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Mahanadi River, • The Mahanadi basin extends over states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha and, comparatively smaller portions of Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Madhya, Pradesh, draining an area of 1.4 lakh Sq.km., • It is bounded by the Central India hills on the north, by the Eastern Ghats, on the south and east and by the Maikala range on the west., • The Mahanadi (“Great River”) follows a total course of 560 miles (900, km)., • It has its source in the northern foothills of Dandakaranya in Raipur, District of Chhattisgarh at an elevation of 442 m., • The Mahanadi is one of the major rivers of the peninsular rivers, in water, potential and flood producing capacity, it ranks second to the Godavari.
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Mahanadi River, • Other small streams between the Mahanadi and the Rushikulya, draining directly into the Chilka Lake also forms the part of the basin., • After receiving the Seonath River, it turns east and enters Odisha state., • At Sambalpur the Hirakud Dam (one of the largest dams in India) on, the river has formed a man-made lake 35 miles (55 km) long., , • It enters the Odisha plains near Cuttack and enters the Bay of Bengal at, False Point by several channels., • Puri, at one of its mouths, is a famous pilgrimage site.
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Tributaries of Mahanadi River, • Its upper course lies in the saucer-shaped basin called the „Chhattisgarh, Plain‟., • This basin is surrounded by hills on the north, west and south as a result, of which a large number of tributaries join the main river from these, sides., • Left bank Tributaries: The Seonath, the Hasdeo, the Mand and the Ib., • Right bank Tributaries: The Ong, the Tel and the Jonk
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River Bhavani, • Bhavani River, is a tributary of the River Cauvery originating from the, South West Corner of the Nilgiri hills of the Western Ghats in Tamil, Nadu., • It drains Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka., • It is the second longest river in Tamil Nadu., • It enters kerala through Palakkad district., • It passes through the Silent Valley National Park in Kerala., • Twelve major rivulets including West and East Varagar rivers join, Bhavani draining the southern Nilgiri slopes.
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Brahamani River, • The Brahmani river comes into existence by the confluence of the Koel, and the Sankh rivers near Rourkela., • It has a total length of 800 km., • Brahmani is a major seasonal river in the Odisha state of Eastern India., • The basin is bounded in the North by Chhotanagpur plateau, in the, West and South by the Mahanadi basin and in the East by the Bay of, Bengal., • The basin flows through Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Orissa States, and drains into Bay of Bengal., • Brahmani is the second longest river in Orissa after the Mahanadi
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Baitarani River, • Baitarani is one of the important east flowing rivers of peninsular India,, flowing eastward and joining the Bay of Bengal., • River Baitarani is one of six major rivers of Odisha, India., • Major portion of its catchment lies in the state of Orissa and a small, patch of the upper reach falls in Jharkhand., • The river originates from the hill ranges of Keonjhar district of Orissa, near Mankarancho village at an elevation of about 900 meter., • The basin is surrounded by, • Brahmani basin on the South and West,, • Subarnarekha basin on the North,, • Burhabalang and Bay of Bengal on the east.
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Baitarani River, • The river is flashy in nature having a total length of 355 km., • There is a considerable fall in elevation from RL 367m at Champua to, RL 28m at Anandpur., • Flooding is a regular phenomenon in the Baitarani basin., • State-wise distribution of the catchment area is shown below
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Damodar river, • Damodar river rises in the hills of the Chotanagpur plateau and flows, through a rift valley., • Damodar River is a river flowing across the Indian states of Jharkhand, and West Bengal., • Damodar River is known as Damuda., • The word damu stands for holy and da signifies water., • Rich in mineral resources, the valley is home to large-scale mining and, industrial activity., • It has a number of tributaries and subtributaries, such as Barakar,, Konar, Bokaro, Haharo, etc., • The Barakar is the most important tributary of the Damodar.
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Damodar river, • Several dams have been constructed in the valley, for the generation of, hydroelectric power., • The valley is called “the Ruhr of India”., • The first dam was built across the Barakar River, a tributary of the, Damodar river., • It used to cause devastating floods as a result of which it earned the, name „Sorrow of Bengal‟., • Now the river is tamed by constructing numerous dams., • It joins the Hugli River 48 km below Kolkata., • The total length of the river is 541 km
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Godavari River, • The Godavari is the largest river system of the Peninsular India and is, revered as Dakshina Ganga., • The Godavari basin extends over states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,, Chhattisgarh and Odisha in addition to smaller parts in Madhya Pradesh,, Karnataka and Union territory of Puducherry (Yanam) having a total, area of 3 lakh Sq.km., • The basin is bounded by Satmala hills, the Ajanta range and the Mahadeo, hills on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and the east and by, the Western Ghats on the west., • Godavari River rises from Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district of, Maharashtra about 80 km from Arabian Sea at an elevation of 1,067 m., • The total length of Godavari from its origin to outfall into the Bay of, Bengal is 1,465 km.
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Krishna River, • The Krishna is the second largest east flowing river of the Peninsula., • The Krishna Basin extends over Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and, Karnataka having a total area of ~2.6 lakh Sq.km., • It is bounded by Balaghat range on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on, the south and the east and by the Western Ghats on the west., • The Krishna River rises from the Western Ghats near Jor village of, Satara district of Maharashtra at an altitude of 1,337 m just north of, Mahabaleshwar., • The total length of river from origin to its outfall into the Bay of Bengal is, 1,400 km.
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Krishna River, • The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to, 75.86% of the total area., , • The Krishna forms a large delta with a shoreline of about 120 km., • The Krishna delta appears to merge with that formed by the Godavari, and extends about 35 km into the sea.
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Krishna River
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Tributaries of Krishna River, • Right bank: the Ghatprabha, the Malprabha and the Tungabhadra., • Left Bank: the Bhima, the Musi and the Munneru., • The Koyna is a small tributary but is known for Koyna Dam. This dam, was perhaps the main cause of the devastating earthquake (6.4 on richter, scale) in 1967 that killed 150 people., • The Bhima originates from the Matheron Hills and joins the Krishna near, Raichur after for a distance of 861 km., • The Tungabhadra is formed by the unification of the Tunga and, the Bhadra originating from Gangamula in the Central Sahyadri. Its total, length is 531 km., • At Wazirabad, it receives its last important tributary, the Musi, on whose, banks the city of Hyderabad is located.
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Tributaries of Krishna River
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Pennar River, • The Pennar (also known as Uttara Pinakini) is one of the major rivers of, the peninsula., , • Pennar rises in the Chenna Kasava hill of the Nandidurg range,, in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka and flows towards east, eventually draining into the Bay of Bengal., • The total length of the river from origin to its outfall in the Bay of, Bengal is 597 km., • Located in peninsular India, the Pennar basin extends over states of, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka having an area of ~55 thousand Sq.km
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Pennar River, • The fan shaped basin is bounded by the Erramala range on the north,, by the Nallamala and Velikondaranges of the Eastern Ghats on the east,, by the Nandidurg hills on the south and by the narrow ridge separating, it from the Vedavati valley of the Krishna Basin on the west., • The other hill ranges in the basin to the south of the river are, the Seshachalam [famous for Red Sanders] and Paliconda ranges., • The major part of basin is covered with agriculture accounting to, 58.64% of the total area.
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Projects on Pennar River, • Tungabhadra high level canal in Krishna basin irrigated areas in, Pennar basin also., , • The only major project in the basin is the Somasila Project.
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Cauvery River, • It is bounded by the Western Ghats on the west, by the Eastern Ghats on, the east and the south and by the ridges separating it from Krishna basin, and Pennar basin on the north., • Physiographically, the basin can be divided into three parts – the Westen, Ghats, the Plateau of Mysore and the Delta., • The delta area is the most fertile tract in the basin., • Red soils occupy large areas in the basin. Alluvial soils are found in the, delta areas., • The basin in Karnataka receives rainfall mainly from the S-W Monsoon, and partially from N-E Monsoon., • The basin in Tamil Nadu receives good flows from the North-East, Monsoon.
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Cauvery River, • Its upper catchment area receives rainfall during summer by the southwest monsoon and the lower catchment area during winter season by the, retreating north-east monsoon., • It is, therefore almost a perennial river with comparatively less, fluctuations in flow and is very useful for irrigation and hydroelectric, power generation., • Thus the Cauvery is one of the best regulated rivers and 90 to 95 % of its, irrigation and power production potential already stands harnessed., , • The river drains into the Bay of Bengal., • The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to, 66.21% of the total area.
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Tributaries of the Cauvery River, • Left Bank: the Harangi, the Hemavati, the Shimsha and the Arkavati., • Right Bank: Lakshmantirtha, the Kabbani, the Suvarnavati,, the Bhavani, the Noyil and the Amaravati joins from right., • The river descends from the South Karnataka Plateau to the Tamil, Nadu Plains through the Sivasamudram waterfalls (101 m high)., • At Shivanasamudram, the river branches off into two parts and falls, through a height of 91 m. in a series of falls and rapids., • The falls at this point is utilized for power generation by the power, station at Shivanasamudram
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Tributaries of the Cauvery River, • The two branches of the river join after the fall and flow through a wide, gorge which is known as „Mekedatu‟ (Goats leap) and continues its, journey to form the boundary between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, States for a distance of 64 km., • At Hogennekkal Falls, it takes Southerly direction and enters the Mettur, Reservoir., • A tributary called Bhavani joins Cauvery on the Right bank about 45, Kms below Mettur Reservoir., • Thereafter it enters the plains of Tamil Nadu.
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Tributaries of the Cauvery River, • Two more tributaries Noyil and Amaravathi join on the right bank and, here the river widens with sandy bed and flows as „Akhanda Cauvery‟., , • After crossing Tiruchirapalli district, the river divides into two parts,, the Northern branch being called „The Coleron‟ and Southern branch, remains as Cauvery and from here the Cauvery Delta begins., • After flowing for about 16 Kms, the two branches join again to form, „Srirangam Island‟., • On the Cauvery branch lies the “Grand Anicut” said to have been, constructed by a Chola King in 1st Century A.D.
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QUESTION, In which of the following regions of India are shale gas resources found?, 1. Cambay Basin, 2. Cauvery Basin, 3. Krishna-Godavari Basin, Select the correct answer using the code given below. (UPSC 2016), , A. 1 and 2 only, B. 3 only, C. 2 and 3 only, D. 1, 2 and 3
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ANSWER D, In which of the following regions of India are shale gas resources found?, 1. Cambay Basin, 2. Cauvery Basin, 3. Krishna-Godavari Basin, Select the correct answer using the code given below. (UPSC 2016), , A. 1 and 2 only, B. 3 only, C. 2 and 3 only, D. 1, 2 and 3
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Ponnaiyar River, • The Ponnaiyar is a small stream, which is confined to the coastal, area only., • It covers a small area in the state of, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and, Andhra Pradesh., • The river originates in the Nandi, Hills in the Chikkaballapura, district of Karnataka and flows, through Tamil Nadu before, emptying into the Bay of Bengal
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Ponnaiyar River, • It has a catchment area of 1,424 square miles (3,690 km2) located in, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh states., • Small dams of Kelavarapalli and Krishnagiri dams are built across this, river near Hosur and Krishnagiri, • The largest dam on this river , Sathanur Dam with 7.3 Tmcft Gross, Capacity is built near Tiruvannamalai., • Ponnaiyar Basin is bounded on the North -West and South by various, ranges of the Eastern Ghats like the Velikonda Range, the Nagari hills,, the Javadu hills, the Shevaroy hills, the Chitteri hills and the Kalrayan, hills and in the East by the Bay of Bengal.
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Vaigai River, • Vaigai is a river in Theni, Andipatti and, Madurai, Tamil Nadu state of Southern, India., • It originates in Varusanadu Hills, the, Periyar Plateau of the Western Ghats, range, and flows northeast through the, Kambam Valley, which lies between the, Palni Hills to the North and the, Varushanad Hills to the South., • The Vattaparai Falls are located on this, river.
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Vaigai River, • South of the Cauvery delta, there are, several streams, of which the Vaigai is, the longest., • The Vaigai Basin is an important basin, among the 12 basins lying between the, Cauvery and Kanyakumari., • Vaigai is 258 kilometres (160 mi) long,, with a drainage basin 7,031 square, kilometres (2,715 sq mi) large., • Vaigai drains an area of 7,741 Sq.Km,, which entirely lies in the state of Tamil, Nadu.
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Vaigai River, • Vaigai is a river in Theni, Andipatti and, Madurai, Tamil Nadu state of Southern, India., • It originates in Varusanadu Hills, the, Periyar Plateau of the Western Ghats, range, and flows northeast through the, Kambam Valley, which lies between the, Palni Hills to the North and the, Varushanad Hills to the South., • The Vattaparai Falls are located on this, river.
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Vaigai River, • South of the Cauvery delta, there are, several streams, of which the Vaigai is, the longest., • The Vaigai Basin is an important basin, among the 12 basins lying between the, Cauvery and Kanyakumari., • Vaigai is 258 kilometres (160 mi) long,, with a drainage basin 7,031 square, kilometres (2,715 sq mi) large., • Vaigai drains an area of 7,741 Sq.Km,, which entirely lies in the state of Tamil, Nadu.
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Rushikulya River, • Rushikulya originates at an elevation of, about 1000 metres from Daringbadi hills, of the Eastern Ghats range., • The place from where the river originates,, Daringbadi is called the „Kashmir of, Odisha‟., • It meets the Bay of Bengal at Puruna, Bandha in Ganjam., • Its tributaries are the Baghua, the Dhanei,, the Badanadi etc., • It has no delta as such at its mouth.
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Oilve Ridley turtles, • The smallest and most, abundant of all sea turtles, found in the world, , • They live in warm waters of the, Pacific, Atlantic and Indian, oceans., • Olive ridley turtles IUCN status“endangered”
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Olive Ridley turtles on Odisha coast, • Known for their unique mass, nesting called “Arribada”=, thousands of females come, together on the same beach to, lay eggs., • Orissa coast is the largest mass, hatching site of Olive ridley, turtle in the world.
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Periyar River, • It is West Flowing Peninsular river., • Periyar is the longest river and the river, with the largest discharge potential in the, Indian State of Kerala., • It is one of the few perennial rivers in the, region and provides Drinking Water for, several major towns., • The Periyar is of utmost significance to the, economy of Kerala., • It generates a significant proportion of, Kerala's electrical power via the Idukki, Dam and flows along a region of industrial, and commercial activity., , Periyar river, kochi, , Vembnad lake, , Annamalai, hills, Cardamom, hills
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Periyar River, • Periyar has a Total Length of, approximately 244 Kilometres., • Periyar basin spreads over an area of, 5,398 square kilometres (2,084 sq mi),, most of it in central Kerala., • The river drains parts of Idukki,, Ernakulam and Thrissur districts in, Kerala and Coimbatore district in Tamil, Nadu, • The source of the Periyar lies high in the, Western Ghats.
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Periyar River, • It is variously claimed to be located in, Kerala and in the neighbouring state of, Tamil Nadu., • The source of the river lies in the remote, forests of the Periyar Tiger Reserve., • Various sources indicate the origin of, the river to be Chokkampatti Mala,, peak on the southern boundary of the, Periyar Tiger Reserve
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Pamba River, • Pamba (also Called as Baris River) originates, at Pulachimalai hill in the, Peerumedu plateau in the Western Ghats at an, altitude of 1,650 metres (5,410 ft)., • Length of river is176 km, • Anjana Temple is situated near this bank., • The river enriches the Pathanamthitta,, Alappuzha districts of Kerala state., • Kuttanad, important rice cultivating area in, Kerala receives its irrigation water from the, Pamba river., • Pamba basin is bounded on the east by the, Western Ghats
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Mahadayi/ Mandovi River, • Mahadayi (Called as Mandovi in Goa), is, west-flowing river in the Western Ghats., • It originates in Deagaon village, Belagavi, district of Karnataka., • The river flows about 35 km in Karnataka and, goes through Maharashtra and Goa (about, 82km) before meeting the Arabian Sea., • Mahadayi Water-sharing Dispute has states of, Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka vying for, water from the Mahadayi or Mandovi river,, which flows through the three states., , Mandovi, river
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Mahadayi/ Mandovi River, • The river has a Length of 77 Kilometres (48, miles), 29 kilometres (18 miles) in Karnataka, and 52 kilometres (32 miles) in Goa., • River has a 2,032 km2 catchment area in, Karnataka & 1,580 km2 catchment area in Goa., • With its cerulean waters, Dudhsagar Falls and, Varapoha Falls, it is also known as the Gomati, in a few places., • Mandovi and the Zuari are the Two Primary, rivers in the State of Goa.
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Zuari River, • It is West flowing rivers from Western Ghats, • Zuari River is the largest river in the state of, Goa, India., • It is a tidal river., • The Zuari originates at Hemad-Barshem in, the Western Ghats., • The Zuari is also referred to as the, Aghanashani in the interior regions., • Port city of (Vasco da Gama, Goa) lies on the, mouth of the Zuari River., , Zuari river
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Zuari River, • Zuari is 92 km long, but is connected to, other rivers and canals such as Mandovi, river (62 km in length) and Cumbarjua, Canal (15 km).[, • Their lengths and widths vary with tidal, and other seasonal flooding., • Zuari and Mandovi Rivers form an, estuarine system., • They are the backbone of Goa's, agricultural industry.
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Mahadayi/ Mandovi River, • Mahadayi (Called as Mandovi in Goa), is, west-flowing river in the Western Ghats., • It originates in Deagaon village, Belagavi, district of Karnataka., • The river flows about 35 km in Karnataka and, goes through Maharashtra and Goa (about, 82km) before meeting the Arabian Sea., • Mahadayi Water-sharing Dispute has states of, Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka vying for, water from the Mahadayi or Mandovi river,, which flows through the three states., , Mandovi, river
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Mahadayi/ Mandovi River, • The river has a Length of 77 Kilometres (48, miles), 29 kilometres (18 miles) in Karnataka, and 52 kilometres (32 miles) in Goa., • River has a 2,032 km2 catchment area in, Karnataka & 1,580 km2 catchment area in Goa., • With its cerulean waters, Dudhsagar Falls and, Varapoha Falls, it is also known as the Gomati, in a few places., • Mandovi and the Zuari are the Two Primary, rivers in the State of Goa.
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Zuari River, • It is West flowing rivers from Western Ghats, • Zuari River is the largest river in the state of, Goa, India., • It is a tidal river., • The Zuari originates at Hemad-Barshem in, the Western Ghats., • The Zuari is also referred to as the, Aghanashani in the interior regions., • Port city of (Vasco da Gama, Goa) lies on the, mouth of the Zuari River., , Zuari river
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Zuari River, • Zuari is 92 km long, but is connected to, other rivers and canals such as Mandovi, river (62 km in length) and Cumbarjua, Canal (15 km).[, • Their lengths and widths vary with tidal, and other seasonal flooding., • Zuari and Mandovi Rivers form an, estuarine system., • They are the backbone of Goa's, agricultural industry.
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Tungabhadra River, • Tungabhadra River is a river in India that, starts and flows through the state of, Karnataka during most of its course,, before flowing along the border between, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra, Pradesh and ultimately joining the, Krishna River in Kurnool District of, Andhra Pradesh., • Most important tributary of Krishna River, is the Tungabhadra River, which is formed, by the Tunga River and Bhadra River that, originate in the Western Ghats.
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Malaprabha River, • Malaprabha River is one of, important tributary of Krishna, River, which flows in Karnataka., • It rises at Kanakumbi in the, Belgaum district and joins, Krishna River at, Kudalasangama in Bagalkot, district., • It also flows through Dharwar, District., • Hubli city gets its drinking water, from this reservoir.
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Malaprabha River, Pilgrimage Centre, • There is an ancient temple of the deity Yellamma on a nearby hill. This, is a pilgrimage centre for thousands of devotees., • Also the temples of Aihole, Pattadakal and Badami are on the banks of, the Malaprabha., • These are listed as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
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Kabani River, • It flows eastward to join the Kaveri River at, Tirumakudalu Narasipura in Karnataka., , • Close to the town of Sargur it forms the, huge Kabini Reservoir, • The backwaters of the Kabini reservoir are, very rich in wildlife especially in summer, when the water level recedes to form rich, grassy meadows.
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Sharavati River, • This is an important river in the state of, Karnataka flowing towards the west., • The Sharavati River originates from the, Shimoga district of Karnataka., • Sharavati flows entirely in Karnataka., • The river drains a catchment area of, 2,209 sq. km., , • The Jog Falls is created by the Sharavati, River, located about 24 km from Sagara,, are formed by this river., , Sharavati
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Sharavati River, • The river Sharavati originates at a place called, Ambutheertha in the Thirthahalli taluk., • The total length of the river is around 128 km (80, mi) and it joins the Arabian Sea at Honnavar in, Uttara Kannada district., • The river itself and the region around it are rich, in biodiversity and are home to many rare species, of flora and fauna.
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Jog Fall, • Jog Falls is the second-highest plunge, waterfall in India Located near Sagara,, Karnataka, these segmented falls are a, major tourist attraction., • They are also called Gersoppa Falls,, Gersoppa Falls and Jogada Gundi., • Jog Falls is created by the Sharavathi River, falling from a height of 253 m (830 ft.),, making it the second-highest plunge, waterfall in Asia after the Nohkalikai Falls, with a height of 335 m (1100 ft.) in, Meghalaya., • First highest waterfall in India is Dudhsagar, Waterfall -Goa.
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Narmada River, • It is located mainly in Madhya Pradesh., • Narmada River is also known as Rewa River., • The River is originated from Maikala range, near Amarkantak ., • Narmada is the largest West flowing river of, the peninsular India., • Narmada flows westwards through a rift, valley between the Vindhyan Range on the, north and the Satpura Range on the south, • It rises from Maikala range near Amarkantak, in Madhya Pradesh, at an elevation of about, 1057 m.
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Narmada River, • The River flows through Gujarat,, Chhattisgarh Madhya Pradesh, and, Maharashtra having an area 1 Lakh Sq.km, • It is bounded by the Vindhyas on the north,, Maikala range on the east, Satpuras on the, south and by the Arabian Sea on the west., • Its total length from its source in, Amarkantak to its estuary in the Gulf of, Khambhat is 1,310 km., • Jabalpur is the only important urban centre, in the basin.
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Narmada River, • It makes two waterfalls of 12 m each at, Mandhar and Dardi. Near Maheshwar, the river again descends from another, small fall of 8 m, known as the, Sahasradhara Falls., • There are several islands in the estuary of, the Narmada of which Aliabet is the, largest., • The Narmada is navigable upto 112 km, from its mouth
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Tributaries of Narmada River, • The tributaries of Narmada River are Kolar River, Shakkar River,, Dudhi River, Tawa River, and Hiran River., , • Since the river flows through a narrow valley confined by precipitous, (dangerously high or steep) hills, it does not have many tributaries., • The absence of tributaries is especially noted on the right bank of the, river where the Hiran is the only exception., • The other right bank tributaries are the Orsang, the Barna and the, Kolar., • A few left bank tributaries drain the northern slopes of the Satpura, Range and join the Narmada at different places., • The major Hydro Power Project in the basin are Indira Sagar, Sardar, Sarovar, Omkareshwar, Bargi & Maheshwar.
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Tributaries of Narmada River
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Mahi River, • Mahi river originates from the, northern slopes of Vindhyas at an, altitude of 500 m in Dhar district of, Madhya Pradesh., • Mahi is one of the major interstate, west flowing rivers of India., • The river flows through Madhya, Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat,, having total area of 34,842 Sq km., • The river drains in Gulf of Cambay., • The total length of Mahi is 583 km
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Mahi River, • It drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf, of Khambhat., • The major part of basin is covered with, agricultural land accounting to 63.63% of the, total area, • It is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and, the north-west, by Malwa Plateau on the east,, by the Vindhyas on the south and by the Gulf, of Khambhat on the west., , • Mahi Bajaj Sagar dam and Kadana Dam are, the major Hydro Power stations situated on, this river.
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Tawa River, • Tawa River is a tributary of the Narmada River of Central India., • The river rises from the Satpura Range of Betul in MP., • Tawa is the Narmada's longest tributary, at 172 km., • It rises in the Satpura Range of Betul and flowing north and west, joins, the Narmada at the village of Bandra Bhan in Hoshangabad District.
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Tawa River, • In 1958, construction began on Tawa, Dam, which was completed in 1978 in, Tawa Nagar to create Tawa Reservoir, in southern Hoshangabad District., Forty-four villages were submerged, by the reservoir.
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Sabarmati River, • Sabarmati River is a combination of, two streams the Sabar and Hathmati., • The river is flowing through, Rajasthan and Gujarat, having an, area of 21,674 Sq km., , • It originates from Tepur in Udaipur, district of Rajasthan., • The total length of river from origin, to outfall into the Arabian Sea is 371, km.
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Sabarmati River, • The basin is bounded by Aravalli hills on, the north and north-east, by Rann of, Kutch on the west and by Gulf of, Khambhat on the south., • The major part of basin is covered with, agriculture accounting to 74.68% of the, total area., , • Rainfall varies from a meager few mm in, Saurastra to over 1000 mm in southern, part.
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Luni River, • Luni is an endorheic river., • The Luni or the Salt River (Lonari, or Lavanavari in Sanskrit) is named, so because its water is brackish, below Balotra., , • It is also known as the Sagarmati., • It originates from Western slopes of, the Aravalli ranges near Ajmer., • Its total catchment area falls in, Rajasthan, • Length: 495 km
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Luni River, • Luni is the only river basin of any, significance in Western Rajasthan, which, form the bulk of arid zone., • Luni originates from western slopes of the, Aravalli ranges at an elevation of 772 m, near Ajmer flowing in South West, direction and traversing a course of 511, km in Rajasthan, it finally flow into the, Rann of Kachchh (it gets lost in the, marsh)., • Most of its tributaries drain the steep, north west of Aravalli hills and join it on, left side..
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Himalayan Rivers, • Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra comprise the Himalayan river systems., • The Himalayan Rivers existed even before the formation of Himalayas i.e., before the collision of Indian Plate with the Eurasian plate. {Antecedent, Drainage}They were flowing into the Tethys Sea., • These rivers had their source in the now Tibetan region., • The deep gorges of the Indus, the Satluj, the Brahmaputra etc. clearly, indicate that these rivers are older than the Himalayas., • They continued to flow throughout the building phase of the Himalayas;, their banks rising steeply while the beds went lower and lower due to, vertical erosion thus cutting deep gorges., • Thus, many of the Himalayan Rivers are typical examples of antecedent, drainage.
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Indus river, • Indus River (locally called Sindhū) is, one of the longest rivers in Asia., Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in, the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, • India got her name from Indus., • „The Indus Valley Civilization‟ was, born around this river., • It‟s length is about 2,900 km. Its total, drainage area is about 1,165,000, square km [more than half of it lies in, semiarid plains of Pakistan]., • It is joined by Dhar River near IndoChina border.
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Indus river
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Indus river, • It flows in north-west direction from its, source (Glaciers of Kailas Range – Kailash, range in Tibet near Lake Manasarovar) till, the Nanga Parbhat Range., • After entering J&K it flows between the, Ladakh and the Zaskar Ranges., • It flows through the regions of Ladakh,, Baltistan and Gilgit., • The gradient of the river in J&K is very, gentle (about 30 cm per km)., • Average elevation at which the Indus flows, through JK is about 4000 m above sea level.
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Indus river, • It is joined by the Zaskar River at Leh (these kind of points are important, for prelims)., • Near Skardu, it is joined by the Shyok at an elevation of about 2,700 m., • The Gilgit, Gartang, Dras, Shiger, Hunza are the other Himalayan, tributaries of the Indus., • It crosses the Himalayas (ends its mountainous journey) through a 5181 m, deep gorge near Attock, lying north of the Nanga Parbat., • It takes a sharp southerly bend here (syntaxial bend)., • Kabul river from Afghanistan joins Indus near Attock., • Thereafter it flows through the Potwar plateau and crosses the Salt Range, (South Eastern edge of Potwar Plateau)., • The river empties into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi after forming a, huge delta.
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Chenab River, • Chenab known traditionally as the, Chandrabhaga River, is a major, river that flows in India and, Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major, rivers of the Punjab region., • Chenab originates from near the, Bara Lacha Pass in the Lahul-Spiti, part of the Zaskar Range., • Two small streams on opposite sides, of the pass, namely Chandra and, Bhaga, form its headwaters at an, altitude of 4,900 m., • Length of river is 960 km
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Chenab River, • The united stream Chandrabhaga flows, in the north-west direction through the, Pangi valley, parallel to Pir Panjal range., • Near Kistwar, it cuts a deep gorge., • It enters the plain area near Akhnur in, Jammu and Kashmir., • From here it through the plains of, Pakistani Punjab to reach Panchnad, where it joins the Satluj after receiving, the waters of Jhelum and Ravi rivers., • The waters of the Chenab are allocated to, Pakistan under the terms of the Indus, Waters Treaty
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Ravi River, • It is one of six rivers of the Indus, System in Punjab region (Punjab, means "Five Rivers")., • The Ravi has its source in Kullu, hills near the Rohtang Pass in, Himachal Pradesh., • It drains the area between Pir, Panjal & Dhaola Dhar ranges., • It is a transboundary river, crossing northwestern India and, eastern Pakistan., • Length- 720 km
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Ravi River, • The waters of Ravi are allocated to India, under Indus Water Treaty., • After crossing Chamba, it takes a southwesterly turn and cuts a deep gorge in the, Dhaola Dhar range., • It enters Punjab Plains near Madhopur and, later enters Pakistan below Amritsar., • The Ravi flows into the Chenab and feeds, into the Indus
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Beas River, • It is a river in north India., • River rises in the Himalayas in, central Himachal Pradesh, India,, and flows for some 470 kilometres, (290 mi) to the Sutlej River in the, Indian state of Punjab., • Its total length is 470 kilometres, (290 mi) and its drainage basin is, 20,303 square kilometres (7,839 sq, mi) large.
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Beas River, • The Beas originates near the Rohtang, Pass, at a height of 4,062 m above sea, level, on the southern end of the Pir, Panjal Range, close to the source of the, Ravi., • It crosses the Dhaola Dhar range and it, takes a south-westerly direction and, meets the Satluj river at Harike in, Punjab., • It is a comparatively small river which is, only 460 km long but lies entirely within, the Indian territory., • The Beas river flows into the Satluj and, feeds into the Indus
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Satluj River, • The Satluj rises from the, Manasarovar-Rakas Lakes in, western Tibet at a height of 4,570 m, within 80 km of the source of the, Indus., • The river basin area in India is, located in Himachal Pradesh,, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir,, Rajasthan and Haryana states, • Out of its total length of 1,450 km,, it flows for 1,050 km in Indian, territory
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Satluj River, • Like the Indus, it takes a north-westerly, course upto the Shipki La on the TibetHimachal Pradesh boundary., • It cuts deep gorges where it pierces the, Great Himalaya and the other, Himalayan ranges., • Before entering the Punjab plain, it cuts, a gorge in Naina Devi Dhar, where the, famous Bhakra dam has been, constructed., • After entering the plain at Rupnagar, (Ropar), it turns westwards and is joined, by the Beas at Harike.
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Satluj River, • From near Ferozepur to Fazilka it forms the boundary between India and, Pakistan for nearly 120 km., • During its onward journey it receives the collective drainage of the Ravi,, Chenab and Jhelum rivers., • It joins the Indus a few kilometres above Mithankot., • The waters of the Sutlej are allocated to India under the Indus Waters, Treaty between India and Pakistan, and are mostly diverted to irrigation, canals in India., • There are several Major Hydroelectric Projects on the Sutlej, including, the 1,000 MW Bhakra Dam, the 1,000 MW Karcham Wangtoo, Hydroelectric Plant, and the 1,530 MW Nathpa Jhakri Dam.
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Major Hydroelectric Projects on the Sutlej
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Sutlej-Yamuna Link, • There has been a proposal to build a 214kilometre (133 mi) long heavy freight and, irrigation canal, to be known as the SutlejYamuna Link (SYL) to connect the Sutlej, and Yamuna rivers., • The project is intended to connect the, Ganges, which flows to the east coast of the, subcontinent, with points west, via, Pakistan., • When completed, the SYL would enable, inland shipping from India's east coast to, its west coast (on the Arabian sea) without, having to round the southern tip of India, by sea
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Ganga River, • Ganga debouches [emerge from a, confined space into a wide, open area], from the hills into plain area., • It is joined by the Yamuna at Allahabad., • Near Rajmahal Hills it turns to the, south-east., • At Farraka, it bifurcates into BhagirathiHugli in West Bengal and PadmaMeghna in Bangladesh (it ceases to be, known as Ganga after Farraka)., • Then it merges with Meghna & finally, falls in Bay of Bengal., • Ganges is the third largest river in the, world by discharge.
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Farraka Barrage, • Farraka Barrage: in West Bengal near 90 km of Bangladesh of 40000, cusec capacity
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Ganga River, • Ganga debouches [emerge from a, confined space into a wide, open area], from the hills into plain area., • It is joined by the Yamuna at Allahabad., • Near Rajmahal Hills it turns to the, south-east., • At Farraka, it bifurcates into BhagirathiHugli in West Bengal and PadmaMeghna in Bangladesh (it ceases to be, known as Ganga after Farraka)., • Then it merges with Meghna & finally, falls in Bay of Bengal., • Ganges is the third largest river in the, world by discharge.
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Farraka Barrage, • Farraka Barrage: in West Bengal near 90 km of Bangladesh of 40000, cusec capacity
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Gomati River, • According to Hindu mythology, the, river is the daughter of the Hindu sage, Vashist; bathing in the Gomti on, Ekadashi (the eleventh day of the two, lunar phases of the Hindu calendar, month) can wash away sins., • According to Bhagavata Purana one of, Hinduism's major religious works, the, Gomti is one of India's transcendental, rivers., • The rare Gomti Chakra is found there.
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Ghaghra River, • Its source is near Gurla Mandhata, peak, south of Manasarovar in Tibet, (river of the trans-Himalayan origin)., • It is known as the Karnaili in, Western Nepal., • After collecting the waters of its, tributaries – Tila, Seti and Beri, it, comes out of the mountain, cutting a, deep gorge at Shishapani., • The total length of Ghaghara River, up to its confluence with the Ganges, at Revelganj in Bihar is 1,080 km.
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Ghaghra River, • The river Sarda (Kali or Kali Ganga) joins it, in the plain before it finally meets the Ganga, at Chhapra., • The Ghaghara joins the Ganga a few, kilometres downstream of Chhapra in Bihar., • After reaching the plain area, its stream gets, divided into many branches of which,, Koriyab and Garwa are important., , • The river bed is sandy and sudden bends, start occurring in the stream., • The river has a high flood frequency and has, shifted its course several times.
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Koshi River, • The sources of seven streams of the Kosi, are located in snow covered areas which, also receive heavy rainfall., • After crossing the Central Himalayas in, Nepal, it is joined by the Son Kosi from, the West and the Tamur Kosi from the, east., • It forms Sapt Kosi after uniting with the, river Arun., • Consequently, huge volume of water flows, with tremendous speed., • Seven streams mingle with each other to, form three streams named the Tumar,, Arun and Sun Kosi.
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Koshi River, • They unite at Triveni north of the Mahabharata Range to form the Kosi., • The river enters the Tarai of Nepal after cutting a narrow gorge in the, Mahabharata Range. And it joins the Ganga., • The river channel is braided and it shifts its course frequently. This has, resulted in frequent devastating floods and has converted large tracts of, cultivable land into waste land in Bihar., • Thus the river is often termed as the „Sorrow of Bihar‟., • In order to tame this river, a barrage was constructed in 1965 near, Hanuman Nagar in Nepal., • Embankments for flood control have been constructed as a joint venture, of India and Nepal.
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Mahananda RIver, • Mahananda River is a trans-boundary, river that flows through the Indian, states of West Bengal and Bihar, and, Bangladesh., • The Mahananda is another important, tributary of the Ganga rising in the, Darjeeling hills., • Length is 360 km, • Total drainage area 20,600 sq km, • Countries• States-, , India, Bangladesh, West Bengal, Bihar
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Yamuna River, • Yamuna is the longest and the, second largest tributary river of the, Ganga in northern India., • It originates from the Yamnotri, glacier on the Bandarpunch Peak in, the Garhwal region in Uttarakhand, at elevation of about 6,000 meters., • It crosses several states: Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, passing by, Uttarakhand and later Delhi,, , • Length: 1,376 km
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Yamuna River, • It cuts across the Nag Tibba, the, Mussoorie and the Shiwalik ranges., • Its main affluent in the upper reaches is, the Tons which also rises from the, Bandarpunch glacier., • It joins Yamuna below Kalsi before the, latter leaves the hills., • At this site, the water carried by the Tons, is twice the water carried by Yamuna., • It joins the Ganga at Prayag (Allahabad).
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Yamuna River, • It creates the highly fertile alluvial, Yamuna-Ganges Doab region, between itself and the Ganges in the Indo-Gangetic plain., , • It is joined by the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and the Ken on its right, bank which originates from the Peninsular plateau while, Hindan, the Rind, the Sengar, the Varuna, etc. join it on its left bank.
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Tributaries of Yamuna, Chambal River, • Chambal River is one of the most pollution, free rivers of India., • It‟s a 960 km long river that originates at, the Singar Chouri peak in the northern, slopes of the Vindhyan mountains, 15 km, West-South-West of Mhow in Indore, District in Madhya Pradesh., • From there, it flows in a northerly, direction in Madhya Pradesh(M.P.) for a, length of about 346 km and then in a, generally north-easterly direction for a, length of 225 km through Rajasthan.
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Tamsa/ Tone River, • At the edge of the Purwa plateau, the, Tamas and its tributaries form a number, of waterfalls., • The river receives the Belan in UP and, joins the Ganges at Sirsa, about 311, kilometres (193 mi) downstream of the, confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna., • The total length of the river is 264, kilometres (164 mi)., • It has a total drainage area of 16,860, square kilometres (6,510 sq mi)
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Tamsa/ Tone River, • At the edge of the Purwa plateau, the, Tamas and its tributaries form a number, of waterfalls., • The river receives the Belan in UP and, joins the Ganges at Sirsa, about 311, kilometres (193 mi) downstream of the, confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna., • The total length of the river is 264, kilometres (164 mi)., • It has a total drainage area of 16,860, square kilometres (6,510 sq mi)
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Son River, • Son River is largest of southern, tributaries of Ganga that originates near, Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh near, the source of Narmada River, and flows, north-northwest through Madhya, Pradesh before turning sharply eastward, where it encounters the southwestnortheast-running Kaimur Range., , • Its source is close to the origin of the, Narmada., • It passes along the Kaimur Range., • Length- 784 km
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Son River, • It joins the Ganga near Danapur in Patna district of Bihar., , • The Son parallels the Kaimur hills, flowing east-northeast through, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar states to join the Ganga just, above Patna., • Geologically, the lower valley of the Son is an extension of the, Narmada Valley, and the Kaimur Range an extension of the Vindhya, Range., • Chief tributaries of Son river are Rihand and the North Koel., • The Son has a steep gradient (35–55 cm per km) with quick run-off, and ephemeral regimes, becoming a roaring river with the rain-waters, in the catchment area but turning quickly into a fordable stream.
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Son River
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Punpun River, • The river mostly flows in a north-east, direction and joins the Ganges at Fatuha,, 25 kilometres (16 mi) downstream of, Patna., • During rains, the Punpun often causes, heavy flood damages east of Patna city., • The catchment area of the Punpun is 8,530, square kilometres (3,290 sq mi)., • Agricultural area in the Punpun basin is, about 5,000 square km (1,900 sq mi)., • The main tributaries of the Punpun are –, the Butane, the Madar and the Mohar.
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Major Tributaries of Brahmaputra River
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Teesta River, • Major tributary of Brahmaputra., • Rises from Sikkim., • Known as lifeline of Sikkim., • Teesta River is lifeline of Sikkim, and makes a border between, Sikkim and West Bengal before, joining the Brahmaputra as a, tributary in Bangladesh., • Length: 309 km
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Teesta River, • It originates at Tso Lhamo Lake in North, Sikkim and is formed by the melting of the, Tista Khantse glacier., • Just before the Teesta Bridge, which joins, Kalimpong with Darjeeling, the river is met, by its main tributary, the Rangeet River., • At this point, it changes course southwards, flowing into West Bengal., • The river hits the plains at Sevoke, at a, distance of 22 Km from Siliguri, where it is, spanned by the Coronation Bridge which, links north-east states to the rest of India.
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Manas River, • Manas River folows in India and Bhutan, and is the largest river system of Bhutan., • Three other river systems of Bhutan are, Amo Chu or Torsa, Wong Chu or Raidak,, Mo Chu or Sankosh., , • It is met by three other major streams, before it again debouches into India in, western Assam., • Length: 376 kilometres., • Country: India, Bhutan, China.
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Manas River, • After flowing a total of 376 kilometers, it, meets Brahmaputra River at Jogighopa., • Its river valley is home to Royal Manas, National Park in Bhutan and the, contiguous Manas Wildlife Sanctuary of, India which is a Project Tiger Reserve,, an Elephant Reserve and a Biosphere, Reserve as well as a UNESCO World, Heritage Site.
