina de Bellagenta. The earth is the speaker in the, poem. Earth is compared to mother, symbol of patience. Mother earth is being exploited by, human beings in many ways but mother bears everything patiently. The people occupy the land, it, remains calm and patient. People claim that the land belongs to them. They buy land and drill, holes in her and drive over her. The land just stares back at them. People plough the land, plant, 22

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trees, grow fruits and grass. Children dance and play on the land that makes mother earth happy., The land bears everything without a complaint. Soldiers come with guns, fight over the land., Fences are built on the land to divide nations. The land feels suffocated with this. It says strongly, that the earth should not be divided. The earth says to human beings “you cannot put a fence, around the planet earth”., I.Four alternatives are given. Choose the best alternative., 1. “Then someone, Tickles me, plants life……………. Fruit, Grass………..trees/children dance/ someone, Sings.”, It shows that how people, a) Use the land properly, b) Use the land greedily for their comports, c) Do different works on the land, d) Take care of the land., 2. In the poem ‘I am the land’, ‘I wait’ is used several times. Here is the poet feels that, a) The land has patience, b) The land warns human beings, c) Do different works on the hand, d) Take care of the land, 3. “You cannot put a fence, around the planet earth.”, Here, expression of the speaker is:, a) Self-assertion, b) Weakness c) Proud, d) Suffocation, 4. When does the land fell choked, as narrated in the poem ‘I am the Land’?, a) The farmers plough it, b) The children dance and play on it, c) Man makes boundaries, d) People walk and drive vehicles on it, 5. In the poem ‘I am the Land’, ‘I wait’ suggests the feeling of________., a) Disgust, b) Despair, c) Anger, d) Patience, 6. “I Wait ……” is repeated in the poem ‘I am the Land’?, a) Annoyance, b) Patience, c) Disgust, d) None of these, Answer: 1.a 2.b 3.a 4.c 5.d 6.b, II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each., 1. Bring out the contrast between the speaker and reader in the poem, ‘I am the Land’., Ans: The speaker in the poem is the land. It says that it is always patient and bears all that is done, to it. The reader on the other hand, uses the land in many ways. He digs the land, grows fruits and, trees and even fights for land., 2. What are the activities which go on over the land?, Ans: Man buys land, digs land and plants trees, fruits and grass on it. Children dance and play on, the land. Man also fences and makes boundaries over the land., 3. ‘You cannot put a fence, Around the planet Earth’, How do you justify this statement?, Ans: It is true that you cannot put a fence around the planet Earth as Earth has no geographical, boundaries., 4. How is man overrunning the land?, Ans: Man buys land, digs land and plant trees, grow fruits and grass on it. Children dance and play, on the land. Man also fences and makes boundaries over the land., , 23

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DR. B. R. AMBEDKAR, -Sri R. Venkataraman, ‘Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’ is an extract from the message which Sri. R. Venkataraman, wrote in the book, “Dr. B. R. Ambedkar-The Man and His Message- a Commemorative Volume", edited by Sri Sudarshan Agarwal., Dr. Ambedkar was a voracious reader. He had an insatiable thirst for books. He, bought so many books at the time of the Second Round Table Conference in London that they, had to be sent to India in 32 boxes. While in USA Dr. Ambedkar saw the parallel of the situation, for the Depressed Classes in India. When he came back to India, he was influenced by the life, and work of Mahatma Phule. He decided to work for the upliftment of his underprivileged, brethren. He started many newspapers like Mooknayak, Bahishkrit Bharat and Samata. They, were at once recognized as the voices of the Depressed Classes. He was elected to the Bombay, Legislative Assembly under the Constitution of India Act, 1935. His flair for legislative work, became evident to the whole nation and he was requested to serve on the Drafting Committee, of the Constituent Assembly and was made its chairman. As chairman of the Drafting, Committee, Dr. Ambedkar raised brick by brick, a system which now stands as the Fundamental, Rights in the Constitution of India., He had a clear perception of the mutuality of the three pillars of State—the, legislature, the executive and the judiciary. At the same time he had a sense of the importance, of a citizen's role. He was chosen the First Law Minister of Independent India by Jawaharlal, Nehru. It was a tribute to his vision of social justice as well as to the success of his campaigns, against social injustice. The doors which had been closed to the members of scheduled castes, for centuries were opened. Now they occupy high offices of the state-both at the centre and in, all states., Baba Saheb Ambedkar's observations assume that misdirected and volatile agitations, result in the loss of lives and property. He stressed on the rights of the depressed classes, whereas Mahatma Gandhi reminded the higher castes of their duties towards the depressed, classes. Thus, together they brought about a veritable revolution in the social thought., Baba Saheb Ambedkar always stressed the importance of constitutional methods to, achieve social objective. The British rulers divided the people of India and it was only Mahatma, Gandhi and Baba Saheb Ambedkar who took the task of proclaiming the oneness of the Hindu, Community. When Baba Saheb passed away in December 1956, he was described as a symbol of, revolt by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. There can be no doubt that the day is not far off when Baba, Saheb Ambedkar's dream of 'samata' will become a reality., I.Four alternatives are given. Choose the correct alternative as answer., 1. Soon after returning home from the U.S.A Dr. Ambedkar was greatly influenced by, a) The Buddha’s opinion about the caste divisions in India, b) The Tamil poetess Avvai’s work on classless society and upliftment of women., c) The life and work of Mahatma Phule, the votary of a classless society., d) Gandhi’s opinion about the duties of higher castes towards the depressed classes., 2. Mookanayak, Bahishkrit Bharat were the names of, a) Newspapers, b) Magazines, c) Books, d) Institutions, 3. “One trait marked Dr. Ambedkar throughout his life.” He was, a) A Champion of the Depressed Classes, b) A voracious reader, c) A symbol of revolt, d) A great statesman, 4. Dr. Ambedkar was a voracious reader. The word ‘Voracious’ Means, a) Fast/brisk, b) Very eager for knowledge, 24

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c) Reading with concentration, d) Reading in between the lines., 5. Dr. Ambedkar came to be greatly influenced by the life and works of, a)Mahatma Phule, b)The Buddha, c) Avvai, d) Mahatma Gandhi, 6.The Indian National Congress made Dr. Ambedkar the chairman of the Drafting Committee, of the constitution, because, a)He as a voracious reader. b) He was one of the congress leaders, c) He belongs to the depressed classd) He had underlying faith in the dignity of human beings., 7.Which one of the pairs, according to Dr. Ambedkar is ‘grammar of anarchy?”, a) Truth and non –cooperation, b) Non-violence and cooperation, c) Civil obedience and cooperation, d) Satyagraha and non-cooperation, 8.To wipe out caste discrimination in India, Gandhiji, a) Reminded the higher castes of their duty towards the Depressed classes., b) Reminded the Depressed classes of their inherent rights to equality with the higher castes., c) Reminded all the castes of their rights duties and responsibilities., d) Reminded all the castes that they were the children of God., 9. How did Nehru describe Dr. Ambedkar on his passing away?, a) A great soul, b) A great patriot, c) A great leader of the Depressed Classes, d) A Symbol of revolt, 10. Toachieve social justice, Dr. Ambedkar stressed the importance of, a) Agitation, b) Non violence, c) Constitutional Methods, d) Satyagraha, Answers: 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-b, 5-a, 6-d, 7-d, 8-a, 9-d, 10-c, II.Answer the following questions in 2 or 3 sentences each., 1.The constitution is a fundamental document. What does it define?, Ans: The Constitution is a fundamental document which defines the position and powers of the, three organs of the state - the legislature, the executive and the judiciary., 2. What is the purpose of the constitution?, Ans: The purpose of a constitution is not merely to create the organs of the state but to limit, their authority. If no limitation is imposed upon the authority of the organs, there will be, complete tyranny and oppression., 3. “There are only two caste division in the world, according to the Buddha and Avvai.” Name, them., Ans: According to the Buddha there are only two divisions in the society. They are the noble and, Wholesome and those who are ignoble and unwholesome. According to Avvai, there are only, two castes and they are the charitable who give and are superior and the misers who do not, give and are inferior., 4. How can you say that Ambedkar had a great thirst for books?, Ans: Ambedkar bought books by curtailing his daily needs. When he was in New York he is said, to have purchased 2000 old books. At the time of Second Round Table Conference in London,, he bought plenty of books. He needed 32 boxes to send them to India., 5.How did the fourteenth amendment to the US constitution and Mahatma Phule influence, Ambedkar?, Ans: The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the USA gave freedom to the Black, Americans. He saw a parallel of the situation for the Depressed Classes in India. Ambedkar was, greatly influenced by life and work of Mahatma Phule., 6. There were great luminaries on the Drafting committee. Dr. Ambedkar is remembered as, the pilot. Give reasons., Ans: Ambedkar was tactful, frank and had utmost patience. He explained clearly the meaning, 25

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and scope of the different provisions of the Draft Constitution. He explained the most, complicated legal concepts in simple language which could then be easily understood even by a, layman., 7. Write a short note on Dr. Ambedkar’s idea/perception of the three pillars of the state., Ans: Dr. Ambedkar had a clear idea about the mutuality of the three pillars of the state - the, legislature, the executive and the judiciary. He said that the jurisdiction of each should be clear, and untrammelled. He had a sense of the importance of the role of citizens., 8. Nehru Chose Dr. Ambedkar as the Law Minister. What might have prompted Nehru to do, so?, Ans: Ambedkar had a great skill in law and legislation. He had the vision of social justice., Therefore, Nehru chose him to be the Law Minister of India., 9.What made Dr. Ambedkar describe the methods of civil disobedience, non-cooperation and, Satyagraha as the ‘grammar of anarchy”?, Ans: According to Ambedkar the methods of civil disobedience, non-cooperation and, satyagraha are necessary in a state which is ruled by foreigners. But in a democratic country,, these methods should not be used. If used there would be loss of lives and public property., 10.How did Dr. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi try to wipe out caste discrimination from, India?, Ans: Gandhiji reminded the higher castes of their duty towards the Depressed Classes., Ambedkar reminded the Depressed Classes of their inherent rights to equality with the higher, castes. Gandhiji put stress on duties and Ambedkar on rights. Both of them brought about great, revolution in social thought., III.Read each of the following extracts and answer the questions given below, 1. “He bought so many books at the time of the Second Round Table Conference.”, a) Who bought so many books?, Ans: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, b) Where was he when he bought these books?, Ans: He was in London., c) How many boxes did he need to send them to India?, Ans: He needed 32 boxes., 2."The British rulers exaggerated the caste distinctions and divided the people of India.", a) What policy did the British rulers follow to divide the people of India?, Ans: ‘Divide and Rule’, b) Why did they adopt this policy?, Ans: They wanted to have control over the Indians., c) What does the word 'exaggerate' mean?, Ans: To describe something as greater or larger than it really is., 3."Drawn from the examples and experience of other nations and distinctive needs of our, society, he raised brick by brick, the magnificent edifice.", a) Who is the 'he'?, Ans: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, b) Which is the magnificent edifice that stands now?, Ans: It stands now as the Fundamental Rights in the constitution of India., c) What does 'edifice' mean in the context?, Ans: System, 4."The purpose of a constitution is not merely to create the organs of the state but to limit, their authority.", a) Who said this?, 26

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Ans: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, b) Which are organs of the state?, Ans: The legislature, the executive and the judiciary, c) What would happen if no limits are imposed upon the authority of the organs?, Ans: If no limits are imposed on the authority of the organs, there would be complete tyranny, and oppression., 5. "Who could have dreamt that one born to a Mahar family would become not only a Law, Minister but also a Law Maker?", a) Who is the 'one' referred to here?, Ans: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, b) Who chose him to be the Law Minister?, Ans: Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, c) Why was he chosen as the Law Minister?, Ans: He had skills in the field of law and legislation and also as tribute to his vision of social, justice., IV.Answer the following questions in a 5-6 sentences., 1.How did Dr. B.R Ambedkar try to get social justice for the Depressed Classes?, Ans: Dr. Ambedkar was influenced by the Fourteenth Amendment of the / constitution of the, U.S.A. This amendment gave freedom to the Black Americans. He saw at once the parallel of the, situation for the Depressed Classes in India. He was also influenced by Mahatma Phule, a votary, of a classless society and women's uplift. He started newspapers-Mooknayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Samata. These papers were recognized as the authentic voices of the Depressed Classes. He, also set up institutions such as HitakariniSabha and The Independent Labour party of India., These institutions became the vehicles of change. Dr Ambedkar reminded the Depressed, Classes of their inherent rights to equality with the higher and more powerful castes. Today the, Depressed Classes occupy important positions in all the three pillars of the state., 2.What is the significant observation of Dr. Ambedkar on the constitution?, Ans: Dr. Ambedkar made a significant observation on the constitution. He observed that the, constitution is a fundamental document which defines the position and power of the three, organs of the state—the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The purpose of a, constitution is not merely to create the organs of the state but to limit their authority also. If no, limitation was imposed upon the authority of these organs, there will be complete tyranny and, oppression, 3.Pt. Nehru chose Dr. Ambedkar as the Law Minister. What might have prompted Nehru to do, so?, Ans: Pt. Nehru recognized Dr. Ambedkar's skill in the field of law and legislation. He realised that, Baba Saheb had a vision of social justice—a vision which was sought to be infused into the new, Indian polity. So he chose him to be the first Law Minister of independent India. It was a tribute, to the success of Baba Saheb's own campaigns against social injustice., , THE SONG OF INDIA, -V.K. Gokak, SUMMARY, The poem ‘The Song of India’ is written by V.K. Gokak. The Mother India and The poet are, the two speakers in the poem. The poet wished to sing about the natural beauty of India. The, snow covered Himalayas and the three oceans. He wants to speak about the beauty of the, 27

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morning. Mother India wants him to sing about the beggar and the lepers (sick people) who fill the, streets. She also wants him to talk about the dirt all around us and the destruction of the forest., He wished to sing our beautiful temples with stories carved on them. The soldiers who, fought against our enemies and sacrificed their lives to get freedom. The seers and prophets, showed people the right path. The mother speaks to him in angry tones. He should sing about the, millions of poor, old, illiterate and the children who had no joy in their lives., The poet wished to sing about the great dam, the steel mills and the ship building yards. He, wanted to praise the men who had worked hard to develop technologies. The mother advised the, poet not only to sing about the industrial progress but also about strikes which were exploited and, the division between the rich and poor., At that time a vision arose before his eyes. He saw mother rising from the sky. The milk, white oceans surrounded her. Their waves filled with light. They formed a throne mother sat on, the throne. She wrote the destiny of the nation. Her forehead had the brilliance of the sun. The, golden rays of the sun remove darkness around them. It appeared that sorrow of the country, would be wiped away and there would be joy in the country., , I. Four alternatives are given. Choose the best alternative., 1. The poet wants to sing about ______., a) Snow-capped Himalayas b) lepers c) beggars d) poor children, 2. “The Song of India” is a conversation between ___, a) The people of India and some foreigners, b) The poet Gokak and the Sun God, c) Mother India and the soldiers, d) The poet Gokak and Mother India, 3. “Said the mother in indignant words”. This shows that the mother was, a) Very happy, b) Calm, c) Nervous d) Angry, 4. The word ‘Querulous’ means, a) Dissatisfied, b) Confused c) Frightened d) Ashamed, 5. Mother India appeared to be sitting on, a) The dams and lakes, b) The rock cut temples, c) The snow covered peaks, d) The beautiful waves, 6. “That beat into my ears like gong”. The figure of speech used here is, a) Metaphor b) Simile, c) Personification d) Irony, 7. “It was a clear dawn like a nightmare fled the night” This means that, a) The future was bright, b) the Sun had gone down, c) There was darkness all around, d) the poet had a bad dream, Answer: 1.a 2.d 3.d 4.a 5.d 6.b 7.a, , II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each., 1. Who are the two speakers in the poem? What does the speaker want to sing about?, Ans: The poet, Gokak, and mother India are the two speakers in the poem. The poet wishes to, praise the beauty, the glorious past and the industrial progress of the country. The mother, on the, other hand wants him to highlight the ills affecting our land., 2. What are the epics? Why does the poet call the temples as epics in stones?, Ans: Epics are the long poems or stories of heroic deeds. Many of our temples are built of stones, and their walls are filled with figures which tell stories of ancient times., 3. Who does the poet mean by “Of your children that died to call their own”? Why does he feel, so?, Ans: Here, ‘the children’ refers to the soldiers and freedom fighters. They are the children of, mother India. They fought against our enemies and sacrificed their lives to get freedom and call, our mother India our own., 28

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4. What, according to the poet, is the contribution of the seers and prophets?, Ans: The seers and prophets have divine power. We can see God in them. They show people the, right path of life and how to live on this earth meaningfully., 5. How did the poet wish to describe the individual progress made by his country?, Ans: The poet, Gokak, wished to sing about the great dams, the steel mills and ship building yards, of his country. He wanted to praise the men who had worked hard to develop technologies so that, India could step into the Atomic Age., 6. What do the night, the sun god and clear dawn represent?, Ans: The night represents sorrows. The Sun god represents the hand that saves. It removes, darkness with its shining rays. The clear dawn represents a bright future for our country., 7. What does the ‘Motherland writing the book of the morrow’ mean?, Ans: The poet has a vision of the mother rising from the sky and sitting on a throne of waves. She, appeared to be writing the destiny of our nation., 8. What did the mother India advise the poet when he was describing his country’s industrial, progress?, Ans: The mother advised the poet not only to sing about the industrial progress but also about, strikes which were the result of this, the way in which people were exploited and division between, the rich and the poor people., , III. Read each of the following extracts and answer the questions given below., 1. “Shall I sing, Of your clear dawn with pure gold streaks”., a) Who is the ‘I’?, Ans: The poet, Gokak, b) Who is he addressing to?, Ans: Mother India, c) What does ‘clear dawn with pure gold streaks’ suggest?, Ans: The beauty of the early morning with the golden rays of the Sun., 2. “Sing of the wrinkled face, Indexing ignorance,”, a) Who should sing this?, Ans: The poet, Gokak, b) Who gives this suggestion?, Ans: Mother India, c) What does ‘Wrinkled face indexing ignorance’ mean?, Ans: It refers to the old people, the illiterate people of the country., 3. “Querulous. I said:, Is there no song that I can sing of you?”, a) What is the meaning of ‘Querulous’?, Ans: Querulous means ‘dissatisfied’ or ‘complaining’., b) Who was querulous?, Ans: The poet, Gokak, c) What was the reason for this feeling?, Ans: The poet suggested many things he could say in praise of his country but the mother wanted, something more from him. So he was querulous, he did not know how to sing a perfect song., 4. “On which she sat and wrote the book of the Morrow”, a) Who does ‘she’ refer to?, Ans: Mother India, b) Where did she sit?, 29

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Ans: She sat on a throne of waves filled with a bright light., c) What does ‘book of Morrow’ mean here?, Ans: ‘Book of Morrow’ refers to the future of the country., 5. “Shall I sing, Of your rock cut temples, epics in stone.”, a) Who wants to sing this?, Ans: The poet, Gokak., b) Why does he call the temples ‘epics in stone’?, Ans: The temples have carvings which tell many of our ancient stories, history and legends., c) Who is he speaking to?, Ans: Mother India., 6. “Sing of the filth and dirt, That foul my sylvan retreats.”, a) Who makes this statement?, Ans: Mother India., b) To who is it addressed?, Ans: The poet, Gokak., c) Why do you think she wants him to sing of the ‘filth and dirt’?, Ans: We should not ignore the things which are not right. We should aware of the ills in our, country., , THE CONCERT, -Shanta Rameshwar Rao, Smita was a sixteen years old girl. She had come to Mumbai with her family for her, brother Anant’s cancer treatment. She had stayed with her aunt Sushila in the apartment. One, day, she read in the newspaper that Pandit Ravi Shankar would be playing sitar the next day at, the Shanmukhananda Auditorium. She became very excited after reading the news and read it, again loudly. Her mother told her to stay quiet as her sick brother was sleeping. But Anant, her, brother, was awake and had listened to everything. Even he wanted to go and watch the, concert as according to him it was 'the chance of a lifetime'. But his mother said that he could, go when he was better. Anant was suffering from cancer and the doctors had given up hope., They had told the family that they should take him home and give him the things he liked as he, had not many days to live. The family was stunned because they had hoped that Anant would, get well one day and would take part in the forthcoming table-tennis tournament and perhaps, would be a great sitarist one day. They fulfilled all his needs and gave him whatever he asked, for. But he was not given permission to go to the concert. Her mother told Smita to go to the, concert with her father. Smita, at first, did not want to go because she had gone everywhere, with Anant only but then she thought of something and got ready for the concert., The next day Smita and her father went to the concert. Anant was sad that he could, not go but he still said, "Enjoy yourself." Smita sat beside her father in the gallery and listened, spellbound to the ragas. The concert came to an end. The people began to move towards the, exit. Smita made her way towards the stage and reached the place where the great sitarist Ravi, Shankar and Ustad Allah Rakha. She told them the wish of her dying brother. They listened to, everything and to Smita's surprise, agreed to perform at her house., Smita returned home in an excited mood and told her brother who was awake,, breathing the oxygen from the cylinder that Pandit Ravi Shankar would play ‘sitar' for him the, next day., 30

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The following morning, the two great musicians came to Smita's house. They went up, the wooden staircase, got into the room and sat down on the divan. Then they played for the, boy and gently, very gently life went out of Anant. But his last wish had been fulfilled and he, died peacefully., I.Four alternatives are given. Choose the correct alternative as answer., 1.How did Anant astonish his guru?, a) He could play the sitar better than his guru, b) He asked him a number of questions, c) He composed his own tunes, d) He learnt playing the sitar quickly, 2.Smita was so excited at seeing the announcement that she had not remembered that her, brother was ill. So she bit her lips in, a) Agony, b) Self-reproach, c) Anger, d) Anxiety, 3.The moustachioed man said to Smitha, a) "Narrate your brother's story.", b) "Don't bother Pandit Ravi Shankar with such requests.", c) "Pandit Ravi Shankar will come to your house tomorrow.", d) You can't meet Ravi Shankar as he is busy.", 4.As soon as the music of Pandit Ravi Shankar and Ustad Saheb came to an end, Anant, a) Breathed his last, b) Was spellbound, c) Thanked his sister, d) Expressed his gratitude to the musicians, 5.When Smita was alone with Aunt Sushila, she cried out in a choked voice. "No, how can I?, We have always done things together." What was Sushila's suggestion?, a) Don't weep., b) Take things lightly., c) Sleep for a few minutes., d) Go for a walk in the park., 6.''There is no harm in trying it", said Smita. What does 'it' refer to?, a) Taking Anant to the concert, b) Going to the concert with her father, c) Asking Ravi Shankar to come to her house to fulfil her brother's desire., d) Sending her father to the concert., 7."Suddenly a daring thought came to Smita." What was the thought?, a) I can request Ravi Shankar to come home and play for my brother., b) I can go to the concert with my father., c) Why can't I take Anant with me to the concert?, d) I should not go to the concert alone., 8."Take him home. Give him the things he likes." The doctors said this because, a) Anant had been completely cured, b) They knew he had not many days to live, c) There were too many patients in the hospital d) Anant wanted to go home., 9. They did not voice their fears. Who does the word 'they' stand for?, a) Doctors., b) Family members of Anant., c) Anant's friends., d) Family members of Aunt Sushila., 10.You must not bother him with such requests.' The request was to ask Ravi Shankar, a) To come to her house and play sitar for Anant, b) To play sitar again for 1 hour, c) To come to Bombay every month, d) To stay in Bombay permanently, Answers: 1-c, 2-b, 3-b, 4-a, 5-d, 6-c, 7-a, 8-b, 9-b, 10-a, II.Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences each., 1.What makes you think that Smita had great love for her brother?, 31

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Ans: Smita always did the work with Anant. When she could not take Anant to the concert,she, wept.To fulfil the desire of Anant,she requested Pandit Ravi Shankar to come to her house and, play the sitar for Anant., 2. What makes the readers appreciate Pandit Ravi Shankar and Ustad Allah Rakha?, Ans: Pandit Ravi Shankar and Ustad Allah Rakha were busy people and they had busy schedules., On hearing the story of Anant, they went to Smita's house and played for the dying boy Anant., Their compassion and kindness deserve the reader's appreciation., 3."Pandit Ravi Shankar and Ustad Saheb agreed to play for Smita's brother." Why? Or why did, the artists go to Smita's house?, Ans: Pandit Ravi Shankar and Ustad Saheb were kind and sympathetic. They were moved by the, story of Anant. In spite of their busy schedule, they decided to visit Smith's house and play the, sitar for Anant. On the next day, they did it., 4."Aunt Sushila was a generous lady". Justify., Ans: Whenever Smita's family came to Bombay for Anant's treatment, they stayed in Aunt, Sushila's house. Though Sushila's house was small, she provided them with a room., 5. How did Smita's family look upon Anant after he was discharged from the hospital?, Ans: Anant's family members did not voice their fears. They laughed and smiled. They did not, tell him what the doctor had said. They gave him whatever he wanted and kept him happy., 6.Why had Smita and her family came to Bombay? Who did they stay with their?, Ans: Smita's brother, Anant, had been struck with cancer. They had come to Bombay so that he, could be treated at the cancer hospital in the city. They stayed with Aunt Sushila., 7. How do you say that Anant was a talented boy?, Ans: Anant was the best table-tennis player in the school and the fastest runner. He was, learning to play the sitar and was already able to compose his own tunes to the astonishment of, his guru., 8.“They had come with high hopes.” What hopes did Anant’s Parents have?, Ans: Anant's parents had high hopes in the miracles of modern science. They thought that he, would be cured. Then he could walk and run again and even take part in the forthcoming tabletennis tournament. They even hoped that he would become a great sitarist one day., 9. What did the doctors say to Anant’s Parents? Were they words of hope or words of, despair?, Ans: The doctors asked Anant's parents to take him home and give him whatever he liked., Anant's condition had become worse and when the doctors said this, the parents realised that, he had not many days to live. The doctor's words were of despair., 10. What was Smita’s plan to help her brother? Was she successful?, Ans: Smita's plan was to request Pandit Ravi Shankar to play the sitar for her brother. As soon as, the concert was over, she went up to the stage and approached him. She told him about her, sick brother and of how he longed to hear his music. Her plan was successful because they were, touched by her brother’s story and agreed to come to her house and play for her brother., III.Read each of the following extracts and answer the questions given below., 1. “And I spoke to him and he will come tomorrow morning.”, a) Who is the ‘I’?, Ans: Smita, b) Who did the speaker speak to?, Ans: Pandit Ravi Shankar, c) What did she speak to him?, Ans: She spoke to him about Anant’s suffering and his desire to see him and hear him., 2. “There is no harm in trying it”., 32

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a) Who said these words?, Ans: Smita, b) What is the ‘it’?, Ans: She thought of requesting Pandit Ravi Shankar to come to her house and play the sitar for, her brother., c) What was the result of her attempt?, Ans: She succeeded in her attempt. Pandit Ravi Shankar and Ustad Saheb agreed to come to her, house and play for her brother. The next day they came and played., 3. “Did you hear him? He asked, a) Who asked this question?, Ans: Anant, b) Who is the ‘him’?, Ans: Pandit Ravi Shankar, c) What reply did the speaker get?, Ans: Smita told Anant that Ravi Shankar and Ustad Saheb would come to her house the next day, and play., 4. “Enjoy yourself” though the voice came out in painful gasps., a) Who said this?, Ans: Anant, b) Who does ‘yourself’ refer to?, Ans: Smita, c) When did the speaker say so?, Ans: He said when Smita along with her father was leaving for the concert., 5. “When you are better,” “This is not the last time they are going to play.”, a) Who said this and to whom?, Ans: Anant’s mother said these words to Anant., b) Who was going to play and what?, Ans: Pandit Ravi Shankar was going to play the sitar at Shanmukhananda Auditorium., c) When did the speaker say these words?, Ans: Anant wished to go to Shanmukhananda Auditorium to hear Pandit Ravi Shankar’s play. His, mother told him that when he was better, he could hear Ravi Shankar’s play, IV.Answer the following questions in 5-6 sentences., 1. Did Smita tell what she had in her mind to the musicians? Who reached to her request, immediately? What was the response?, Ans: Smita told the musicians what she had in her mind. She told them about her sick brother, who was fighting with cancer and was about to die. She also told them that her brother longed, to hear Pandit Ravi Shankar playing the sitar. The moustachioed man, who had made the long, speech, was the first to react to her request immediately. He told her not to bother Panditji with, such requests as he was a busy man. On the other hand, Pandit Ravi Shankar smiled and after, consulting Ustad Allah Rakha informed Smita that they would perform at her place the next day., 2. In the course of the story, whom do you consider to be more worried- Smita or Anant?, Ans: As the story moves on, we find that Smita was more worried than Anant. She wanted to go, to the concert but couldn't convince herself to do so because she had never gone anywhere, without the company of Anant. While she was giving it a thought, her brother's words kept, ringing in her ears. It is the chance of a lifetime. She also planned to request both the musicians, to visit her in order to fulfil the last wish of her dying brother. She was nervous when she, approached the two artists. Thus, we can see that Smita was all the time worried about her, brother's happiness., 33

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Anant, too, was worried. He wanted to hear the two musicians perform live; perhaps he, knew his limitations so he did not give much voice to his thoughts. He did not cry. Rather he told, Smita to attend the concert as it was the chance of a lifetime., , JAZZ POEM TWO, -Carl Wendall Hines, Jr, SUMMARY, Jazz poem two is written by Carl Wendell Hines. He stands like a black ancient Mariner. He, was old and had wrinkled face. He had no interest in his life. He wears faded blue old shirt, a loose, neck tie and an old jacket; it could barely holding his sagging stomach. His shoes are run down, his, face rough and unshaven. One could see the pain in each wrinkle of his face. He keeps his head, down and appears lifeless. When it is his turn to play, he lifts the saxophone to his lips. Suddenly,, he is filled with a new life., He wanted to tell to the world that he was a black man. He had been sent here to preach, the Black Gospel of Jazz. The music had made him forget what he is for a while he is like the bird, flying high. He produces of wonderful music. He proves that music has great power., I. Four alternatives are given. Choose the best alternative., 1. His run down shoes have paper in them. This suggests that the Jazz player was, a) Poor, b) Simple, c) Mad, d) Ordinary man, 2. The Jazz player is holding a ………….. across his chest., a) Flute, b) Saxophone, c) Drum, d) Tabla, 3. What did he preach?, a) Musical message, b) magic, c)Black Gospel of Jazz d) religious messages, 4. One feels pity for the Jazz player because, a) His face was wrinkled, b) He was unshaven, c) He had a sagging stomach, d) He was very poor, 5. The Jazz player is compared to, a) An Indian singer, b) An African Negro, c) An ancient mariner, d) An angry person, 6. The Jazz player is transformed to a bird that flies higher and higher when he, a) Stops playing, b) Holds the saxophone, c) Begins to play, d) Dances while playing, 7. His rough unshaven face shows, a) Happiness, b) Sadness, c) Solitude d) Pain, 8. He stands like a, a) Man, b) Statute, c) Ancient Mariner, d) Person, Answer: 1.a 2.b 3.c 4.d 5.c 6.c 7.d 8.c, II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each., 1. Why do you think the Jazz player keeps his head down? (March 2015), Ans: The Jazz player keeps his head down because he had lost interest in his life. He has lived a, hard life. He is tired and keeps his head down., 2. How has the Jazz player held his Saxophone? (June 2016), Ans: The Jazz player’s Saxophone lies across his chest. It is supported from his neck by a wire coat, hanger. When he begins to play, he forgets his pain., 3. How has the poet described the facial expression of the Jazz player? (June 2015), 34

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Ans: The jazz player is an old Jazz musician. His face is rough and unshaven and his wrinkled face, indicates sorrows and worries of his life., 4. What message does the Jazz player want to convey?, Ans: The Jazz player wants to convey to the world that he is a black man who can draw people, towards religion and convey the message of God through his music., 5. How does the Jazz player change as he plays on the Saxophone?, Ans: As the Jazz player starts to play on the Saxophone he is no longer an old or black man. He, produces wonderful music and appears to be like a bird flying higher and higher., III. Read each of the following extracts and answer the questions given below., 1. “his rundown shoes have, paper in them and his, rough unshaven face shows, pain in each wrinkle”., (a) Why do the shoes have paper in them?, Ans: His shoes are old and torn., (b) What does the description of the face suggest?, Ans: He does not care for his appearance., (c) What does ‘pain’ mean in the context?, Ans: Suffering., 2. Now preaching it with words of, screaming notes and chords he, is no longer a man., (a) What was the man preaching?, Ans: He was preaching the Black Gospel of Jazz through his songs., (b) What happened when he started preaching?, Ans: As soon as he started preaching, he was transformed into a bird which flies high, high and, higher until it flies away., (c) Who does ‘he’ refer to?, Ans: The Jazz player., 3. “gently he lifts it now, to parted lips, see? To, tell all the world that, he is Black Man”., (a) Who does ‘he’ refer to?, Ans: ‘He’ refers to Jazz player., (b) What does he lift?, Ans: Old alto Saxophone., (c) What message does he want to convey?, Ans: He wants to convey the message of God., , 35

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COLOURS OF SILENCE, -National Book Trust of India, 'Colours of Silence' tell us about the childhood days of Satish Gujral. Satish was a little, boy of eight. One day, when he didn't go to school, his friends came to meet him and to enquire, about his well-being but Satish couldn’t hearanything properly that they were saying. Actually,, the previous year he had gone to Kashmir during the holidays. While hiking with his father and, brother Inder, his foot slipped and he lost his balance on a rickety bridge. As a result, he fell into, the rapids—a dangerous part of a river. His screams were lost in the rushing sound of the water., Later when he came into his senses, he found that his legs were in a plaster cast and his head, hurt badly., He underwent several operations of his legs as they remained weak even after getting, healed. He suffered frequently from fever and ear-infections. Satish felt helpless and upset at, being confined to bed. The worst thing was the silence as he could not hear. It was terrible. The, doctors didn't know the cause except that it was caused by medicines given to treat his legs., Due to the hearing problem, the school-authorities informed his father that they couldn’t keep, his child. His father tried to convince them but all in vain. He tried admission in other schools, also but there also he did not get any success. Now his brother Inder sat for hours with him and, taught him words and pronunciation. His father also spent a lot of time with him. All his, connections with the outer world were snapped, because the children in the neighbourhood, used to tease him when he went out, hence he avoided going out to play., His father brought him many books and he became a voracious reader. Fever struck, him another time and he was confined to bed. He felt lonely and desperate. One day, he saw a, beautiful bird in the garden. He was attracted towards it. When the bird flew away, he took his, notebook and pencil and sketched the bird from his memory. Now he had one more pastimepainting. However, his father didn't like it. He wanted him to read books and get some, knowledge, so that he could make something out of his life., Several visits to the doctors didn't result in anything and Satish remained in the silent, world. He used to paint and draw despite his father's opposition. One day, while he was, painting, he became aware of his father standing at the door. He reddened but continued, painting. His father came near to him but didn't say anything to him. Satish was surprised. Then, his father left the room. He came back two hours later. This time he had brought paints, brushes, of all sizes and shapes and several rolls of drawing sheets. He gave them all to Satish and said, that he would find out the best school of arts for him and that he could make his career in his, chosen field. Satish hugged his father for understanding him., Satish is among the foremost artists of India. He is accomplished in painting, sculpture,, architecture, and is also a writer. His works are exhibited all over the world. He was awarded, the 'Order of the Crown' for his design of the Belgian Embassy in New Delhi. He has also been, honoured with the Padma Vibhushan. His physical disability is no longer a barrier to his success., I.Four alternatives are given. Choose the correct alternative as answer., 1. Satish was crossing a rickety bridge. “Rickety bridge” means, a) Broken Bridge, b) Strong bridge, c) Weak bridge, d) Hanging bridge, 2. According to Avatar Narain and Inder, what should Satish do if he wanted to get on in life?, He should, a) Read a lot of books, b) Go to school, c) Become an artist, d) Mix with other students, , 36

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3. Satish stopped playing because, a) He was deaf, b) He didn’t like to play, c) Other boys made fun of him, d) He had no time to play, 4. Who translated the Life of Garibaldi into Urdu?, a) Tilak, b) Munshi Prem Chand, c) Sharad Chandra, d) LalaLajpatRai, 5. Satish did an uncharacteristic thing. What was it?, a) Jumping high, b) Drawing the picture of the bird, c) Hugging his father tightly, d) Sitting alone in the house., 6. Calligraphy refers to the art of practicing beautiful, a) Writing, b) Painting, c) Drawing, d) Sketching, 7. What is the message of the lesson “Colours of Silence?”, a) We should not talk too much, b) Physical disability is not a barrier to success, c) Physical ability is the barrier to success. d) Physical disability makes a person dull and lifeless, 8. While crossing the bridge, Satish had fallen into, a) The valley, b) The river, c) The tank, d) The rapids, 9. Satish’s father wanted to look for a new school for Satish because, a) There were no good teachers in the old school, b) Satish did not like the school where he was going, c) The headmaster of the school where his son was studying told him that he could not keep, Satish., d) The headmaster of the school demanded more donation., 10. Satish had been irregular to school because, a) Children used to make fun of him, b) he had no interest in studies, c) teachers used to punish him, d) he suffered frequently from fever and ear infections., Answers: 1-c, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d, 5-c, 6-a, 7-b, 8-d, 9-c, 10-d, II.Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences each, 1. Why did Satish hug his father?, Ans: Avatar Narain didn't want his son to become an artist because it would fetch him no, income. One day when Satish was busy mixing the colours on his palette, his father came there., After seeing his work, he went out. He bought drawing sheets, brushes and paints and gave, them to Satish. He admitted him to the best school of arts. So Satish hugged his father, 2. “Surender repeated the question three times before Satish heard him”. What was the, question? Why did he repeat it three times?, Ans: Satish, Why didn't you come to school today?" Satish did not hear him because he was, deaf., 3. Why did the new school refuse to admit Satish? What did the headmaster advise Satish’s, father?, Ans: Avatar Narain approached the headmaster of the new school. The headmaster told Narain, that his school was for normal boys. He advised him to' take his son to the school for the deaf, and dumb., 4. Satish’s father and Inder sat with him every day. What did they talk to him about?, Ans: Avatar Narain and Inder told Satish that if he wanted to get on in life he should read a lot., They further told him that by reading books he would learn a great deal of things., 5.Why was Satish’s father against drawing? What did he tell his son?, Ans: Father felt that Satish would not make a living out of drawing. He told his son that artists, live in poverty. He advised him to study in order to get on in life., 37

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6. What awards has Satish secured?, Ans: Satish was awarded the Order of the Crown for the best architectural design of the 20th, century for the design of the Belgian Embassy in New Delhi. The Govt. Of India has honoured, him with Padma Vibhushan., 7. Satish read a number of books. What effect did the books have on him?, Ans: The books made him feel depressed and left a deep impression on his sensitive mind. He, came to know that there was so much suffering-in the world and he thought about this for long, hours., 8. Give a short description of the bird that Satish saw one day., Ans: It was a beautiful bird with a longish tail and a black crest. It was full of energy. Its eyes, moved here and there and its whole body seemed ever ready for flight., 9. “Satish’s parents were both his well-wishers. But each cared for him in a different way.”, How?, Ans: Satish's father wanted him to study so that he could achieve something in life. He felt that, he was wasting his time on drawing. Moreover he had the hope that Satish's hearing would, come back and he would go back to school. His mother felt that there was no chance of the, boy's recovery. She did not want to discourage his drawing and painting., 10. Satish’s father accepted that his son’s destiny lay in canvas and paint. What did he, promise to do? How did Satish express his gratitude?, Ans: Satish's father promised to find out the best school of arts so that Satish could make his life, in the field of his choice. Satish's eyes filled with tears and he hugged his father tightly., III.Read each of the following extracts and answer the questions given below., 1. “They are for you, Satish”., a) Who said this?, Ans: Satish's father, b) What does ‘they’ refer to?, Ans: Drawing sheets, brushes and paints., c) What was Satish’s reaction?, Ans: He hugged his father., 2.I feel miserable, why are you speaking so softly? I can barely hear you.”, a) Who is the ‘I’?, Ans: Satish, b) Why did he feel miserable?, Ans: Satish had met with an accident. His legs were injured and his head was badly hurt. He had, become deaf., c) Who does ‘you’ refer to?, Ans: Surender, 3. ‘He fell into the rapids.’, a) Who is the ‘He’?, Ans: Satish, b)Why did he fall into the rapids?, Ans: When Satish was looking down at the swirling water, his foot slipped and losing his, balance, he fell into the rapids., c) What was the effect of this accident on him?, Ans: His legs and head were hurt. He had undergone several operations. He became deaf., 4.Beta, you have to go to school and learn., a) Who said these words?, Ans: Satish's father., 38

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b)Who is the ‘Beta’?, Ans: Satish., c) When did the speaker say so?, Ans: Satish refused to go to school because he could not talk to the other children. The children, made fun of his deafness., 5.“You want to do this very badly, don’t you?”, a) Who said this?, Ans: Avatar Narain., b)Who is the ‘you’?, Ans: Satish., c) What did he want to do badly?, Ans: He wanted to do drawing and painting., IV.Answer the following questions in a paragraph of 5-6 sentences., 1.How can you say that Satish became popular all over the world?, Ans: Satish Gujral is among the foremost artists of India. He is one of the few artists who is, accomplished in several art forms like painting, sculpture and architecture. Satish Gujral is also a, writer. Exhibitions of his works have been held all over the world and displayed in prestigious, museums like the Museum of Modern Art, New York, The Hiroshima Collection, Washington,, and the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi. He had published four books of his works in, various arts. He was awarded the Order of the Crown for the best architecture design of the, 20th Century for his design of the Belgium Embassy in New Delhi. He has also been honoured, with the 'Padma Vibhushan'., 2. Satish met with an accident which changed his destiny. Explain., Ans: Satish met with an accident at the early age of eight, which led to hearing impairment. Due, to frequent absence and hearing problem, the school he was studying informed his father that, they could not keep Satish. Other schools also refused admission for the same reason. His father, and brother spent much time with him and provided many books. He developed his interest in, painting. In the beginning, his father discouraged him but later on he accepted that his son's, destiny lay in canvas and paint. He admitted his son to the best school of art and made his life in, the chosen field. Satish Gujral is among the foremost artists of India and accomplished in several, art forms like painting, sculpture and architecture., 3."Satish Gujral became a great artist" Support this statement mentioning a few of his, achievements., Ans: Despite his physical disability Satish Gujral became a great artist. He worked hard to reach, that stature. Today, he is among the foremost artists of India. He is accomplished in painting,, sculpture, architecture and is a writer as well. His works are exhibited all over the world. He was, awarded the Order of the Crown for the best architectural design of the Belgium Embassy in, New Delhi. His work has been exhibited all over the world and displayed in various museums, like the Museum of Modern Art, New York, the Hiroshima Collection, Washington and the, National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi. He has published four books on his works in various, arts. He has also been honoured with the Padma Vibhushan., 4."Physical disability is no barrier to success”. Justify the statement with reference to the life, of Satish Gujral?, Ans: Satish Gujral met with an accident and became deaf. He was refused admission by schools, because he was not a normal boy. Boys made fun of him and therefore he remained at home. One, day he saw a beautiful bird which had a longish tail and a black crest. That made him takes up, drawing and painting. His father admitted him to one of the best schools of arts. Within a short, time, Satish learnt not only drawing and painting but also about life. Today Satish is one of the best, 39

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artists in India. Exhibitions of his work have been held all over the world. He has published four, books in arts. The Govt. of India has honoured him with the Padma Vibhushan. He has also been, awarded the Order of the Crown., , THE BLIND BOY, -Colley Cibber, Summary, The poem ‘The Blind Boy’ is written by Colley Cibber. The blind boy is the speaker in the, poem. He wonders what light is like, for he has never seen it. He wishes to know what the, blessings of sight are. People around him talk of the beautiful things they see. They say that the, sun shines bright but he can only feel the warmth of the sun. He cannot understand how the sun, brings about night and day. To him, day is when he is awake and night when he sleeps. The blind, boy hears people pitying him but he does not feel sorry for himself. He decides that he will not, make himself unhappy over something he cannot get. He would be happy as a king by being ever, cheerful., O say what is that thing call’d light., Which I must ne’er enjoy., What are the blessings of the sight,, O tell your poor blind boy!, You talk of wondrous things you see,, You say the sun shines bright;, I feel him warm, but how can he, Or make it day or night?, My day or night myself I make,, When’ver I sleep or play;, And could I ever keep awake, With me ‘twere always day., With heavy sighs I often hear, You mourn my hapless woe;, But sure with patience I can bear, A loss I ne’er can know., The let not what I cannot have, My cheer of mind destroy:, Whilst thus I sing, I am a king,, Although a poor blind boy., I. Four alternatives are given. Choose the best alternative., 1. The blind boy can’t himself make out, a) Sleep, b) Day and night, c) Play, 2. The blind boy can feel the ____________ of the sun., a) Light, b) Dark, c) Brightness, 3. You mourn my ……………….. woe;, a) Hapless, b) Careless, c) Kindness, , d) Work, d) Warmth, d) Goodness, 40

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4. “I feel him warm, but how can he, Or make it day or night”. The ‘him’ here refers to, a) Fire, b) The sun, c) The moon, d) A bulb, 5. “Then let not what I cannot have, My cheer of mind destroy”. This implies that the blind boy is, a) Happy though he does not have the blessings of sight, b) Happy not to have the blessings of sight, c) Unhappy because he does not have sight, d) Jealous of people who have everything, 6. Whilst thus I sing, I am a king. The figure of speech used here is, a) Simile, b) Alliteration, c) Personification d) Metaphor, Answer: 1.b 2.d 3.a 4.b 5.a 6.d, II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each., 1. What is the message of the poem the blind boy? (April 2017), Ans: We should always be happy and contented what God has given us. We should not try to, attempt to have what we do not have or what we can’t get. If we do so we become unhappy and, miserable. Though the boy did not have eyes, he felt as if he was equal to a king., 2. How can a blind person understand whether it is day or night? (June 2016), Ans: A blind person never enjoys light. When he feels sunlight, he feels warm. He makes his day, and night himself. Whenever he sleeps is a night for him, whenever he wakes up is a day for him., He is unlike a normal person., 3. How does the blind boy pacify himself?, Or, How does the blind boy react to the feelings of people about him?, Ans: The people feel sorry for the blind boy but he does not feel sorry for himself. He does not, want to be unhappy about what he cannot get. Though he is a poor and blind, he could feel rich as, a king by remaining cheerful., 4. According to the poet, ‘The Blind Boy’ what is it that the blind boy cannot enjoy?, Ans: The blind boy says that he can never enjoy the thing call light as he does not even know what, it is. He can also never experience the blessings of sight., III. Read each of the following extracts and answer the questions given below., 1. They let not what I cannot have, My cheer of mind destroy, Whilst thus I sing, I am a king., a) What is the blind boy trying to convey?, Ans: The boy says that the people need not feel sorry for him., b) What does the boy think of himself?, Ans: The boy thinks highly of himself and displays confidence despite the fact that he is blind., c) Find two rhyming words from the given lines., Ans: sing-king., 2. “I feel him warm, but how can he, Or make it day or night?”, a) Who is the ‘him’?, Ans: The sun., b) Who is the ‘I’ here?, Ans: The blind boy., 41

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A HERO, , c) Why does he wonder how he makes day or night?, Ans: The blind boy cannot see the sun rising or setting. So he wonders how he can make day or, night., 3. “But sure with patience. I can bear, A loss I ne’er can know”, a) Who is the ‘I’?, Ans: The blind boy., b) What is the ‘loss’ the speaker cannot know?, Ans: The ‘loss’ here refers to the blessings of sight., c) How does he face the loss? What does it show about him?, Ans: The blind boy does not feel sorry for what he cannot have. He bears his loss patiently and, cheerfully., 4. “My day or night myself I make”., a) Who makes this statement?, Ans: The blind boy., b) When does he feel that it is day and night?, Ans: When he is active and plays and feels warmth it is the day for him. When he is tired and feels, sleepy it is night., c) Why does he make day and night himself?, Ans: He is blind., , EASY WAY TO ATTEND EXTRACTS, STATEMENT, SAID BY, SAID TO, “Our Captain has asked me to tell you .”, Swami, Swami’s father, “Leave alone strength, can you prove that Swami’s, Swami, you have courage?”, father, “ Will you at least leave the door open .”, Swami, Swami’s father, “Let me see if you can sleep alone tonight Swami’s, Swami, in my office room .”, father, “Why do you disturb him.”, Granny, of Swami’s father, Swami, “Your office room is very dusty and there Swami, Swami’s father, may be scorpions behind your law books”, “All right moly coddles and spoils in as Swami’s, Swami’s mother, much as you like .”, father, “No wonder he wanted to be asleep before Swami’s, To himself, I could return home clever boy .”, father, “I’ll make you the laughing stock of your Swami’s, Swami, school.”, father, 42

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GENTLE MAN OF RIO EN MEDIO, , THERE IS A GIRL BY THE TRACKS, , “Aiyo! Something has bitten me,”, “Please, please shut up granny. Don’t, talk to me, and don’t let anyone call me, even if the house, is on fire”., "Why don't you join the police when you, are young?", “There is a girl by the tracks”, “My sister is injured, Please help, me take her to a hospital.”, “Take the girl to Airoli,”, “Sister are you okay .”, “Oh, I couldn’t thank him,”, “I’m new to Mumbai, but I’ve, noticed that people here are, afraid”., Let’s go and help her”., , Burglar, Swami, , (Swami bitten), Granny, , Inspector, , Swami, , Passengers, Baleshwar, Mishra, , Roma is Girl, Motorists, , Cop, Baleshwar, Mishra, Baleshwar, Mishra, Baleshwar, Mishra, , Baleshwar Mishra, Roma Talreja, HIM- driver, Afraid of police, court, , Baleshwar, Mishra, Baleshwar, Mishra, Baleshwar, Mishra, , Passenger, , STATEMENT, “It took months of negotiation to, come to an understanding with the, old man”., “Finally I broached the subject .”, “We have made a discovery.”, , SAID BY, Narrator, , SAID TO, Don Anselmo, , Narrator, Narrator, , “When one signs a deed and sells, real property, one also sells, everything that grows on the land .”, “I do not like to have you speak to, me in that manner.”, “The trees in that orchard are not, mine.”, “I did not sell the trees because I, could not. They are not mine.”, “I argued with him, but it was, useless”., , Narrotor, , Don Anselmo, Anselmo had more, than 8 acres, land (DISCOVERY), Don Anselmo, , Anselmo, , Narrator, , Anselmo, , Narrator, , Anselmo, , Trees, belong, children, HIM- Anselmo, , “, I hope I am not too late”, “Chacha, can I borrow your, mobile?”, , Narrator, , To himself, Truck- driver, , to, , 43

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Dr B R AMBEDKAR, THE SONG OF INDIA, THE CONCERT, , “His flair for legislative work became, evident to the whole nation ,”, “They brought about a veritable, revolution in social thought .”, “He had an insatiable thirst for books .”, , ‘Who could have dreamt that one born to, a Mahar family would become not only a, law minister but also a lawmaker >”, “Shall I sing of your clear dawn with, pure gold streaks”, “Sing of wrinkled face indexing, ignorance”, “Querulous, I said :Is there no song that, I can sing for you?’’, “On which she sat and wrote the book of, morrow”, “And I spoke to him and he will come, tomorrow morning “, “Did you hear him .”, “There is no harm in trying it .”, “Enjoy yourself .”, “The chance of a lifetime .”, , They, Dr B R, Ambedkar, and Gandhiji, He refers to, Dr, B, R, Ambedkar, One referred, to Dr B R, Ambedkar, Poet, , Revolution is social, thought., Insatiable, means, Never Satisfied., Pandit, Jawaharlal, Nehru chose him as, Law minister., Mother India, , Mother India Poet, Poet, Mother India, , Poet, , SHE- Mother India, , Smita, , Ananth, , Anant, Smita, Anant, Anant, Aunt Sushila, , Smita, To herself, Smita, Smita, Smita, SAID TO, For Satish, , “This is an idle pastime. You would do, better to read and get some knowledge.”, ‘’ You will learn arts and make your life, in your chosen field.’’, , SAID BY, Satish’s, father, Satish’s, father, Satish’s, father, , What will you do in life if you don‘t get, education, eh?, ‘’ Why do you take away his source of, entertainment?’, , Satish’s, father, Satish’s, mother, , For Satish, , “ A walk in the park might make you feel better, .”, , STATEMENT, “We will have to look for a new school,”, COLOURS OF SILENCE, , The writer, , For Satish, For Satish, , For Satish’s father, , 44

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SUPPLEMENTARY READING, Narayanpur Incident:, This is an incident at the time of ‘Quit India Movement. A Gnadhian follower was arrested, by the British. His 18 years old son Mohan and his friend Suman led a protest against British in an, unusual way. No slogans no shouts. They wore white pyjamas, walked silently, handover a letter to, British police and come back silently. The British willing to arrest them and were expected violence, from Protestants but Protestants didn’t give them any chance. Babu the younger brother and, Manju younger sister they felt the protest strange and wanted to participate in March., Mohan and his family had a mysterious parcel. A cyclostyling machine at home they wanted, to use it to copy Gandhiji's speech and spread it to people. A police inspector came that night to, their home. He was Mohan’s father’s friend. He alerted them about that British police were about, to search their home for the cyclostyle machine. They believed the police inspector and handed, the machine to him. As the police inspector informed there was really police came and knocked at, the door at midnight., 1) Why had student marching. How was it an unusual march?, Ans: The students were marching to give a notice to collector. That was an unusual march because, there were no slogans, no shouts, they marched silently., 2) A police officer was seen talking to the students leaders. Can you guess what the officer had, been taking with them?, Ans: The police expected violence in March but they marched silently. No slogans no shouts., Seeing this unusual march he might have talked about this., 3) Babu and Manju were a bit disappointed with the way student were marching. What was the, reason?, Ans: Babu and Manju were little bit disappointed because there was no slogans, no shouts and no, violence., 4) What had the police expected about the way of protest? How did the student leaders manage, the protest?, Ans: The police expected violence during the protest march. But the intention of the student, leaders was completely different. They planned to do more things and trouble police.If they, arrested, there was of no use, So, they protested silently., 5) What was there in ‘mysterious parcel? What suspicion did the police have about that?, Ans: There was a cyclostyling machine in that parcel. The police suspicion that, that machine might, be used to make copies of Gandhi’s speech and spread over in town., 6) Why had patil, the sub inspector, come there? Who believed him? What was the result?, Ans: Patil, the sub inspector was the friend of Mohan’s father. He came there to help them. He, told that if they handed over that machine to him. They may escape from arresting. As he told, police came that night., On the top of the world:, This is an autobiography of Dickey Dolma a 19years old girl who became the youngest woman to, scale Mount Everest in 1993. She was born and brought up in Palachan, Himachal Pradesh. She lost, her mother when she was just 11 years old and soon she lost her brother too. From the very, beginning she experienced the hardship of the life she was much interested in skiing from the early, age of her life. She had won many national and international awards. Her childhood was fascinated, by the grandeur of the snow clad peaks of the Himalayas., 45

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Dolma has the desire to enjoy the view from the peak of the mountain. That encouraged her to get, mountaineering training at Manali. Everybody knew her dedication and one track mind, supported, her. She worked hard and achieved ‘A’ grades in training. She was selected to all India expedition, to Mt. Everest. She climbed Mount Everest on May 10, 1993. She enjoyed it a lot and felt the, whole world at her feet. Thus her dream had come true. This was all possible to her because she, was not a shirker, she was sincere and responsible. She faced financial problems and her father, was bed-ridden, when she was getting ready for final frontier. Even in such situation she practiced, four hours daily., Besides mountaineering Dolma loved music. Now she is teaching mountaineering. From, Dolma’s lifewe learn that emotional, financial, physical hardships and challenges never stop, achiever., 1) Give an account of Dicky Dolma’s hardship and challenges she faced before she was qualified, for this venture?, Ans: Dicky Dolma was born in poor family. She lost her mother when she was just 11 years old and, soon she lost her elder brother too. She had experienced hardship of life at her early age. She, suffered a lot and she is not financially sound., 2) How was Dolma described her preparedness for the task of scaling Mount Everest?, Ans: she was very interested to climb Mount Everest since her Childhood. Every day she watched, the beautiful peak of the Himalaya. She had firm determination and hard work helped her. She, practiced daily four hours. She had one track mind and was ready to face any hardships she got, mountaineering training at Manali and got ‘A’ Grade. She selected to ‘All India expedition to, Mount Everest and scaled the Mount Everest on 10th May 1993., 3) “With Zeal and determination there is nothing that one cannot achieve”. What else do you, think are necessary to achieve, beside zeal and determination? Have a discussion in the class., Ans: Beside Zeal and determination, hard work preference, one track mind, will to take any, risk,regular practice, readiness. Dare to accept any challenges are the necessary to achieve success, , Summary, , A GREAT MARTYR EVER CHERISHED, , "A Great Martyr ever Cherished' is the profile of a young soldier who gave up his life at the, age of 25. But he continues to live on forever in the hearts of patriots., Hanifuddin or 'Khalifa', as his friends called him, hailed from a family of musicians. Still he joined, the army, as deep within his heart he knew that he would be able to give back to the nation. He, also knew that life for him was short and so repeatedly reminded himself of his mission., Hanifuddin had to face hardships right from his childhood. He lost his father when he was only, eight. His mother was a vocal artist. She had to practise a lot for her performances and so had to, leave her three sons to look after themselves in her absence. She taught them that one's duty is, the most important thing in life., Hanifuddin was an introvert and started making friends at the age of 14. He sometimes, went out of his way to help people as it gave him a certain kind of joy. He applied to the army, while he was graduating. He underwent six months training which was a tough one. After the, training, Hanif was a changed man. He joined the 11 Rajputana Rifles and was posted at Jaipur and, then at Siachen, just prior to the Kargil war of 1999. It was only because of his bravery that a subsector was named after him. His bravery still lives on in the air of the cold mountains as well as on, the plains. His family has started a school in Kullu under the name of 'Hanif Foundation'. He has, earned his family glory that will see them through the years. It is this pride that has made his, mother, Hema Aziz, decline the Indian army's compensation offer of a petrol-pump., 46

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1) The Writer speaks of the ‘smile’ that welcomes anyone who enters Hanif’s house, what more, do we know about his ‘smile’?, Ans: Those who enters Hanif’s house they were welcome by his smile, but this smile was confined, in the picture frame, He sacrificed his life during Kargil War, at the age of 25 years. He loved his, work and was happy all the time., 2) What did Hanif choose as his mission? Why did he do so?, Ans: Hanif new that life for him was short; he wanted to serve the nation. He came from a family, of musicians. He decided to change the life, so he joined the army and choose this as mission to, serve our nation., 3) Life for Hanif in the beginning was never a smooth sail, Why was it so?, Ans: Hanif lost is father when he was just eight years old. His mother had a touring job and was, out very often. They had to do their work for themselves, so it was not a smooth sail., 4) The absence of mother from home taught the children something what was that?, Ans: The absence of mother from home taught the children that one’s duty is the important thing, in life., 5) How does the writer describe the ‘introvert’ Hanif?, Ans: The writer described Hanif as an introvert. Hanif began to make friends when he was 14, years old. He often went of his way to help the people. By doing so, he derived joy., 6) Hanif was a young man with varied talents and interest. Illustrate this statement drawing, support from the text., Ans: Hanif sketched very well. He made beautiful cards out of waste material. He read books and, loved playing drums. So he was talented and interested in life., 7) What were the dreams of Hanif? Do you think they were fulfilled?, Ans: Hanif had dreamt that he would rise up the ranks this dream could not be fulfilled because he, was killed in Kargil war. His dream was that a post be named after him. That dream came true, when the sub-sector was named after him., 8) Share your thoughts and impression of Hanif with your Classmates?, Ans: Hanif even though he lived for 25 years, Continuous to live forever in our hearts. In this short, life span he became a hero by sacrificing himself in the Kargil war. Because of the hardships from a, tender age. He learnt that one’s duty is the most important thing in life. He often went out of his, way. To help people and this gave him happiness. He was a young of varied talents and interest., Life for Hanif was always ekdambindas., 9) What did his mother Hema tell about his IMA training?, Ans: Hanif mother told that he had completed IMA training for six months. He became a man. The, training was as like as “take bath at midnight with cold water” so like this Hanif’s mother told his, IMA training experience., , 47

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VOCABULARY, COLLOCATION, What is collocation word?, Words which always used together to make a different meaningful phrases are called collocation, word., Combine the word in column A with its collocative word in column B, A, B, 1. strong, water, milk, coffee, honey, 2. rapid, growth, progress, movement, speed, 3. Strange, Look, like, lock, lord, 4. Brisk, Walk, quick, talk, sleep, 5. Earth, Land, water, quake, sun, 6. Railway, station, chair, run, stop, 7. Post, paper, table, book, box, 8. Honey, star, moon, sun, earth, 9. Blood, water, bank, book, post, 10. Photo, lady, man, studio, table, 11. Money, coin, stamps, letter, order, 12. Charming, girl, answer, book, hot, 13. Self, discipline, myself, mother, stars, 14. Wheel, stood, chair, book, paper, 15. Police, nurse, master, constable, driver, 16. Twinkling, moon, stars, sun earth, 17. Shake, leg, mouth, eye, hands, 18. Mouth, talking, eating, watering, licking, 19. Nuclear, weapon, task, time, bolt, 20. Break, lunch, fast, dinner, last, , SYLLABICATION, What is syllable?, Syllable is a unit of sound., Syllabication has 6 types-They are 1. Monosyllabic(one syllable) 2. Disyllabic (two syllable), 3. Tri syllabic(three syllable) 4. Terra syllabic(four syllable) 5. Penta syllabic (five syllable), 6. Polysyllabic or Multisyllabic (more than six syllables), But the basic syllabications are monosyllabic, disyllabic and polysyllabic, *Three letters having one syllable., Sun, act, mat, fat, one, eat, cut, cat., *Five letters having one syllable, Steel, break, pause, worse, count, blame., *Four letters having one syllable, Soul, path, week, heat, base, rage, case, step., *Six letters having one syllable, Cheeks, tongue, school, prayer., Ex: accept, ac-cept-2, Reflection, re-fle-ction-3, Cry, cry-1, Say, say-1, We, we-1, Vanish, va-nish-2, 48

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Identify the syllable, 1. Butter-1, 2. Boy-1, 3.Beauty-2, 4.Balance-2, 6. Behind-2, 7. Lawn-1, 8.Arrange-2, 9.Attitude-3, 11. Powder-2, 12. Blank-1, 13.Succeed-2, 14.Enjoy-2, 16. Wide-1, 17. Whole-1, 18.Ago-2, 19.Direction-3, 21. Canteen-2, 22. Continent-3 23.Adventure-3 24.Determine-3, 26. College-2, 27. Foolish-2, 28.Cheese-1, 29.Peace-1, , 5. Remain- 2, 10. Table-2, 15. English-2, 20. Again-2, 25. Problem-2, 30. Silly-2, , Opposite words, 1) Broad X Narrow, 36) Lose X Gain, 71) Dirty X Clean, 2) Remember X Punishment, 37) Bold X Timid, 72) Vanish X Appear, 3) Long X short, 38) Arrive X Depart, 73) Same X Different, 4) Slow X Past, 39) Sell X buy, 74) True X False, 5) Difficult X Easy, 40) Young X Old, 75) Right X Wrong, 6) Brave X Timid, 41) Patriot X Traitor, 76) Superior X Inferior, 7) Always X Never, 42) Full X Empty, 77) Far X Near, 8) Weak X strong, 43) After X Before, 78) Always X Never, 9) Success X Failure, 44) Sweet X Bitter, 79) Wise X Foolish, 10) Good X Bad, 45) Clever X Fool, 80) Wise X Foolish, 11) Sweet X Bitter, 46) Useful X Useless, 81) Proud X Humble, 12) Lenient X Strict, 47) More X less, 82) Soft X hard, 13) Brave X Coward, 48) Black X White, 83) Great X Silly, 14) Initially X Finally, 49) Achievement X Failure 84) Love X Hate, 15) Mighty X Feeble, 50) Come X Go, 85) Right X Left, 16) Give X Take, 51) Vanish X Appear, 86) First X Last, 17) Alive X Dead 52) Poor X Rich / Affluent 87) Active X Passive, 18) Famous X Notorious, 53) Strong X Weak, 88)Kind X Cruel, 19) Soft X hard, 54) Laugh X Weep, 89) Arrive X Departure, 20) Accept X Reject / Refuse, 55) Encourage X Discourage 90) Triumph X Defeat, 21) Careful X Careless, 56) High X Low, 91) Ignorant X Intelligent, 22) Permanent X Temporary, 57) Open X Close, 92) Friend X Enemy, 23) Never X Always, 58) Native X Foreign, 93) Highest X Lowest, 24) Expand X Contract, 59) Appeal X Command, 94) Begin X End, 25) Quick X Slow, 60) Ancient X Modern, 95) Former X Later, 26) More X Less, 61) Save X Spend, 96) Prolific X Barren, 27) Silent X Aggressive, 62) Lady X Gentleman, 97) Generosity X miserliness, 28) Heavy X light, 63) Won X Lost, 98) Glad X Sad, 29) Quit X Join, 64) Stop X Allow, 99) Together X Singly, 30) Special X Ordinary, 65) Celebrate X Mourn, 100) Dream X Realize, 31) Superiority X Inferiority, 66) Stop X Start, 101) Beautiful X Ugly, 32) Big X Small, 67) Master X Servant, 102) Tell X Ask, 33) Serious X Casual, 68) Praise X Reprimand, 103) Cool X Hot, 34) Bud X Flowers, 69) Leader X Follower, 104) Old X New, 35) Powerful X Powerless, 70) Interesting X Boring, 105) Large X Small, 106) Request X Order, 120) Increase X Decrease, 134) Fastest X Slowest, 107) Tough X Smooth, 121) Attack X Defend, 135) Birth X Death, 108) Abuse X Admire, 122) Bachelor X Spinster, 136) Bottom X Top, 109) Cause X Effect, 123) Clean X Dirty, 137) Thick X Thin, 110) Wet X Dry, 124) Late X Early, 138) Joyful X Sorrowful, 49

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111) Healthy X Sick, 112) Remember X Forget, 113) Fresh X Stale, 114) Rise X Fall, 115) Major X Minor, 116) Dry X Wet, 117) Sunset X Sunrise, 118) Bless X Curse, 119) Leave X Left, , 125) Right X Wrong, 126) Permit X Prohibit, 127) Junior X Senior, 128) Rural X Town, 129) Optimist X Pessimist, 130) Wide X Narrow, 131) Danger X Safe, 132) Light X Dark, 133) Present X Past, , 139) Intelligent X Stupid, 140) Day X Night, 141) Listen X Speak, 142) Male X Female, 143) Different X Similar, 144) Beginning X End, 145) Clever X Foolish, 146) Lend X Barrow, 147) Silence X Noise, , PASSAGE READING FOR COMPREHENSION, Read the passage given below and answer the question that follows, Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her, husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied, uranium and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie’s amicable collaboration later helped, to unlock the secrets of the atom., Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of physics. At an, early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her great exuberance for learning, prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She became disgruntled, however,, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to women. Determined to receive a, higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a French university,, where she earned her master’s degree and doctorate in physics. She was the first woman to be, given a professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in, chemistry for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness from her, long exposure to radium, she never became disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the, consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical, world., 1) What did Madam Curie discover?, Ans: Madam Curie discovered Radium., 2) How did Radium useful to mankind?, Ans: Radium is used for treating cancer treatment., 3) Why did Madam Curie become disgruntled?, Ans: She learned that university in Warsaw closed for women., 4) Why did she suffering from illness?, Ans: She suffered from illness because of long exposure to Radium., , PASSAGE READING-2, Read the passage given below and answer the question that follows., The Trojan War is one of the most famous wars in history. It is well known for the 10-year, duration, for the heroism of a number of legendary characters, and for the Trojan horse. What, may not be familiar, however, is the story of how the war began., According to Greek myth, the strife between the Trojans and the Greeks started at the, wedding of Peleus, King of Thessaly, and Thetis, a sea nymph. All of the gods and goddesses had, been invited to the wedding celebration in Troy except Eris, goddess of discord. She had been, 50

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omitted from the guest list because her presence always embroiled mortals and immortals alike in, conflict., To take revenge on those who had slighted her, Eris decided to cause a skirmish. Into the, middle of the banquet hall, she threw a golden apple marked “for the most beautiful.” All of the, goddesses began to haggle over who should possess it. The gods and goddesses reached a, stalemate when the choice was narrowed to Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Someone was needed, to settle the controversy by picking a winner. The job eventually fell to Paris, son of King Priam of, Troy, who was said to be a good judge of beauty. Paris did not have an easy job. Each goddess,, eager to win the golden apple, tried aggressively to bribe him., 1) Why was the war fought?, Ans: The Trojan War was fought for Trojan horse., 2) Why goddess Eris was not invited to king Peleus marriage ceremony?, Ans: Goddess Eris was not invited to king Peleus’s marriage ceremony because she treats mortal, and immortal alike., 3) How did goddess Eris take revenge?, Ans: She avenged by creating skirmish by throwing golden apple in the banquet hall., 4) Who was Paris?, Ans: Paris was son of king Priam and a good judge of beauty., , PASSAGE READING-3, Read the passage given below and answer the question that follows., The Kalinga War was fought in ancient India between the Maurya Empire under Ashoka and, the state of Kalinga, an independent feudal kingdom located on the east coast, in the present-day, state of Odisha and north parts of Andhra Pradesh. It is presumed that the battle was fought on, Dhauli hills in Dhauli which is situated on the banks of Dayariver. The Kalinga War included one of, the largest and deadliest battles in Indian history. Kalinga did not have a king as it was culturally, run without any., This is the only major war Ashoka fought after his accession to the throne. In fact, this war, marks the close of empire building and military conquests of ancient India that began with Maurya, king Bindusara. In the entire Indian history this war is considered as the deadliest war costing, nearly 300,000 lives.The bloodshed of this war is said to have prompted Ashoka to adopt Buddhism, with them., 1) Where was Kalinga war fought?, Ans: Kalinga war was fought on Dhavli hills., 2) How did the Kalinga war describe in Indian history?, Ans: Kalinga war was described as one of the largest and deadliest battle in India history., 3) Between whom was the Kalingawar fought?, Ans: Kalinga war was fought between Mourya Empire and Kalinga., 4) How did Kalinga war effect on Ashok?, Ans: The bloodshed of this war prompted Ashok adopt the Buddhism., , PASSAGE READING-4, Read the passage given below and answer the question that follows., , 51

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Mount Everest is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the MahalangurHimal subrange of the Himalayas. Its elevation of 8,848.86 m (29,032 ft) was most recently established in, 2020 by the Nepalese and Chinese authorities., Mount Everest attracts many climbers; some of them highly experienced mountaineers. There, are two main climbing routes, one approaching the summit from the southeast in Nepal and the, other from the north in Tibet. While not posing substantial technical climbing challenges on the, standard route, Everest presents dangers such as altitude sickness, weather, and wind, as well as, significant hazards from, The first recorded efforts to reach Everest's summit were made by British mountaineers. As, Nepal did not allow foreigners to enter the country at the time, the British made several attempts, on the north ridge route from the Tibetan side. Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary made the first, official ascent of Everest in 1953, using the southeast ridge route, 1) Which are the two routes to climb Mount Everest?, Ans: There are two routes to climb the Mount Everest, one is from southeast in Nepal and another, one is from the North in Tibet., 2) Why did British attempt to climb the Mount Everest from the Tibet?, Ans: British made many attempt to approach the Himalaya from the Tibet. Because Nepal did not, allow foreigners to climb mount Everest from Nepal., , Jumbled sentence, 1. was/very/Baleshwar/struggling/hard., 2. sixteen years/girl/a/smita/old/was., 3. old/player/a/very/was/Jazz., 4. is/of/this/discovery/a/voyage., 5. sorry/Columbus/felt., 6. temper/had/lost/Francisco/his., 7. so/don’t/i/think., 8. cancer/suffering/was/from/Anant., 9. Satish/old/years/eight/was., 10. wanted/he/to/the tiger/ kill., 11. India/one/the/is/biggest/countries/of., 12. Lovely/how/flowers/these/are!, 13. Wonderful/a/place/it/!/is/what, 14. is/he/a/gentleman/what/fine/!/, Answers:, 1.Baleshwar was struggling very hard., 2. Smita was a sixteen years old girl., 3. Jazz player was very old., 4. This is a voyage of discovery, 5. Columbus felt sorry., 6. Francisco had lost his temper., 7. I don’t think so., 8. Anant was suffering from cancer., 9.Satish was eight years old., 10. He wanted to kill the tiger., 11. India is one of the biggest countries., 12. How lovely flowers these are!, 13. What a wonderful place it is!, 14. What a fine gentleman he is!, 52

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DEGREES:, We use different degrees of comparison to compare the qualities of two or more nouns. This is, done by changing the adjective forms. We can decide the qualities of nouns clearly by comparing, the quality of one item with another one or more item. The extent of comparison is called the ‘the, degrees of comparison’., There is three degree of comparison namely., 1) Positive Degree, 2) Comparative Degree, 3) Superlative Degree, FORMATION OF COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREES, 1) Generally ‘er’ and ‘est’ are added to most of the adjectives and adverbs to form comparative, and superlative degrees., Quick, quicker, quickest, Rich, richer, richest, Straight, straighter, straightest, Short, shorter, shortest, Sweet, sweeter, sweetest, Strange, stranger, strangest, Small, smaller, smallest, Tall, taller, tallest, Thick, thicker, thickest, Weak, weaker, weakest, Young, younger, youngest, Fast, faster, fastest, Hard, harder, hardest, Load, loader, loudest, Long, longer, longest, Late, later, latest, 2) If the adjective ends in ‘e’ then only ‘r’ and ‘st’ are added to form comparative and superlative, degree., Able, abler, ablest, Brave, braver, bravest, Dense, denser, densest, Large, larger, largest, Noble, nobler, noblest, Pure, purer, purest, Rare, rarer, rarest, Ripe, riper, ripest, True, truer, truest, Wise, wiser, wisest, White, whiter, whitest, fat, 3) Adjectives ending in ‘y’ are formed by replacing ‘y’ by ‘ier’ and ‘iest’., Easy, easier, easiest, Dry, drier, driest, Holy, holier, holiest, Happy, happier, happiest, Heavy, heavier, heaviest, 53

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Healthy, Lazy, Lovely, Merry, Pretty, Wealthy, , healthier, lazier, lovelier, merrier, prettier, wealthier, , healthiest, laziest, loveliest, merriest, prettiest, wealthiest, , 4) Adjectives ending in a single consonant ( especially d, g, m, n, t ) preceded by a short vowel,, double the final consonant before adding ‘er’ and ‘est’., Big, bigger, biggest, Dim, dimmer, dimmest, Fat, fatter, fattest, Fit, fitter, fittest, Hot, hotter, hottest, Mad, madder, maddest, Red, redder, reddest, Sad, sadder, saddest, Slim, slimmer, slimmest, Thin, thinner, thinnest, Wet, wetter, wettest, , 5) If the adjective ends in ‘y’ preceded by a vowel, then only ‘er’ and ‘est’ are added., Gay, gayer, gayest, Grey, greyer, greyest, 6) Adjectives of two or more syllables change by adding ‘more’ and ‘most’ to the positive degree., Active, more active, most active, Beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful, Busy, more busy, most busy, Careful, more careful, most careful, Courageous, more courageous most courageous, Dangerous, more dangerous, most dangerous, Difficult, more difficult, most difficult, Doubtful, more doubtful, most doubtful, Efficient, more efficient, most efficient, Faithful, more faithful, most faithful, Famous, more famous, most famous, Fruitful, more fruitful, most fruitful, Generous, more generous, most generous, Handsome, more handsome, most handsome, Happy, more happy, most happy, I) POSITIVE DEGREE, The base form of an adjective is called the positive degree. It is used to express the quality of a, noun/pronoun in a simple way., This positive degree is used in three ways., 1) It is used to express the quality of a noun/pronoun in a simple way., Akshata is an obedient girl., That is a big ground., He is an innocent boy., 54

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The lion is a cruel animal., Radha is a charming girl., The words used in the above examples –obedient, big, innocent, charming, cruel are base forms, of adjectives. They are in positive degree., 2) It is used to express two nouns pronouns which have quality in the same degree., Anil is as tall as Manu., The school is as big as the temple., English is as easy as Kannada., Madhuri is as fair as Veena., Ninga is as wise as Ranga., 3) It is used to say that two nouns /pronouns have a quality in unequal degrees., Apples are not so sweet as bananas., Mudalgi is not so large as Gokak., These people are not so intelligent those people., COMPARATIVE DEGREE:, The comparative degree is used when two persons or things of the same class are compared, together., The adjective which is used to indicate a higher or lower degree of a quality in comparison, between two persons or things is said to be in the comparative degree., NOTE:-When two qualities of the same person or thing are to be compared, the comparative, degree formed by ‘er’ should not be used. In their place comparative degree should be made by, adding more or less to the adjective., He is more brave than strong. (Not braver than stronger), Mohan is more good than wise. (Not better than wise.), He is more industrious than intelligent., 2) Comparative adjectives ending in ‘or’ are followed by the preposition ‘to’, as., Superior, inferior, junior, senior, prior, anterior, posterior, prefer and preferable also., Hari is inferior to Rama in intelligence., He is junior/senior to me., This is superior/inferior to that., His turn comes prior to mine., Milk is preferable to tea., This T.V.set is inferior to your set., His performance was superior to mine., This cloth is much superior to the other one., NOTE: - The above noted adjectives are already of comparative degree., SUPERLATIVE DEGREE:, The word-superlative degree means of the highest rank. The superlative degree is used to, express the superiority of one noun/pronoun to all the others in group., OR, The adjective which is used to indicate the highest or the lowest degree of a quality or position in, comparison when one person or thing is compared with more than two persons or things is said, to be in the superlative degree., INTERCHANGE OF DEGREES, The degrees of adjectives can be changed into positive, comparative or superlative degrees, without altering their meanings., For the convenience of our study, we may categorize the degrees of comparison into the following, five types., 55

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I) If the sentence in positive degree is in an affirmative sentence, it becomes negative sentence in, the comparative degree., 1) Arun is as tall as Anil., Anil is not taller than Arun., 2) Akbar was as great as Babar., Babar was not greater than Akbar., 3) Cow is as gentle as lamb., Lamb is not gentler than cow., 4) She is as clever as your sister., Your sister is not cleverer than she., 5) Platinum is as heavy as gold., Gold is not heavier than platinum., 6) He is as cunning as a fox., Fox is not more cunning than he., 7) You are as young as Sunil., Sunil is not younger than you., 8) She is as fat as Pinky., Pinky is not fatter than she., 9) India is as powerful as America., America is not more powerful than India., 10) Rama was as brave as Ravana., Ravana is not braver than Rama., II) If the sentence in the positive is in the negative sentence, it becomes affirmative in the, comparative degree., 1) Silver is not so costly as gold., Gold is costlier than silver., 2) Adiveppa does not run so fast as Karim., Karim runs faster than Adiveppa., 3) You are not so strong as I., I am stronger than you., 4) He did not play so well as Raju., Raju played better than he., 5) The lion is not so ferocious as the tiger., The tiger is more ferocious than the lion., , Exercise:, 1.No other country in Asia is so big as India. (P.D), *India is bigger than any other country in Asia. (C.D), * India is the biggest country in Asia. (S.D), 2. No other Pandav is so strong as Bhimasena. (P.D), * Bhimasena was stronger than any other Pandav. (C.D), * Bhima was the strongest man in Pandav (S.D), 3. No other sitarist was as great as Ravishankar in India. (P.D), * Ravishankar was greater than any other sitarist in India. [C.D], * Ravishankar was the greatest sitarist in India. [S.D], 4. Very few saints in the world were as great as Vivekananda. [P.D], * Vivekananda was greater than most other saints in the world. [C.D], * Vivekananda was one of the greatest saints in the world. [S.D], 5. No other building is as beautiful as Tajmahal in India. [P.D], * Tajmahal is more beautiful than any other building in India. [C.D], 56

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* Tajmahal is the most beautiful building in India. [S.D], 6. No other river in India is so holy as the Ganga. (P.D), *The Ganga is holier than any other river in India. (C.D), * The Ganga is the holiest river in India. (S.D), 7. Very few judges in the history were as great as king Vikramaditya. (P.D), * King Vikramaditya was greater than most other judges in the history. (C.D), * King Vikramaditya was one of the greatest judges in the history. (S.D), 8. Very few fruits are as cheap as the banana. (P.D), * The banana is cheaper than most other fruits. (C.D), * The banana is one of the cheapest fruits. (S.D), , WRITING, Profile writing, Dear students you will have a 4 marks question like‘Write about a paragraph by using given profile’., So, what is profile writing?, Profile writing is a written portrait of a person; we have to write about a paragraph by using, given data or profile of person., To write a good profile writing, 1) Read the given clues carefully, 2) Frame a sentence by using each clue., 3) Use correct tense forms, conjunction, preposition, articles, verb forms etc., 4) Write in sequential order as given in data., 5) Use accurate language., , PROFILE -1, Given below is a profile. Write a paragraph using the same:, Name: Mr.Ganapati, Age: 42years, Date of birth: 01/06/1978, Qualification: M.B.B.S., Profession: Doctor, Reason for popularity: Free service to poor, conducts free check-up camps in rural area., Awards: Vaidhyaratna, Best Social worker., Let’s write, Mr.Ganapati is 42 years old. He was born on 1st June 1978. He is well educated person. He is, an M.B.B.S. graduate. He is working as a doctor. He is very famous around his locality for his, kindness. He treats poor patients free of cost and he conducts free medical checkup camps in rural, areas in order to avail free service to poor people. He has honoured by many awards for his social, works. VaidhyaRatna, Best Social worker, was some of his awards., , 57

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PROFILE-2, Given below is a profile. Write a paragraph using the same:, Name: Mr.Rajaram, Age: 46years, Qualification: M.A.B.Ed., Profession: Principal in M.D.R.S., Reason for popularity: friendly personality hard work, innovativeness, active personality, Awards: Best principal awards, Ideal teacher., Hobbies: Reading, Painting., , Let’s write, 46 year old Mr.Rajaram is a well-qualified person. He is an M.A.B.Ed. He is working as, principal in M.D.R.S. since last 4 years. He is very famous for his work and personality. He is very, friendly person and he is very famous for his innovative ideas. He is a very hard worker and very, active person. He is winner of many awards for his work and service. He has awarded with ‘Best, Principal of the district award along with these achievements, he has some good hobbies like, reading books and painting., , PROFILE-3, Name: Chetan, Age: 19year, Date of birth: 03/03/2002, Qualification: B.Sc.(Student), Reason for popularity: Participant in commonwealth and winner of gold medal., Hobbies: playing cricket and listening to the music., Awards: KhelRatna, Arjun award., Let’s write, Mr chetan is a famous athlete. He is 19 years old. He was born on 3rd March 2002. Presently, he is a student of B.Sc. He is very famous athlete. He has participated in commonwealth sports and, has won gold medal. Along with sports, he has some good hobbies like playing sitar and listening, to the music. He was awarded with the highest award for sports KhelRatna and Arjun award for his, achievement., PROFILE-4, Name: Sir. C.V.Raman, Date of birth: 7th Nov. 1888, Qualification: M.A. in physics from national Hindu college, Occupation: Scientist., , 58

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Reason for popularity: Scientist, an discovery of theory of scattering of light in liquids and a kind, human being, Founder of Raman research institute., Awards: nobel Prize in 1930 for theory of scattering of light in liquids., Let’s write, Sir, C.V.Raman is one of famous scientist of India. He was born on 7th Nov. 1888. He completed his, M.A. in physics and become a scientist he is very famous for his discovery of Raman Effect. His, theory on the laws of light scattering in liquids is one of his most important discovery of the world., He had honoured with so many awards for his achievements he was awarded Nobel Prize in 1930, for his theory of laws of lights scattering in liquids., , PICTURE DESCRIPTION WRITING, Dear students,you will have a 3 marks question on picture description writing in your examination,, like., Study the picture given below,, Write a description or an account of what the picture suggest to you in a paragraph, So how to write picture description, 1), 2), 3), 4), 5), 6), , Look at the picture carefully., Have a close look., Now write what you see in picture., Use correct nouns of person, place or things you see in picture., Use correct action words/ verb forms., Use simple sentences/structure to describe the picture., , 1, , This is a beautiful vegetable garden. People are working in the garden. There are four, people in the garden. There is tomato, cucumber, pumpkin and corn in the garden. The boy is, harvesting Tomatos. The girl is harvesting cucumber. The man is carrying pumpkin. The woman is, carrying cucumber. There is a scarecrow in the garden. A crow is sitting on the scarecrow. There, are two houses near the garden.A squirrel is sitting on the house and looking at the people. There, are sun and clouds in the sky and the weather is clear and sunny., , 59

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2, , This is a picture of a beautiful park. There are so many people in the park, some children are, playing basket ball. There is a little shop and some children and a woman are buying ice-cream. A, girl is going for a walk with the dog along with her father. A boy is skating and a girl is riding a cycle, scooter. There is a dustbin in the park. Two people are sitting under the tree. One man is sitting on, the bench. Two small kids have wore scatting boards in their feet were siblings. Totally the park is, crowded and people were buys in doing something., 3, , This is a picture of a beautiful beach. Some ladies are sitting on the stools at the juice shop, and they are having juice. The juice man serving them and he is preparing juice. Beside the juice, shop a dog is digging hole in the sand. There is a big umbrella (parasol) a couple is taking sunbath., In the sea some people are swimming. A man is riding a power boat and pulling three boys and, girls on a raft. Beside the sea a lady is carrying a bag. A boy and a girl are sitting on a branch of a, tree. A little boy is building sandcastles and his friend nearby him is watching at him. We can see, that everybody is enjoying at the beach., 4, , 60

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This is a beautiful picture of the forest. There are 3 children and a woman in the picture., Woman is showing something to her son. A boy, who is kneeled, is harvesting apples. A boy is, holding bag and plucking flowers. There are many animals. A carpenter bird is cutting hole in tree,, a squirrel is sitting on a branch of a tree. A crow is searching food on the ground. There is a deer, looking at the people. There is spider hanging on a tree branch. We can see a beautiful nature in, this picture., , ESSAY WRITING, Dear students you will be asked to write an essay in your examination., Question will be like;, Write an easy on any one of the following topics., So, what is an essay?, An essay is a piece of writing that gives the writer’s own view on a particular subject., So, how to write a good essay?, Generally essay has three main parts., a) Introduction- keep introduction short preferable in one paragraph., b) The main body- in this part focus on main subject and write your view deeply., c) Conclusion- write a short conclusion at the end of your essay/ summarize your essay and write, it clearly., , SOME ESSAYS, 1. COVID-19 A PANDEMIC:, Today the whole world is living under the threat of covid-19 pandemic. This is the most, contagious disease, cause illness in human and animals. Now it has been spread all over the world., Every country is suffering a lot from it., Covid- 19 is a disease caused by the corona virus. The first victim of covid- 19 found in, china’s Wuhan city in Dec 2019. And the first case in India is found January-2020. This disease, mainly infects the respiration system of human body. Its common symptoms may have aches and, pains, nasal congestion, runny nose and all cold symptoms. This disease spread from others who, have the virus. This disease spread from person to person. This virus is mainly transmitted through, contact. The incubation period of this disease is 1 to 14 days. The sad thing is that, medicine for, this disease is still not available. Scientist around the world are busy in inventing medicine for, covid-19 disease., Millions of human being has lost their lives around the earth. It is causing enormous, damage to lives as well as economy of all nations. We can prevent this disease by taking simple, precaution like washing hands with soap often; sanitizing and wearing mask, maintaining social, distance. Everyone must remember that ‘CARE IS BETTER THAN CURE’., , 61

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2. GLOBAL WARMING:, (Introduction):- Global Warming is a big issue of the world today. Our earth surface is becoming, hot day by day, trapping the suns heat and rise in the level of atmospheres carbon dioxide., (Body):- Global Warming is the gradual rise in the temperature of earth Surface, Ocean and, atmosphere. The most noticeable effect of Global Warming is the melting of the ice caps and, Glaciers in the world. As a result even sea level is rising steadily. It is believed that by the end of, 21st century many cities will be partly flooded by the sea., Global Warming cause when carbon dioxide, green house gases and other air pollutant get, collected in the earth’s atmosphere and absorb the surface because they trap the heat and make, the earth hotter., (Conclusion):- Global Warming is really harmful for life on the earth therefore various reason for, Global Warming may be but we have to take a serious action to stop the Global Warming, pollutants. But stopping Global Warming is a big challenge to all of us, it is difficult to resolve it., But not impossible to do so. Combine effort from govt. and individuals are required to stop Global, Warming., , 3. SWACHA BHARAT ABHIYAN:, To honour Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of clean India. Our govt. administrated a campaign, called “Swacha Bharat Abhiyan”. It was launched on 2nd October 2018 by the prime minister of, India Narendra Modi., Swachh Bharat Abhiyan set a lot of objectives to achieve so that India could become cleaner, and better. It not only appealed the sweepers and workers but all the citizens of India. It aims to, build sanitary facilities for all. It offers hand pumps, proper drainage system, bathing facility and, more. This will promote cleanliness amongst citizens. It’s another object is to make people aware, of health and education through awareness programs and to bring awareness to dispose of waste, mindfully., Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a great start to make India cleaner and greener, if all the citizens, could come together and participate in this drive India will soon flourish. Moreover when the, hygienic conditions of India will improve all of us will benefit equally., 4. POLLUTION:, (Introduction)- Today pollution is one of the serious problems of the world. It is increasing day by, day due to modern life and technology. Human is the main pollutant of this world. He creates the, machines and industries which causing enormous hazards to the environment. Ourselves, we, human are damaging the mother earth. We must aware to prevent pollution in order to save, mother earth., (Main part) – Pollution means polluting our surrounding environment. Mainly there are 3 kinds of, pollution, a) Air pollution, , b) Water pollution c) Soil pollution, , a) Air pollution: - increasing of vehicles and industries are polluting the air that we breathe. We, should use public transport and reduce the number of industries to prevent air pollution., 62

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b) Water pollution: - Drainage water of some big cities causing water pollution. To reduce water, pollution we have to stop the flowing of these wastes to the river, lake or sea., c) Soil pollution: - Due to deforestation and using access of poisonous chemicals fertilizer for, agriculture causing a serious damage to the soil., Conclusion: - We human being, as the wisest creature of this world. We must take necessary steps, to prevent the pollution. If we don’t aware now, we will lead to edge of doom. We must, understand that we must handover the good environment to our next generation., , 5. COMPUTER:, (Introduction): - Now a day’s computer has become one of the important part of our life. We are, using computer in every field of our life. Day by day the use of computer is increasing. Computer, has revolutionized the entire world., (Body): - computer is an electrical device it can be used to do all sorts of human work. Computers, are technically improving day by day, whether it is scientific, research, medicine, space or weather, research, computer helped us to lot., This computer may very useful but it has twin faces on one side it is a boon. On, other side it, is a curse. It’s uses completely depend on us. Till now it is the greatest invention of mankind that, has saved thousand and millions of lives. It has increased the speed of mankind’s growth., (Conclusion): - No doubt computer is a useful device; it is helping us in every field and have made, our work easy. It is good when we used it for good. If misused that will be a curse to the mankind., , 6. MOBILE PHONES:, Mobile phone has become one of the most useful and important need of our daily life., Mobile phone is a multiple task electrical device. It can be used for calls, video calls, internet, surfing, photography and playing games, banking and etc.., usefulness of mobile has made it so, popular and a necessary tool. That’s why today we can see it in everybody’s hand like, omnipresent., Mobile has changed its form, work and shape many times. Today we see latest technically, powerful mobiles, called Smartphone., (Conclusion):- No doubt mobiles are very useful and important thing, but it has twin face if it is, used in proper way it becomes a boon. And another face, if misused, it will become a curse of, science and technology to the mankind., , 7. ENVIRONMENT:, The environment can be defined as ‘the things around us’. It can be living or non- living, thing. It includes, water air, soil and forest in simple words It is nature., Environment is very necessary to all living things. But man has taken it as granted, and, misusing it. We are polluting the air with poisonous gases, smoke of industries and vehicles, and, that is increasing carbon dioxide in our atmosphere and this is the main cause of global warming., We are polluting even sea water which leading the sea life towards the doom. Due to, 63

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deforestation we cause enormous hazards to nature. Environment pollution can be prevented by, planting more trees, decreasing industries and by using public transports., We all dream of beautiful nature and a healthy environment. We all individuals must join, our hands with the govt. and save our environment so as to handover a healthy environment to, our next generation., , 8. INTERNET, In today’s technologically overrun world, internet has become an important source of, knowledge. Through internet the wide world has become global village. After invention of, computer and Smartphone it has become more popular than ever., Internet provides us any kind of knowledge on our fingertips. We can communicate, share, or send SMS through internet within no time with the help of computer laptop, tablet, and mobile., It can be used for business and even for entertainment. It has become the most powerful vehicle, of communication to connect this world. Today, it is useful in every field of our life., No doubt slowly internet has occupied an important place in our life. It,s vast storage and, speed meets everybody’s need. Due to use of internet we may walk with the world together., , DEVELOPING A STORY, Dear students,, You will have a 3 marks question in your examination like,, Develop a story using the clues given below., So, how to develop a story by using given clues?, • Read the clues given in question carefully, • Study the tense forms of verb used in clues., • Think and imagine., • Develop a story in your mind., • Point out the main ideas of the story., • Use every clue and frame a meaningful sentence in sequence order as they have given in clues., • You may add something to story if needed., • Give a title or moral of the story at the end., 1. One hot day_______ a crow______searched water, found ___pot ______little water_______, tried to drink_____ not possible_____ thought of idea______ picked stones______ drank______, flew., Let’s write by using clues., (Clue 1) one hot day a crow was very thirsty. (Clue 2) it searched for water everywhere., (Clue 3) at last it found a large pot but there was very little water in it. (Clue 4) the thirsty crow, tried to drink water from the pot. (Clue 5) but it was not possible to drink water as it was very, below at the bottom of the pot. (Clue 6) He thought of an idea (clue 6) He found some stones, nearby. The crow picked up the stones and dropped them one by one. The water came up. The, crow drank the water and quench its thirst and flew away happily., 64

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2. A tortoise and swans friends__ turtle __ talkative drought____ pond ___ dry ____swan___move, ___other place ___turtle___request____take him___ swan plan____ hold___ piece of stick___, turtle hold___ told not to speak___ crossing village___ children make fun___ turtle___ angry___, opened its mouth and died., , Let’s write by using clues., Once a Tortoise and swans were good friends. They were living in a pool. The turtle was very, talkative. Once there was a draught. Pond begins to dry. Swans decided to move to another place., Turtle requested swans to take him away with them. Swans thought of a plan, they brought a, piece of stick and asked turtle to hold the stick by its mouth and they hold the sticks both ends and, told turtle to not to speak. While they were crossing a village, children were surprised at that sight, and made fun of turtle. They shouted at turtle. Tortoise got angry and opened its mouth and fell, down on the ground and died., Moral:- Always listens to friendly advice., 3. A lion asleep___ a little mouse___ came upon him___ lion roused from sleep ____ caught, mouse___ rat begged to leave___ lion ___ let it __go. Lion caught in net ____ roared for help____, mouse made a hole in net___- lion got free., Let’s write by using clues., A lion was asleep in the forest. A little mouse unexpectedly came upon a lion. The lion roused in, angry and caught the mouse in his hand and began to swallow. The mouse requested the lion to, let him go and he will repay for that. One day the lion caught in hunters net and tried to come out, of it but he didn’t. So the lion roared for the help. Nobody came to help the lion but the mouse, came and cut the net and made a hole. The lion got free and thanked the mouse and become good, friends and lived happily., Moral:- Never underestimates anyone., , LETTER WRITING, Dear students,, You will have a 5 marks question in your examination like, a) Imagine that you are Aradhya/Arun studying in 10th class. Write a letter to your father, explaining about your preparation for examination, b) Write a letter to you class teacher requesting 3 days leave., So let’s learn what is letter writing?, There are two types of letters, 1) Formal letters/official letters, Informal letters/personal letters, , 65

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1. Formal letter:, Formal letters are written to officials or for business purpose in a particular format. The formal, letters format has five steps., 1) Senders address/writers address: Address should be written on top of the left with date, (imaginary names given in question), 2) Receivers address: Receiver address should be written just below the senders address, (imaginary names given), 3) Solution: Includes, respected sir/ madam, dear sir or Mr., Mrs., DR, miss, ms along with their, names., 4) Subject or matter: Write the subject of letter keep It brief and if possible in one line., 5) Body of the letter: This is main part of the letter, Divide your letter into paragraphs, Write every new point in separate paragraphs., Letter should have 3 paragraphs introduction main subject and conclusion., 6) Ending/closing: Sign off with a correct closing statement like., You’re faithfully your obedient, you’re sincerely, Lets see one example/sample letter format of a formal letter, From(sender address), _____________, _____________, Date_________, To,, (Receiver address), _______________, Respected sir/(salutaion), Subject: _________________________, Body of the letter________________________________________, ________________________________________________________, _________________________________________________________, Yours faithfully, (signature), , LETTER-1, Imagine you are Jeevan/Jyoti studying in govt. high school Ramadurg. Write a letter to your, principal requesting him for 3 days leave., From, Jeevan/Jyoti, 10th class, Govt. high school, Ramadurg., 66

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Date: 21/December/2020, To,, The principal, Govt. high school, Ramdurg, Respected sir,, Subject: Requesting for 3 days leave., Reference to the above mentioned subject, I Jeevan studying in 10th class. I am suffering, from fever and cold doctor advised me to take 3 days rest, so I am unable to attend my classes., Hence I kindly request you sir. Please grant me 3 days leave from 22/12/2020 to 24/12/2020., I assure your sir, I will attend my classes from 25th Dec. as usual., Thanking, Yours faithfully or yours obedient student, (Signature), LETTER -3, Imagine that you are Sanjana/Sanjay leaving in Ramadurg. Write a letter to the editor column of, any news paper focusing on the problem of insufficient drinking water supply in your area use the, given clause., (Do not supply regularly, supply for 10 minutes only. Water is not clean.), From,, Sanjana.R, Gandhinagar, Ramadrug, 4th June 2020, To,, The editor, Times of India, Neharu Nagar, Belagavi, Respected sir,, Subject: Insufficient water supply., Through the columns of your reputed daily, The Times of India. I wish to bring it into, common notice about the insufficient supply of pure drinking water in our area. The water supply, is not sufficient; the water board supplies water for only 10 minutes. Moreover the water they, supply is not drinkable. It causing so many health issues in our area., 67

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Through this, I would like to urge the authorities to look into the matter immediately for the, common welfare of the people., Thanking you,, Yours faithfull, (Signature), , Letter- 4, Imagine that you are Chaitra/Chetan. Write a letter to district commissioner regarding the poor, condition of roads in your area., From,, Chaitra D., Salahalli, Ramadurg, 21st Jan 2021, To,, The District commissioner, Belagavi, Respected sir,, Subject: Poor condition of roads., I miss. Chaitra D. resident of Salahalli, wish to bring into your kind attention about the poor, condition of roads in our area., The road which connects our village is not in good condition. It is completely damaged and, there are so many potholes on the roads. It is very difficult to travel through the road and it, causing many road accidents every day., On the behalf of my whole village, I kindly request you sir, please, consider this problem, very serious and take immediate action to repair roads., Thanking you,, Yours faithfully, (Signature), Informal / personal letters, Personal letters or informal letters are written to relatives, friends in a systematic format., Personal letter has 4 steps, 1) Sender or writers address with date, 2) Salutation or greeting, 68

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3) Body of the letter, 4) Senders name and signature, You not need to write receiver address., , Informal letter format, From address, ______________, ______________, Date:_______, Greeting(dear, dearest, lovely, hi hello), ( Body of the letter)______________________________________________, ___________________________________________________________, ___________________________________________________________, ___________________________________________________________, , Your loving daughter/son, friend,brother, Name and sign., , INFORMAL SAMPLE LETTER-1, Imagine that you are Shreya/ Shreyash. Studying in 10 th class. Govt. high school Salahalli. Write a, letter to your father explaining about your preparation for annual examination., From,, Shreya R., Govt. high school, Salahalli, Tq: Rmadurg, 4th Oct. 2024, Dear father,, I am fine here with my studies and health with my friends. I hope everyone in the home are, also fine. I have scored 95% in our preparatory exam and our annual examination date is, announced. It is in the next month. So I am studying 6 to 8 hours a day I have hope to score more, than 95% in annual exam. I am putting all efforts and energy to do well in exam., Please convey my love to mother and warm regards to my lovely sisters., , 69

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Your loving daughter, (Signature), , INFORMAL SAMPLE LETTER-2, Imagine that you are Shankar/Parvati studying in 10th class Govt. high school Salahalli. Write a, letter to your friend inviting him/her on your school annual day function., From,, Parvati,, Govt. high school Salahalli, 25th Dec. 2020, My dearest friend,, I am fine here with my health and study with my all friends, I hope you also fine there, our, school annual day ceremony has announced, it is the next week. We all are preparing well for the, occasion. As usual this year also there are many events take place in our school day function. I am, participating in a drama and moreover I am glad to tell you that I am selected as ‘the best student, of the year’ award., So my dear friend, I wish you to be with me in such an auspicious moment. So I heartily, invite you to our school annual day. I will be looking forward for your coming., Your loving friend, (Parvati), , INFORMAL SAMPLE LETTER-3, Imagine that you are Amruta/Amar studying in 10th class K.R.C.R. School Salahalli write a, letter to your father, requesting him to send Rs 1000 to buy new books., From,, Amruta, 10th class, K.R.C.R. school, SalahalliTq: Rmadurg, 18th Nov. 2021, Dear father,, 70

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I am fine here with my studies and health I hope you, mamma and my brother are fine at, home. My study is going on well, our school has provided us all sorts of things, but papa, I need, some other reference books for my study. So I request you papa, please, send me 1000 Rupees to, purchase those books., Please convey my warm regards to mother and my brother., Your loving daughter, (Amruta), , EDITING, Read the paragraph carefully., Focus on the aspects regarding questions., The following paragraph has two errors. Edit the paragraph and rewrite it in the answer-book., Clues are given., 1. A poor wood cutter was cutting a big peace of wood near a wide river. Sudden his old axe, slipped from his hand and fell into the deep water., Clues, a) Spelling mistake to be corrected., b) Adverbial mistake to be corrected., Ans: a) piece, b) Suddenly, 2. Swami rose silent and tiptod to his bed in the passage; Granny was sitting up in her bed, and, remarked, “Boy are you already feeling sleepy?, Don’t you want to hear a story?”, Clues, a) Adverbial mistake to be corrected, b) Spelling mistake to be corrected., Ans: a) silently, b) Tiptoed, 3. What is the, meaning of this wild upror. The men stand transfixed. The first men to move shall, spend the rest not the night in irons!, Clues, a) Use correct function mark., b) Noun plural to be corrected., Ans: a) upror-uproar, b) men-man, 4. After a few seconds monalisa heard another sound. It was the sound in two cars coming from, opposite direction., a) Capital letter to be corrected., b) Preposition to be corrected., Ans: a) monalisa-Monalisa, b) in-of, 5. One day a hungry lion is walking in the forest looking for food. He could not get anything to eat., At last he saw a goat eating grass on the feet of the hill., a) Preposition to be corrected, b) Helping verb to be corrected, 71

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Ans: a) on-at, b) is-was, 6. pritha being young and curious wished to test the mantra. She repeat and meditated on the sun, god., a) Capital letter to be corrected., b) Verb form to be corrected., Ans: a) Pritha, b) repeated, 7. Last Sunday, jacky and I went to the beach. When we arrived, we thought it was going to rained., Luckily, the sky cleared up., a) Use capital letters wherever necessary., b) Verbal mistake to be corrected., Ans: a) Jacky, b) rain, 8. There had been an accident when he goes hiking with his father and brother inder. They were, crossing a rickety bridge over some rapids. Clues:, a) Tense form of verb to be corrected., b) Use capital letters wherever necessary., Ans: a) goes-went, b)Inder, GRAMMAR (Language Use), Finite and Non-finite verbs, i) FINITE VERB: A verb which changes its form according to the person and number of its subject is, called a finite verb., Ex: She reads a lesson., We read a lesson., ii) NON FINITE VERB: A verb which does not change its form even if we change the person and, number of the subject in sentence is called a Non-finite verb or Infinitive., Ex: He wants to buy a car., We want to buy a car., Verb., *Finite verb forms: Show tense, person and number., Ex: I go, she goes, we went etc., *Nonfinite verb forms do not show tense, Person or number, Ex: to go, go+ ing, ed forms v3 forms., Examples:, 1. She walks home., a) finite b) nonfinite c) Gerund d) participle, 2. I need to go to sleep., a) finite b) nonfinite c) Gerund, noun, 3. The sleeping dog caused a delay., Ans: Non-finite, 4. I hate camping., Ans: Non-finite, 5. We ate masala dosa., Ans: Non-finite, 6. I live in Bangalore., 72

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Ans: Finite, 7. I want to go there., Ans: Infinite, 8. They go to see a bird., Ans: Non-finite, 9. Smita went to mysoreto see historical place., Ans: Non-finite, 10. Sheela goes to library to get some books., Ans: Infinite, Identify the language function of the underlined sentence, Read the given conversation carefully., Point out the modals used in it., Identify the function of the language., 1. Student: May I come in sir?, Teacher: yes, you shouldn’t be late next time., a) order, b) advice, c) suggestion, d) instruction, 2. If you don’t mind could I use your pen?, a) questioning, b) seeking information, c) seeking help, d) seeking permission, 3. Mother: hello my dear child, why are you looking sad today?, Aditya: yes mother, I am a bit upset as I got 2nd place in running race., Mother: oh! Is it? Come on my boy, it is a happy thing that you won 2nd place. Practice well you, will do better next time., Aditya: Sure mother, next time I’ll work hard and win 1st place., Mother: Good., a) Advice b) order c) request d) obey, 4. Student: Good morning sir., In-charge: Good morning thank you. What can I do for you?, Student: I am Geeta, a student of class IX. I am interested in joining the summer camp. Could I, have the details, please?, a) order b) request c) obey d) advice, 5. Rajesh: After a long time, I am meeting you., Sampath: yes, of course, by the by, I come to know that your daughter’s marriage is fixed. When?, Rajesh: on 22nd February., Sampath: Fine, what can I do for you?, Rajesh: would you help me by lending Rs. 50,000?, Sampath: with pleasure., a) permission b) instruction c) ability d) request, 6. You should consult a doctor., a) order b) obey c) request d) suggestion, 7. Story books are on fifth shelf in second row from here, a) giving direction b) obey c) request d) order, 73

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8. You’re absolutely right, a) expressing agreement b) wishing, c) seeking help, d) expressing disagreement, 9. I’m very sorry, a) apologizing b) ordering c) complimenting d) expressing, 10. Shut the door, a) order b) obey c) request d) suggestion, , DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH, Direct speech is the actual words or statements of the speaker., Indirect speech is reporting the words of a speaker without quoting actual words of the speaker., Common rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech, The tense of the verb in the reported speech is changed as follows, 1. Simple present into simple past., 2. Present continuous into past continuous., 3. Present perfect into past perfect., 4. Present perfect continuous into past perfect continuous., 5. Simple past into past perfect., 6. Past continuous into past perfect continuous., Some words can be changed in indirect speech as follow:, Do--- did, Don’t --- didn’t, Is, am ---was, Are---were, Have, has--- had, Was, were---had been, Had--- had been, Shall--- should, Will--- would, May--- might, Can--- could, Now--- then, This--- that, These--- those, Here --- there, Thus--- so, Ago--- before, Today --- that day, To night--- that night, Tomorrow---- next day, Yesterday--- Previous day, Just--- then, Come--- go, Next day--- the following day, Next week --- the following week, This day --- that day, 74

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Hence --- hence forth, This night--- that night, I --- he/she, You --- I, We ----they, , ASSERTIVE SENTENCE:, Examples:, 1. The teacher said, “We shall go to picnic tomorrow”., The teacher said that they would go to picnic next day., 2. Raju said, “I am studying hard”., Raju said that he was studying hard., 3. He said, “I am busy”., He said that he was busy., 4. He said, “I am late today”., He said that he was late that day., 5. She said, “I know him”., She said that she knew him., 6. They said, “We are working for our country.”, They said that they were working for their country., 7. You said, “I have got a prize.”, You said that he had got a prize., 8. My brother said, “Burglars broke into my house last night.”, My brother said that burglars had broken into his house the previous night., 9. She said to me, “I was waiting for my sister.”, She said that he had been waiting for her sister., 10. Kiran said, “I have never met such people before”., Kiran said that he had never met such people before., 11. Veena said, “Deepak had been singing for half an hour”., Veena said that Deepak had been singing for half an hour., 12. Sulochan said, “I shall work hard”., Sulochan said that she would work hard., 13. Reena said, “They will be arriving here by the next train”., Reena said that they would be arriving there by the next train., 14. Subash said, “Sister will have reached Delhi by now”., Subash said that his sister would have reached Delhi by then., 75

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15. Trilochan said, “We shall have been travelling by train for three days by this time tomorrow”., Trilochan said that they would have been travelling by train for three days by that time the, next day., 16. Laxmi said, “I will come here”., Laxmi said that she would go there., 17. He said to me, “you may come with me tomorrow”., He told me that I might come with him tomorrow., 14. He said, “Mummy, I am very hungry”., He told his mother that he was very hungry., 15. The letter stated, “Here is a man who is more learned than all our learned professors put, together., The letter stated that there was a man who was more learned than all our learned professors, put together., 16. He said, “I am going to U.S.A to spend some time with my son in California”., He said that he was going to U.S.A to spend some time with his son in California., 17. He said, “It is a difficult question to answer”., He said that it was a difficult question to answer., , IMPERATIVE SENTENCE, 18. The teacher said, “Stand up”., The teacher ordered to stand up., 19. The father told his son, “Study regularly”., The father advised his son to study regularly., 20. The Headmaster said to peon, “Clean the floor at once”., The Headmaster ordered peon to clean the floor at once., 21. The doctor said to patient, “Give up smoking at once”., The doctor advised patient to give up smoking., 22. The teacher said to student, “Read slowly”., The teacher ordered student to read slowly., , INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE, 23. The teacher said to Lavanya, “Where did you go yesterday”., The teacher enquired Lavanya where she went previous day., 24. Rama said to Swami, “Is it your book”?, Rama asked Swami if it was your book., 25. She said, “Why do you talk loudly”?, She asked why he talked loudly., 26. He said, “Do I write a letter”?, He asked if he wrote a letter., 27. They said to him, “Is she combing her hair”?, 76

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They asked him if she was combing her hair., 28. They said to us, “Was he washing his dress yesterday”?, They asked us if he had been washing his dress the previous day., 29. He said to me, “Are you taking tea now”?, He asked me if I was taking tea then., 30. He said to them, “Have you finished your work”?, He asked them if they had finished their work., 31. She said to him, “Why are you going to Bangalore”?, She asked him why he was going to Bangalore., , EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE, 32. He said Alas! It is dead!, He exclaimed with sorrow that it was dead., 33. The teacher said to Bhavya, “What a beautiful ground it is!, The teacher exclaimed with surprise that it was a beautiful ground., 34. She said, “Hurrah! We have won the match!”, She exclaimed with joys that we had won the match., , QUESTION TAGS, Steps to be followed, 1. Observe the sentence whether the given sentence is positive or negative., 2. Positive sentence carry negative tags and negative sentence carry positive tags., 3. Always remember we use short forms in question tags., When there is no helping verbs in the given sentences add appropriate form of do, does, did., 4. When subject of the given sentences is a proper noun, replace it with appropriate pronoun., Examples of short form., Auxiliary verb [model auxiliary], 1. Do, 2. Does, 3. Did, 4. Is, 5. Am, 6. Are, 7. Have, 8. Will, 9. Could, 10. Shall, 11. Has, , Negative, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, not, , Short form, Don’t, Doesn’t, Didn’t, Isn’t, Aren’t, Haven’t, won’t, won’t, couldn’t, shan’t, hasn’t, , 1. Swami is a boy. ─ isn’t he?, 2. The earth is round. ─ isn’t it?, 3. You live at Bangalore. ─ don’t you?, 4. Anant made a kite. ─ didn’t he?, 5. Grandma climbs a tree. ─ doesn’t she, 6. She will dance on the stage─ won’t she?, 77

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7. Don Anselmo sells a home. ─ doesn’t he?, 8. I am a teacher. ─ aren’t I?, 9. You were making noise. ─ weren’t you?, 10. Smita went to market. ─ didn’t she?, 11. I shall solve this sum. ─ shan’t I?, 12. It is not rainy day. ─ is it?, 13. Ravishankar is singing a song. ─ isn’t he?, 14. I work hard. ─ don’t I?, 15. Rajeshwari is not volley ball player. ─ is she?, 16. We write a letter. ─ don’t we?, 17. She writes a letter. ─ doesn’t she?, 18. We wrote a letter. ─ didn’t we?, 19. Shreya won the match. ─ didn’t she?, 20. He will not help others. ─ will he?, 21. She cannot eat dosa. ─ can she?, 22. They could not play cricket. ─ could they?, 23. He is Baleshwar. ─ isn’t he?, 24. Swami is not a foolish boy. ─ is he?, 25. They should come to school. ─ shouldn’t they?, , PREFIXES, Prefix is a phrase, which can be added before a word to bring something change in meaning of a, word, we can frame opposites by using some prefixes., Let’s learn how to make opposites by using prefixes., IL, 1) Legal X Illegal, 5) Legible X Illegible, , 2) Liberal X Illiberal, 6) Favour X Ill favour, , 3) Logical X Illogical, 7) Health X Ill-health, , 4) Literate X Illiterate, , IR, 1) Rational X Irrational, 4) Regular X Irregular, 7) Relevant X Irrelevant, , 2) Repairable X Irreparable, 5) Responsible X Irresponsible, 8) Regular X Irregular, , 3) Resolute X Irresolute, 6) Religious X Irreligious, , MIS, 1) Behave X Misbehave, 4) Calculate X miscalculate, 7) Judge X misjudge, , 2) Fortune X Misfortune, 4) Conduct X misconduct, 8) Understand X misunderstand, , 3) Chance X mischance, 6) Guide X Misguide, , DIS, 1) Appear X Disappear, 4) Continue X Discontinue, 7) Honour X Dishonour, 10) Obedient X disobedient, 13) Approve X disapprove, 16) Grace X Disgrace, , 2) Advantage X disadvantage, 5) Ability X Disability, 8) satisfy X dissatisfy, 11) Place X Displace, 14) Please X Displease, 17) Belief X Disbelief, , 3) Allow X Disallow, 6) Like X dislike, 9) Agreement X Disagreement, 12) Comfort X discomfort, 15) Agree X Disagree, 18) Honest X Dishonest, 78

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19) Obey X disobey, 22) Count X Discount, 25) Integrate X Disintegrate, 28) Courage X Discourage, , 20) Appear X Disappear, 23) Interest X Disinterest, 26) Respect X Disrespect, , IM, 1) Balance X Imbalance, 2) Moral X Immoral, 4) Patient X Impatient, 5) Probable X Improbable, 7) Modest X Immodest, 8) Movable X Immovable, 10) Perfection X Imperfection 11) Partial X Impartial, 13) Possible X Impossible, IN, 1) Ability X Inability, 2) Accurate X Inaccurate, 4) Action X inaction, 5) Adequate X Inadequate, 7) Convenience X Inconvenience 8) Definite X Indefinite, 10) Decent X Indecent, 11) Humanity X Inhumanity, 13) Animate X Inanimate, 14) Efficient X Inefficient, 16) Credible X Incredible, 17) Capable X Incapable, 19) Decent X Indecent, , 21) Connect X Disconnect, 24) Loyal X Disloyal, 27) Similar X Dissimilar, , 3) Mature X Immature, 6) Mortal X Immortal, 9) Perfect X Imperfect, 12) Proper X Improper, , 3) Active X Inactive, 6) Complete X incomplete, 9) Finite X Infinite, 12) Consistent X Inconsistent, 15) Digestion X Indigestion, 18) Dependent X Independent, , NON, 1) Sense X Nonsense, 2) Stop X Nonstop, 3) Co-operation X Non co-operation, 4) Payment X Non payment, 5) Vegetarian X Non vegetarian 6) Stick X non stick, 7) Flammable X Non flammable 8) Controversial X Noncontroversial, , SUFFIXES, Suffixes are phrase which can be used at the end of a word to bring something changes in, meaning of a word., ION, Act – Action, Infect – Infection, Promote – promotion, Prepare – Preparation, LY, Bad – Badly, Neat – Neatly, Swift – Swiftly, Less, Care – Careless, Hope – Hopeless, Spot – Spotless, , Attract – Attraction, Inject – Injection, Educate – Education, Calculate – Calculation, Wise – Wisely, Beautiful – Beautifully, Week – Weekly, , Fear – fearless, Meaning – Meaningless, , Direct –Direction, Elect –Election, Valuate – Valuation, Create – Creation, Kind – Kindly, Smooth – Smoothly, Slow – SlowlySoft – Softly, , Harm – Harmless, Home – Homeless, , Sleep – Sleepless, Mind – Mindless, , 79

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FUL, Hand – Handful, Hope – Hopeful, Fear – Fearful, Use – Useful, , Play – Playful, Care – Careful, Help – Helpful, Peace – Peaceful, , ABLE, Avoid – Avoidable, Manage – manageable, Laugh – Laughable, Value – valuable, Wash – Washable, IBLE, Reverse – Reversible, , Skill – Skilful, Cheer – Cheerful, Wonder – Wonderful, Delight – Delightful, , Thank – Thankful, Colour – Colourful, Pain –Painful, , Enjoy – Enjoyable, Read – Readable, Comfort – Comfortable, Suit – Suitable, , Exchange – Exchangeable, Use – Useable, Pleasure – Pleasurable, Walk – Walk able, , Collect – Collectible, , Defence – Defensible, , EN, Gold – Golden, , Wood – Wooden, , Hard – Harden, , Light – Lighten, , ER, Catch – Catcher, Speak – Speaker, , Drive – Driver, Teach – Teacher, , Robb – Robber, , Rule – Ruler, , PHRASAL VERBS, Definition:, A phrasal verb is the combination of two or three from different grammatical categories, Example: turn down, turn into, sit up, etc, Phrasal verbs are phrases that indicate action; they are generally used in spoken English and, informal texts., Pick out the right phrase:, 1) The much was ____ due to heavy rain., [put off / put out], 2) The bird ________ the statue. [flew over / flew on], 3) Many solider _____ the war [died of / died in], 4) Many people _ plague [died of / died in], 5) The teaches could not ___what the student had written [make up / make out], 6) Jaya ________walk to school daily. [used for / used to], 7) We should not _____upon the old people. [look down at / look down], 8) Don’t ______ other for help [depend at / depend on], 9) Smita was ___ the lost book. [looking into / looking for], ANSWERS:1) put off, 2)flew over 3)died in, 7) look down 8)depend on 9) looking for, , 4) died off, , 5) make up, , 6) used to, , 80

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HOMOPHONES:, What is a homophone?, Words which having same pronunciation but having different spelling and meaning are called, Homophones, To – Too Right – Write, Principal – Principle, Pray – Prey, Week – Weak, Adopt Adapt, Rome – Roam, Accept – Except, Advise – Advice, Practice – Practise, Effect – Affect Hair – Hare, Been – Bean, Brake – Break, Dol – Idle, Buy – By, Cell – Sell, shell Dairy – Diary, Deer – Dear, Die – Dye, Fair – Fare, Feat – Feet, Own – One, won, Wait – Weight, Whole – Hole, Meat – Meet Hour – Our, Waist – Waste, Some – Sum, Know – Now, Sight – site, Son – Sun, Steal – Steel, Night – Knight, Piece – Peace, Whether – Weather, , Examples of homophones, Steel─ Steel is a strong metal., Steal─ Raghu stole a purse., Piece─ He broke the pot into pieces., Peace─ We should maintain the peace., Fair─ this is a fair., Fare─ The bus fare is costly., Dairy─ We buy milk in the dairy., Diary─ I write my diary., Deer─ This is a deer., Dear─ You are my dear son., Effect─ The effect of the flood was very bad. Affect─ The flood affected the people of Karnataka., Adopt─ Vidya adopted a child., Adapt─ Birds are adapted flying., To─ She goes Bangalore., Too─ I eat fruits. I eat sweets too., Week─ Modi will come next week., Weak─ Anant was very weak., Principal─ He is a good principal., Advice─ It is a good advice., Advise─ The doctor advised to Grandma not to climb trees., Principle─ Swami Vivekananda has a good principle., Tasks on homophones, Complete the sentence by using suitable., Homophones in the bracket, 1. Once a ________ went to meet our _______ chief minister Shri B. S. Yadeyurappa. (former,, farmer), 2. Veeresh and I went to a shop _________car to_____ dress. (buy,by), 3. Yesterday I watched Mahabarat Serial. I already ____ the story from my mother. So It did not, seem_________ to me. (knew, new), 4. I went to Kolhapur to see Mahalaxmi’s____ But I didn’t because the bus ____was too costly., (Fare, fair), 5. I went for walk with my ____ in the time of ____rise. (son,sun), Give one word for the following, 1. Make a deep sound expressing pain ─ groaned, 2. Noisy breathing in sleep ─ snoring, 3. Speak with a low voice ─ whispered, 4. Important town of a country ─ metropolis, 5. Sound made by a sudden intake of breath ─ gasping, 6. A decorated rod carried by a king or queen ─ sceptre, 81

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7. Small narrow stream ─ creek, 8. The person who measures the land ─ surveyor, 9. Try to improve by giving reasons ─ argued, 10. People who belong to the same family ─ descendants, 11. Solid portion of the earth ─ land, 12. Suffering without complaint ─ pa]ent, 13. To get in exchange for money ─ buy, 14. An area of small loose stones especially in mountains ─ scree, 15. Make a low continuous sound ─ scrap, 16. A show usually performed outside ─ pageant, 17. Move to strong emotion ─ excitedly, 18. Catch breath with open mouth ─ gasp, 19. Wonderful act beyond normal human powers ─ miracles, 20. Room for showing of art ─ gallery, 21. Lump of soft material used to stop or close the hole ─ wad, 22. The state of being alone ─ solitude, 23. Music in which religious songs are sung ─ gospel, 24. Good at expressing thoughts in words ─ eloquent, 25. The name of the ship in which Columbus discovered the new world ─ The Santa Maria, 26. A break from work ─ relaxa]on, 27. To move from a higher level to a lower one ─ descend, 28. Events not easily understand ─ mysterious, 29. Amusingly in an intimate way ─ whimsically, 30. To rise and fall forcefully ─ surge, 31. To shine dimly or intermittently ─ blink, 32. To have full of habit doing something ─ want, 33. A sudden running of people excited or afraid ─ stampede, 34. Resembling a sleep in meekness ─ sheepish, 35. Discussing issues and making decisions carefully ─ delibera]on, 36. The group of seamen voyaging in the ship ─ crew, 37. Large turbulent waves moving towards the land ─ breakers, 38. A dangerous part of a river which flows very fast because it is steep and some ─ rapid, 39. Twisting circular movement ─ swirling, 40. To draw pictures are patterns while thinking about something ─ doodles, 41. The art of producing beautiful writing ─ calligraphy, 42. A feeling of friendship when people work together ─ camaraderie, 43. Making you feel that something bad is going to happen ─ ominous, 44. A state that continues to live or exist ─ acronym, 45. An act to find people with write skills or experience for a particular job ─ headhunt, 46. The most basic or important parts of something ─ fundamental, 47. To make something happen very quickly ─ trigger, 48. Part of the space craft separated from the main Centre of gravity ─ capsule, 49. A vehicle used for travelling or carrying things into space ─ rockets, 50. One who travels to work place daily ─ fiancé, 51. A place of land which fruit trees are grown ─ orchard, , 82

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ARTICLES, The articles ‘a’ ‘an’ ‘the’ are demonstrative adjectives. Which are generally used before a, common noun, singular countable nouns to tell about a particular or non-particular person, place, or thing., Articles are small words. They are used to determine the use of nouns. We use small words, before nouns these words are called Articles., * There are two kinds of Articles, 1. Indefinite Articles ─ a, an., , 2. Definite Ar]cle ─ The., , Use of definite article ─ ‘The’, It is used to refer to the particular persons or things. So it is called definite article:1. This is the pen I lost yesterday., 2. He is the only friend for me., 3. The sun is shining in the sky., 4. The moon is beautiful., 5. The Ganga river is sacred river in India., 6. The Taj Mahal is very beautiful., 7. The Khuran book is the holy book of Muslim. 8. She lives on the second floor., 9. It is the oldest temple in Belur., 10. B.S. Yadeyurappa is the chief minister of Karnataka., Indefinite Articles ‘A, An’., They do not give definite or clear reference to person or thing and they show that we are, talking about one person, place or thing., Ex:- A teacher, A student, A pen, A chair, A book, A stool, * We use ‘an’ before vowel sound whether the word begins with a vowel or consonant letter., An MLA, An hour, An arrange, An art, An MP, An aunt An umbrella, An aeroplane An ink, An apple, An arrange An ice, An ox, An MSC, An SDA, An FIR, An egg, For practice, Fill in the blanks with Suitable articles a, an, the, 1. I bought ________ pair of shoes., 2. I saw ________ movie last night., 3. I do not like_________ basketball., 4. That is ______ girl who I met yesterday., 5. I watched ________ video you had sent me., Active voice and passive voice, Note: * Identify the subject, the verb or auxiliary verb., Rules:, 1) Object in the active voice becomes subject in the passive voice., 2) Helping verbs are changed according to number and tense., Active voice & Passive voice:, Do/does ------------------------am/is/are, Am/is/are----------------------am/is/are+being, Has/have----------------------has/have+been, Did------------------------------was/were, 83

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Was/were--------------------was/were+being, Had----------------------------had been, Shall/will/can/may--------shall/will/can/may+be, Should/would/could/might—should/would/could/might+be, 3) The past participle form of verb is used., 4) Preposition by’ is used, 5) Subject in the active voice becomes object in the passive voice., 6) Pronouns are changed as follows., I -------------------me, We--------------us, You ------------you, He -------------him, She -----------her, It--------------it, They----------them, , Exercise:, 1. I eat a Mango., Ans: A Mango is eaten by me., 2. He writes a letter., Ans: A letter is written by him., 3. Does she beat you?, Ans: Are you beaten by her?, 4. I am carrying by bag., Ans: My bag is being carried by me., 5. He is writing a Novel., Ans: A Novel is being written by him., 6. Are they singing songs?, Ans: Are songs being sung by them?, 7. Who is disturbing you?, Ans: By whom are you being disturbed?, 8. I have solved this sum., Ans: The sum has been solved by me., 9. We have bought a car., Ans: A car has been bought by us., 10. Have you won the match?, Ans: Has the match been won by you., 11. Who has torn your shirt?, Ans: By whom has your shirt been torn?, 12. I rang the bell., Ans: The bell was rung by me., 13. She opened the box., Ans: The box was opened by her., 14. Did she pluck the flower?, Ans: Were the flowers plucked by her?, 15. Who broke the window pane?, Ans: By whom was window pane broken?, 16. I was driving a car., Ans: A car was being driven by me., 17. They were climbing a tree., 84

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Ans: A tree was climbed by them., 18. Were they buying a book?, Ans: Was a book being bought by them?, 19. Who was scolding her?, Ans: By whom was she being scolded?, 20. I had run a race., Ans: A race had been run by me., 21. She had written a story., Ans: A story had been written by her., 22. They had thrown the ball., Ans: The ball had been thrown by them., 23. Had be ironed his clothes?, Ans: Had his clothes been ironed by him?, 24. Who had used my scooter?, Ans: By whom had my scooter been used?, 25. I shall help you., Ans: You will be helped by me., 26. They will write a story., Ans: A story will be written by them., 27. Will she teach us?, Ans: Will we be taught by her?, 28. Who will worship him?, Ans: By whom will he be worshipped?, 29. I shall have caught the train., Ans: The train will have been caught by me., 30. He will have changed the car., Ans: The car will have been changed by him., 31. Will she have paid your loan?, Ans: Will your loan have been paid by her?, 32. Who will have tortured her?, Ans: By whom will she have been tortured?, 33. I can do this sum., Ans: This sum can be done by me., 34. He could not stop the car., Ans: The car couldn’t be stopped by him., 35. Where did you hide your purse?, Ans: Where was your purse hidden by you?, 36. Speak the truth., Ans: Let the truth be spoken., 37. Post this letter., Ans: Let this letter be posted., 38. Close the door., Ans: Let the door be closed., , If clause, Steps to followed, 1. Condition (v1 - will), Ex: If I work hard, I will get good marks., 2. Condition (v2 – would), 85

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Ex: If I worked hard, I would get good marks., 3. Condition (v3 – would have), Ex: If I had worked hard, I would have get good marks., , Exercise:, 1. If you had worked hard I ……………… more marks., a) would get b) would have got c) will get d) shall have, 2. If I were bird I …………….. fly like that higher and higher, a) shall b) will c) would d) can, 3. If she had studied hard, she …………. passed., a) should have b) would have c) will have d) would, 4. If I had taken my camera, I …………… taken photos., a) will have b) could have c) would be d) would have, 5. If they go fast, they …………… catch the train., a) will b) shall c)would d) could, Remove to-------too-----use----so----that-----not, Note: 1. The sentence is present tense use cannot., 2. The sentence is past tense use could not., Exercise:, 1. The sum is too difficult, to solve it., Ans: The sum is so difficult that it cannot., 2. Swami is too dull, to get more marks., Ans: Swami is so wise that he cannot get more marks., 3. He is too kind to harm others., Ans: He is so kind that he cannot harm others., 4. It is too heavy for him to lift., Ans: It is so heavy for him that it cannot lift it., 5. He was too weak to walk., Ans: He was so weak that he could not walk., 6. She was too poor to afford a car., Ans: She was so poor that she could not afford a car., 7. They are too proud to beg., Ans: They are so proud that they cannot beg., 8. He was too young to understand., Ans: He was so young that he could not understand., 9. It is too hot to work., Ans: It is so hot that it cannot work., 10. She is too honest to accept a bride., Ans: She is so honest that she cannot accept a bride., , Frame questions/ W.H Questions, Who, Whom, Whose, , are used for persons., , What ─ It is used for things., Which ─ It is used for both persons and things., 86

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Why ─ It is used for reasons., When ─ It is used the ]me or date of event., Where ─ It is used for place, posi]on and direc]on., How ─ It is used for manner., How many ─ It is used with countable noun., How much ─ It is used with uncountable noun., Exercise:, 1. He lived with his father., Whom did he live with?, 2. He saw a beautiful ground., What did he see?, 3. He selected the white dress., Which dress did he select?, 4. He came last week., When did he come?, 5. I saw him in Madras?, Where did I see him?, 6. He came by bus., How did he come?, 7. Twenty passengers are drowned., How many passengers are drowned?, 8. Mr. Modi is the prime minister of India., Who is the prime minister of India?, 9. Vijaya was a storekeeper., What was Vijaya?, 10. The bus will come at 3 pm., When will bus come?, 11. He came late because he was busy., Why did he come late?, Fill in the blanks with suitable helping verbs., 1. Every seat in this bus ______ a number. [has, have], Ans: has, 2. The crowd ______ dispersed by the police. [was, were], Ans: was, 3. One of my friends ________ visiting place this evening. [are, is], Ans: is, 4. Number of questions ________ asked by the students. [were, was], Ans: were, 5. All seats in the bus ______ numbers. [have, has], Ans: have, 6. Either Ram or his friends _______ taken it. [has, have], Ans: have, 7. The match ________ very interesting. [was, were], Ans: was, 8. Each of the girls ________ done her homework. [has, have], Ans: has, 87

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Fill in the blanks choosing the right form of verbs given in brackets., 1. My friend _______ (be+ drive) when the car accident took place, He _______ (buy) that car last, month. He_______ (be) severely wounded., Ans: was driving, bought, was., 2. Several _______ visit to the doctors _______(follow) with nothing improving for Satish., Ans: visits, followed, 3. The first baby bomb_______(be+ drop) on the city of Hiroshima many people _______ (be+ kill), and injured., Ans: was dropped were killed., 4. India _______ (be+ rule) by the Britishers for 200 years. Youths like Bhagath_______ (fight) for, freedom., Ans: was ruled, fought., 5. Rajesh _______ (be) a doctor. He _______ (be+ work) in a Govt. hospital. He goes to hospital at, 9 A.M. He goes not expect money from patience. He is always cheerful., Ans: is, is working, 6. Rajanna is a good teacher. He _______ (complete) his physical Education Training in SLN college., Now he _______ (be+ work) in a private high school in his home town., Ans: Completed, is working., 7. When I _______ (arrive) at the railway station yesterday. Sunita _______ (be+ wait) for me. She, wore a blue dress and looked very pretty., Ans: arrived, was waiting., 8. Ramu_______ (be+ stand) in front of the school. The teacher who_______ (see) severely, attached to her pet and her family also_______ (love) it., Ans: had, bought, was, loved., , PREPOSITIONS, Prepositions are --------- in, on, of, outside, at, beside, under, to, by, into, for, upon, over, out, in, front of etc., Fill in the blanks with appropriate preposition and Articles., 1. Swami looked _______ Granny, hesitated for a movement and followed his father in to_______, office room., Ans: at, the., 2. Swami had bitten _______ the flesh of are of _______ most notorious house breakers., Ans: into, the., 3. He had just seen a young woman _______ a black salwar. Kameez lying next to_______ tracks., Ans: in, the., 4) Kabir is _____ angry person. So he is not respected ________ any one, Ans :an,by, 5) I went _____the marnet and bought apples to ______ children., Ans :to,the, 6) Raja is ___ good suger. He hails _______ a family of musicians., Ans :a,to, 7) Kalpana earned her bachelor’s degree and moved _ the United States on _____ very first day at, the University of Texas, Kalpana met Jean perre Harrison, Ans : to, the, , 88

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Mahesh is ________ MLA, He is really a gentleman he goes round his constituency twice a week, and tries to solve the problem _________ the people, Ans : an, to, , Linking Words:, Ex : and ,but, or although, so, that, because, while, nor, when, where, etc., Excerise : - Fill in the blanks with the appropriate linking words, 1) Mamata goes to school either by bus____ on foot. She is very intelligent __________ lazy, Ans :or,but, 2) Nisarga is a famous doctor. He doesn’t want to charge much _______ he is very rich. He helping, poor _____ doing social work., Ans : So, and, 3) Bhavana __ chetan are twins _____ they are very different from eachother, Ans : and , because, 4) The people of Tibet suffered from cold ________ hanger,. They decided to send Wangjia to find, bird of happiness., Ans : and, because, 5) Abdul kalam was a disciplined person ______ he was from a poor family He become popular. He, made a name ____ as a scientist ______ as a state man, Ans : ( though, not only, but also), 6) Gopal_____ Amit lived in madras. Gopal, Ans : and , but, 7) Iran fast _______ missed the train ____ I have no wrist watch., Ans : and, because, 8) I wanted to give money __ he did not like it _______ he is prompt man., Ans : and, because, 9) Savita ________ kavita are friends ________ they are different, Ans :and,but, 10) ________ Venkataraman is a rich man, he is not generous ________ his wife helps the needy, ______ she was from a poor family., Ans : though, but, because, 11) Jesus took the blind man to a quiet place away from the crowd _____ gently touched his eyes, ____ he could only see few movements., Ans : and, but, , SYNONYMS, Synonyms: The words which are similar in the meaning to the given words are known as synonyms, 1) Trembling = Shake with fear, 2) agonized = torture, 3) Vague = Uncertain, 4) Stirred = keep moving, 5) in a thrice = very quickly 6) rescue = relive, 7) Sighed = deep breath, 8) tucked = together, 9) breeze = gentle wind, 10) terrible = awful, 11) confined = imprisoned 12) disgraceful = shameful, 13) Squeeze = crush, 14) knocked = to strike it, 15) gash = a deep cut, 16) implored = to beg, 17) cop = police, 18) pleaded= to beg earnestly, 19) slipped away = disappear, 20) assured = confident, 21) rescued = liberate, 22) trapped = detecting, 23) dropeth = drop, 24) blest = bless, 25) monarch = king, 26) heaven = paradise, 27) innumerable = countless, 28) hung = kept above, 29) stared = look fixedly, 30) possession = to own, 31) Fortune = luck, 32) Tickle = plough, 33) chokes = suffocates, 89

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34) Wait = to remain in, 35) despite = in spite of, 36) guarded = watched, 37) twinkling = sparkle, 38) vast = of great extent, 39) bruised = hurt, 40) scrap = fragment, 42) merry = pleasant, 43) blow = stroke, 44) brief = short, 45) mirth = laughter, 46) proud = arrogant, 47) akin = similar, 48) splendid = excellent, 49) glad = pleased, 50) gravely = seriously, 51) indulge = gratify52) wrinkled = a sight line, 53) sag = to hung, 54) screaming = loud sound, 55) trifle = a little, 56) suspicious = doubt, 57) hastily = hurriedly, 58) curb = check, 59) peril = danger, 60) rattle = short sharp noise 61) shuddered = to shake, 62) glistened = shone, 63) Concern = anxiety, 64) Screams = cry in fear, 65) bruised = injured, 66) snatches = parts, 67) persuasion = induce, 68) bluntly = Unfeelingly, 69) brooded = meditate deeply 70) plight = condition, 71) darting = moving, 72) stack = pile, 73) soothing = comforting, 74) Amused = entertained, 75) sulken = stayed, 76) chided = scolded, 77) solace = comfort, 78) blessing = favour, 79) tremors = thrill of fear, 80) expertise = skilful, 81) massive = solid, 82) distinction = difference, 83) trillions = one lack crores 84) preparedness = make ready 85) hail = frozen particle of ice, 86) solitary = alone, 87) goal = prison, 88) tracking = following, 89) thrust = push, 90) heedless = careless, 91) briskly = actively, 92) scornfully = contempt, 93) immensely = huge, 94) crestfallen = discouraged, 95) deserted = uninhabited, 96) flung = threw, 97) fizzed = become week, 98) trembled = to feel fear, 99) hurtful = injury, 100) dingy = shabby, 101) dunce = food, 102) shrewdly = trickily, 103) ducked = dip, 104) intense = forced, 105) announce = declare, 106) scaled = to climb up, 107) impact = effect, 108) lofty = beautiful, 109) grandeur = splendour, 110) Zeal = desire, 111) determination = firm decision 112) immense = great, 113) Enchantment = delightful 114) preparedness = make ready 115) expertise = skilful116), violate = disobey the law 117) summons = authoritative, 118) stagger = walk unsteadily, 119) consequence = result, 120) reverie = day dreaming, , BEST OF LUCK, FOR YOUR, FUTURE, , 90