Page 2 : 2, , STS MODULE 1, OVERVIEW / RATIONALE, This module has been simplified like notes so that it would be easier to understand. So, take time reading, and studying the module. Links are included for your additional resources. You may opt to view it for optimum, learning., Read carefully the module and perform what you are instructed to perform so that you will have, an optimum learning. If you need assistance and clarification just do so. You can call a friend or message, your instructor., GET READY………., ORIENTATION TO THE COURSE, (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY), , At the end of this module, you are expected to:, Show understanding of the course, the processes, the desired learning outcomes and the, evidences of its attainment., This is a 3-unit course, with a total of 54 hours session equivalent to 18 weeks in a term. This, course is divided in 3 parts as you can see it in the syllabus., While in the course, you are encouraged to:, a. Adhere to the vision, mission, goals, and policies of Zamora Memorial College, particularly those stipulated in Student handbook AS WELL AS TO THE CLASS POLICIES., b. Comply all the requirements as stated in the syllabus on or ahead of time. Obtain a copy, of the syllabus for your reference and guidance., c. Never to absent in more than 20% of the total number of hours otherwise you will, be dropped or failed., d. Follow instructions and observe schedules., e. Be in constant communication or be keep informed., f. Obtain a copy of the syllabus for this course for it will be your guide in going, through this. We will OBSERVE what is in the syllabus except for changes made and, deemed necessary., g. The class will observe the BLENDED LEARNING modality of instruction. In a week,, we shall conduct virtual sessions. The virtual sessions will serve as our platform, for discussions, clarifications, and follow up of the activities in the module., h. You WILL be required to report during virtual sessions., i. Our official online platforms will be Google Meet, Zoom, or Classin, ZMC LMS portal, so, you must have a google email account and you have to constantly check it for updates, or invitation links. We might as well use FB messenger classroom., j. AS A STUDENT, YOU HAVE TO BE RESPONSIBLE for your learning. Always inform, your instructor of your concerns so it can be acted accordingly., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 3 : 3, , STS MODULE 1, , LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO STS, STS is one of the new general education courses in general education programs in the new curriculum., This module in STS has been prepared to cope with the hindrances of the pandemic to education., In this lesson, you are expected to:, TARGETS:, 1. differentiate science, technology and society, 2. describe the interactions between and among science, technology and society and its significance to the, contemporary world., 3. cite some notable developments in science and technology and its impact to society., ENGAGE:, TASK:,  View the links, o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lS1sn77cuyk, o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJ9UaQmk8SQ, o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PxLNcIQQb4, o (for those with no access to internet, secure copies of the videos from your teacher.,  After viewing the links, write a brief synthesis about it or note down the important ideas being, imparted in the videos.,  You may share your work during virtual sessions., EXPLORE/ DEEPEN, Meaning of Science – a systematized body of knowledge (includes ideas, theories and laws about natural, and physical world) gained through observation and experimentation organized following a, dynamic process of inquiry (scientific method) done by humans (scientists) with the aid of existing, technologies., Meaning of Technology – this refers to material products that resulted from a scientific inquiry. This is the, hardware produced by the scientists. This also refers to the application of knowledge or the, science put into practical use. This may also refer to process., Meaning of Society – refers to human. The creator of science and technology, its end user and also the, constraints of science and technology., Science, Technology and Society – also known as science and technology studies., - it is the study of how the social, political and cultural values of society affect scientific and, technological innovations and how in turn affect the society., - it also refers to the interaction between science, technology and the social, cultural, political, and economic contexts which shape and are shaped by them., The relationships and interactions can be summarized by the figure below., science, , technology, , ALBIN| ZMC/2022, , society

Page 4 : 4, , STS MODULE 1, , Notable Developments and Successes in Science and Technology, Humans are ingenious species. Humans (Homo sapiens) have dreamed up and created, some amazing and far-out things. From the moment someone bashed a rock on the ground to, make the first sharp-edged tool, to the debut of the wheel to the development of Mars rovers and, the internet, several key advancements stand out as particularly revolutionary. Here are some of, most important invention of all times, along with the science behind the invention and how they, came about., , The Wheel - The concept of inventing the wheel came during 3500 BC. Humans were, , severely limited in how much stuff they could transport over land, and how far. The idea, came to connect a non-moving platform to a rolling cylinder. People then invented the, wheel and axle which is the concept of making wheel. The holes at the center of the, wheels and the ends of the fixed axles had to be nearly perfectly round and smooth for, wheels to work. Wheeled carts facilitated agriculture and commerce by enabling, transportation of goods to and from markets, as well as easing the burden of people, traveling great distances., , The compass - Before, mariners navigate with the star,, but that method didn't work during the day or on cloudy, nights. The Chinese invented the first compass sometime, between the 9th and 11th century; it was made of, lodestone, a naturally- magnetized iron ore, and the, attractive properties of which they had been studying for, centuries. Soon after, the technology passed on to the, Europeans and Arabs through nautical contact The, compass enabled mariners to navigate safely far from, land, increasing sea trade and contributing to the Age of, Discovery., Printing press - It was Johannes Gutenberg, a, German who invented the press around 1440., Though others before him--including inventors, in China and a-have developed the movable, type made from metal, Gutenberg was having, created a mechanized process that, transferred the ink (which he made from, linseed oil and soot) from the movable type to, paper., Printing, presses, exponentially, increased the speed with which book copies, could be made, and thus led to the rapid and, widespread dissemination of knowledge for, the first time in history., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 5 : 5, , STS MODULE 1, , The Internal combustion engine - In these, engines, the combustion of fuel releases, high temperature gas, which, as it, expands, applies, force to a piston, thus,, combustion engines con- vert chemical, energy into mechanical work. Dec- ades of, engineering by many scientists went into, designing the internal combustion engine,, which took its (essentially) modern form in, the latter half of the 19th century. The, engine steered in the In- dustrial Age, which enabled the invention of a huge, variety of machines, including modern, cars and, The Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be awarded a patent for the, electric telephone in 1876. Though several inventors did pioneer work on, electronic voice transmission, the invention quickly took off, and revolutionized, global business and communication., Penicillin - In 1928, the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming noticed a bacteria field Petri, Dish in his laboratory, the sample had become contaminated with a mold, and, everywhere the mold was, the bacteria was dead. That antibiotic mold turned out to, fungus Penicillium, and over the next two decades, chemists purified it and developed, the drug Penicillin, which fights a huge number of bacterial infections in humans without, harming the humans themselves. Penicillin was being mass and advertised by 1944., The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer net- works used by billions of people, worldwide. It is impossible to credit the invention of the Internet to a single person, as countless, people helped develop it. In the 1960s, a team of computer scientists working for the, U.S. Defense Department's ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) built a communications, network to connect the computers in the agency, called ARPANET. It used a method of data, transmission called "packet switching". ARPANET was the predecessor of the Internet that, eventually emerged to become the "information superhighway., , Eco-Friendly Technologies/Advantages: These are sustainable technologies. This technol- ogy, , utilizes resources from the environment without causing negative effects to it. Some, of these are:, ⇒ Solar Energy - use of solar panels to provide electricity, ⇒ Geothermal energy, ⇒, , Wind power - wind mills as source of energy, , There are other very significant developments in science and technology that created great, impact to the contemporary world but were not discussed here anymore due to some constraints., Some of it will come along the discussions of the remaining topics within the course., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 6 : 6, , STS MODULE 1, , Disadvantages and Ethical dilemmas of Science and Technology, , 1. Threats to human survival - the invention of nuclear weapons in 1945, like the, nuclear bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima that caused deaths of many people., This was a product of chemical and bio- logical warfare (bio-warfare); toxic wastes, produced by manufacturing companies that threaten human survival and stability, of the environment., 2. Ethical dilemmas - exploitation of advanced scientific knowledge and technology, devices and systems gave rise to situations in which advances seem to have, turned against their beneficiaries, creating ethical dilemmas. The negative effects, of technology are numerous. In our march to progress we have degraded the, natural world. Forest are chopped down, topsoil is washed away, rivers are, polluted and our waste is dumped in the oceans., 3. Disparities in Human well being - there are advanced countries enjoying, Science and technology-based successes and hold high esteem in contemporary, society (Economic strength), versus millions of people in less developed countries, who have not partaken in these benefits., 4. Social and Cultural conflicts - Military power is vital for national security of many, governments; Superior and highly technical weapons dictated the outcomes of, some recent wars., 5. Innovating technologies can have negative consequences for certain sectors or, constituencies: I, ⇒ include pollution associated with production processes,, ⇒ increased unemployment from labor-saving new technologies, ⇒ conversion of agricultural land into urban areas, ⇒ effect on humans psychologically and emotionally -the usage and addiction of, new gadgets effect of overused technologies in medical industry that can, cause fatal births and diseases., ⇒ global warming, Some of these dilemmas will be discussed further in the last part of the course., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 7 : 7, , STS MODULE 1, Zamora Memorial College, Bacacay, Albay, , LESSON 1 ACTIVITY SHEET, STS, EVALUATE & EXTEND, Write your brief synthesis about the three videos in the engage part of the module. It can be in a form of, paragraph or concept diagram/concept maps., , Write a three-paragraph reflection about your learning in lesson 1., , Using the diagram below, write the relationships/interactions between and among the concepts science,, technology and society. The overlapping part may signify commonalities/ similarities/ interaction between the, two or the three concepts., , science, , technology, , society, , How you CAN be a constraint or CANNOT be a constraint in science and technology development of the, country?, ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 8 : 8, , STS MODULE 1, As an end user of science and technology, how would you assess S&T, is it more of developments or penalties?, , Given a chance, what would you contribute to S&T or to STS and how would you do it?, , How did science and technology change the life, beliefs and culture of society?, , Cite at least 5 instances in your life proving that science and technology has become part of your life., , Aside the developments, do science also has its failures? Cite an instance if so., , If you would be given a chance to contribute to science and technology of the country, what would it be?, How do you think it would impact the country?, , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 9 : 9, , STS MODULE 1, , LESSON 2: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL, DEVELOPMENTS/ EVENTS, A. Historical Antecedents in which Social Considerations Changed the Course of Science and Technology in the, World, TARGETS:, 1. Describe the development of science and technology in specific period of development, 2. Determine the significance and impact of these development to the preceding developments and to the, society and how it changed the world, 3. Identify paradigm shifts in history, ENGAGE:, Watch the movie “THE FLINTSTONES”, Answer the following:, What particular period was depicted in the movie?, What stone tools were introduced and used and what was its function?, What values and implications have you gained from the movie?, EXPLORE/ DEEPEN, , LET’s READ!, Early humans attempted to understand the unknown world when they were curious about their nature., They observed and record patterns, cycles and repetitions of what was happening around them and started to look, for answers. Though their method was rude, this was an evidence that science had begun. From their experiences,, they were able to analyze and organize informations which led to understanding of the science and the world around, them. These understandings have been the basis of the preceding developments., , PREHISTORIC TIME and THE FIRST CIVILIZATION:, Ancient humans were able to discover and invent tools and methods of science developed and, progressed. As evidenced by archeology, the primitive people developed skills and technologies for their, need to survival. Science then developed as a consequence of their search for food and other survival, needs. Discovery of MUD PLASTER led to pottery and mud brick houses., ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 10 : 10, , STS MODULE 1, , EVIDENCES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING PRE-HISTORIC TIMES (3000-5000BC), , Man’s achievement can be categorized into, a. Discovery – recognition and observation of new things, b. Invention – mental process where man’s various discoveries, observations and, experience are put together to produce new ways and means of obtaining things., (Aldea et.al, 2018), , STONE AGE – the period marked by the use of stones to make tools and implements. This period was, divided into thre periods: Paleolithic (early), Mesolithic (Middle) and Neolithic (New). The three periods differ in, the degree of sophistication in fashioning of stone tools used. During the Paleolithic period, man was FOOD, GATHERERS. They just depend on hunting animals and collecting fruits and the like for food. Stone tools were, developed for a specific function in 3 traditions., 1. Pebble-tool tradition, 2. Hand axed traditions, 3. Flake-tool traditions – made tools for cutting, chopping, scraping, and sawing, 4. Blade-tool traditions, Oldowan toolkit – oldest stone tools (consists of hammer stones., Acheulean toolkit – hand axes and cutting tools, FIRE was the most important discovery and invention during the Paleolithic period. Fire was used in, fashioning of tools and in cooking their food., The middle stone age tool kits included points to make spears. This poins were attached to shafts to, make darts, arrows and other weapons. After, other inventions appeared such as needles, the spear and, other fishing equipment., Neolithic was characterized by herding societies, agriculture and a shift from FOOD GATHERING to, FOOD PRODUCING and the development of pottery using clay., BRONZE AGE – Marked the beginning of mining and metallurgy. Bronze denoted the first period in, which metal was used. Man begun smelting copper and alloying it with tin or arsenic to make bronze tools and, weapons. Bronze age civilization gain more technological advantage., , https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shutterstock.com%2Fsearch%2Fbronze%2Btools&psig=AOvVaw3pY8nAtKGwSFtWdigm3UF&ust=1642761306475000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCLjprY6RwPUCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD, , IRON AGE – period when the dominant tools was made of iron. Please note that transitions from one period to the next, occurred at different times in different parts of the earth. During this period, technology is characterized by the use of ferrous or, iron. People settled in village, till the soil with iron farming tools, tied new crops and other activities., , EVIDENCES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING ANCIENT TIMES (3500 BC-1200), This is characterized by the beginning of civilizations. The first civilization emerged independently, of one another along river valleys on Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates), Egypt (Nile), China (Huang Ho, valley) and in India. Societies of each civilization developed a unique way of life, religion, form of, government, language, arts and crafts, system of writing and advances in science and technology, ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 11 : 11, , STS MODULE 1, , (astronomy, agriculture, medicine, math, engineering, and architecture). They grew plants and animals, and settled down in places unlike the societies before wherein they change places overtime when, sources of living deplete in the area., SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (Sumer, Mesopotamia) aka. IRAQ, Location: SUMER was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia., - It is the cradle of the world’s earliest known civilization., - Also known as the first city in the world, - It transformed families into tribes that occupy territories which soon became cities and now, called states., DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 13 : 13, , STS MODULE 1, , SUMERIANS were also the first astronomers, mapping the movement of stars, planets and the moon into sets of, constellations. Many of these remained in the zodiac and are recognized by ancient greeks., Sumerians used the SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM- counting in units of 60 which become the basis of 360-degree circle, and 60 minutes in an hour., Wool from sheep made into textiles and master the art of bleaching and dyeing., , BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION, Location: Babylonia – an ancient region bordering the Tigris and the Euphrates river. Babylon is the capital and, served as commercial and religious center in the Tigris-Euphrates valley., S&T DEVELOPMENTS:, - HAMMURABI – Law that served as rule and standard that maintained stability in the region., And the establishment of science and technology., - Construction of irrigation, canals,, - Adjusted the SUMERIAN sexagesimal system., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 15 : 15, , STS MODULE 1, , LOCATION OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION: Northeastern part of the African Continent, Egypt is located along the, NILE river which provided a fertile delta., Depended on Nile river., Early settler were animal hunters and later change lifestyle to be farmland settlers., Agriculture was supported by irrigation systems, Learned to heat metal ores to make weapons and utensils., Learned to turn sand into glass and made glass jars., Created calendar based on phases of the moon consisting of 29 and ½ days., Also engaged in ship building, construction of canals and dikes., Planted wheat, barley, Manufactured soaps, perfumes and make ups., , CRETAN (MINOAN) CIVILIZATION, Location: arose in the island of CRETE and other AEGAN ISLAND, Was an Aegan bronze age civilization ruled by king MINOS., KNOSOS- the capital of Crete., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 16 : 16, , STS MODULE 1, -, , Crete is a mountainous island with natural harbors located midway between Turkey, Ehypt and Greece., , SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS:, OVERSEAS TRADE., Crete became exporter of wine, oil, and jewelry., Built the first navy ship in the world., , Below are the great GREEK PHILOSOPHERS that contributed to the development of science and technology of the ancient, times. Their being a philosopher made them became the early scientists., Greek Civilization is located in Greece, a country in southern Europe., Thales of Miletus – developed the theory of matter based upon water., Socrates – study of human nature in relation to society. Established the theory of skepticism., Empedocles – postulated the four roots of elements namely: earth, fire water and air., Hippocrates – started the science of medicine and was regarded as the greatest physician of antiquity and, the father of medicine. He stated that diseases has natural causes and the body has the power to, repair itself. Associated the Hippocratic oath: “seek to preserve life”., Aristotle – father of biology. Undertook classifications of plants and animals. Also studied other areas of, natural science like physics, astronomy, meteorology etc., Archimedes – discovered the laws of lever and pulley and resulted to the invention of simple machines that, could easily move loads. Calculated the value of pi. Excelled in geometry, calculus and theoretical math., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 17 : 17, , STS MODULE 1, Ptolemy – founded the geocentric theory, Democritus – developed the atomic theory and elaborated the idea of matter that it is composed of atoms., Pythagoras – held that numbers were basic to matter; formulated the Pythagorean theorem., Plato- dealt with nature of universe., Aristarchus – discovered that even though the earth revolves around the sun, it also spun on its own axis., Hipparchus - discovered the length of the month which is only one second off from the length that we use today., Eratosthenes – determined the circumference of the earth that is 28 000 miles which is only 3000 miles, more than what we know today., , PERSIAN CIVILIZATION, Location: Persia – the former name of Iran. Persian empire was the largest empire of the ancient world., Science and Technology Developments:, One of the richest art heritages including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy,, metalworking and stonemasonry., Domes were an important part of their constructions., Wind tower is a chimney like structure built above the house to catch wind., Built concrete roads for their military (30 military highways all made of stone), made 372 roads connecting, 113 provinces., Persian carpet or Persian rug is part of their culture. Carpet weaving includes elaborate colors and, designs., , Location of Roman Civilization: Rome – the capital of Italy in Europe. Latin is the language of Romans. Roman, civilization is headed by emperors., Other Developments in Science and Technology:, Used water power and water mills for making mills, sawing timber, and crashing ores., Exploited wood and coal for heating., Romans made great use of aqueducts, dams, bridges, and amphitheaters., Romans studied astronomy, astrology, geography and other sciences., Ancient romans used sundials and made portable sundials to determine time. Also used tools for, measuring., Advanced glassblowing techniques and made objects made of glass., Improvements to weapons, shields and armour, Some Notable roman scientists:, o Galen – physician and surgeon. Influenced the different areas of biology., o Vitruvius – an architect and engineer who wrote about Rome., o Pliny – described many species of plants which were valued for medicinal use., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 18 : 18, , STS MODULE 1, , Location: Ancient China- built along two main rivers – yellow river (Huang He) in the north and Yangtze in the south., The most populous country in Asia., Other developments in Science and Technology:, Paper and Chinese calligraphy begun. The earliest writing from china was on animal bones called “oracle bones” and, was used to tell the future., Place value system- decimal or base 10 system was developed. Abacus was the earliest calculator invention., First recorded observation of comets, solar eclipses were done in china., Invented kites and lanterns, Devised clock for astronomical purposes., Magnetic compass -made of circular wood with markings on it and a magnetic spoon on top and was used for religious, purposes., Gunpowder – made by mixing sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate., Fireworks were bamboo cases filled with gunpowder with a fuse on the side. Used for shows and later to scare, enemies., Kites were first invented in china during Chou dynasty. It was made of bamboo and silk. It was used for fun and later, in wars to carry messages and explosives. These were also used as hang gliders by man., Zhang Heng invented the earthquake detector called seismoscope. Made of a giant bronze vessel resembling a kettle, 6 feet in diameter., Cross bow – is a bow set horizontally on a stock., Fans were made of bamboo spines with silk wrapped around it., Paper and printing, Seed drill – used to plant seeds at uniform depth., Iron plough – a development in Chinese agriculture., Porcelain – made of special white clay with lots ok kaolin in it. It is put on fire at high temperature to become glasslike., Made silk from cocoons of silk worms., Wheelbarrows which are hand driven., Invented umbrellas, hot air balloon, matches, stirrups, and acupuncture., Used lacquer to protect wood and enhance furniture., Paper money was first developed during Tang dynasty. (7th century), , Indus-HINDU CIVILIZATION, Location: early civilization in INDIA- emerged in river valleys (Indus river) from Himalayas to coast of arabian sea., Science and Technology Developments:, Made public wells that supply water,, Houses have toilets, Sophisticated water management system., ARYABHATA – presented astronomical and mathematical data that earth spin on its axis and the motion of planets, with respect to sun are elliptical., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 19 : 19, , STS MODULE 1, , -, , -, , , He made an approximation of earths circumference and diameter., , Discovered (for the first time) how solar and lunar eclipse happen ., Brahmagupta – estimated the circumference of the earth to be 36 000km which is close to the actual circumference, known today., , Said that bodies fall towards the earth since it is the nature of the earth to attract bodies., Rakesh Sharma – 1984, the first Indian to go to outer space., Used the system of 27 or 28 Nakshatras (lunar constellations) to calculate month. Each month is divided into 30 days, and usually there are 366 days in a year., Built Jantar Mantar- an observatory that map out the positions of the stars in the sky, movements of the sun and the, moon as well., Ancient India was an early leader in metallurgy evidenced by the iron pillar of Delhi., , ARABIC CIVILIZATION, Location: Originated in the Arabian Peninsula. Arabic is the written and spoken language and there are 22, Arabic speaking countries at present (Algeria, Bahrain, Comoro Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq,, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morroco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,, Somalia, Syria, Tunasia, UAE and Yemen). Islam is their religion. Islam means submission to, the will of God., Science and Technology Developments:, Trigonometry (sine, tangent, co-tangent), Astronomy – invented instrument called Astrolabe – an instrument that measure position of stars and the solar system., Water wheel, water irrigation,, Algebra and geometry, introduced the Arabic numerals, operations on fractions, KAMAALUDDEEN – examined refraction of sunlight in raindrops and explained the primary and secondary rainbows., Camera Obscura – was invented by Ibn Haytham, Theory of Relativity was developed by Qaaddi Abu Bakr in terms of space and time by way of mathematical equation., This was before Einstein developed same theory latter in 20th century., Paper making – one of earliest skills of Muslims., Egypt was the first to have paper mill., Advances in industry such as weaving wool, pottery, silk production, leather and perfume industry., , PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES, OLMEC CIVILIZATION, Location: The first Mesoamerican civilization that thrive along southern gulf coast of Mexico, the present day states, of Veracruz and Tabasco from 1200 to 400BC, Culture was influential in the MAYA and AZTEC societies., Science and Technology Developments:, Olmec means “rubber people” – refers to the ancient practice of extracting latex from rubber tree in the area. The juice, of Ipomoea alba is mixed to this latex to create rubber as early as 1600BC., Olmecs constructed city temple. Common among places is the colossal heads made from basalt that symbolizes, thrones., Olmecs cultivated cacao, rubber and salt., Used elaborate water and drainage system., Manufactured chocolate drinks., Practiced human sacrifice and cannibalism., Animal gods were features of Olmec culture., Traded goods such as obsidian, ceramics, jade, serpentine, mica, rubber, pottery, polished mirrors and magnetites., , MAYAN CIVILIZATION, Location: Indigenous people who lived in parts of present day Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador and, Honduras., Science and Technology Developments:, Made progress in agriculture and in technology, Engineering skills shown in tall pyramids of limestones., Tracked the movement of stars and planets across the sky., Venus was the most important astronomical object for Mayans., Developed a calendar that used a count of 260 days with 2- day names represented with symbols., Produced rubber products, Vigesimal system- number system that contains 20 digits and with 3 important symbols- a shell, dot and bar. Dot, corresponds to one unit, bar for 5 units and shell as zero., , AZTEC CIVILIZATION, Location: City of Tenochtitlan, present day Mexico City., Aztecs were known as violent people and expanded their empire through ruthless warfare. Made human, sacrifices in rituals that often involve removal of heart to appease their gods., Science and Technology Developments:, Development of canoe (dugout canoes) used for transport of goods, the Aztec calendar and forms of medicine., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 20 : 20, , STS MODULE 1, -, , Forms of medicine were ointments, drinks and salves., Tools were made of obsidian and chert., Experimented tools with copper (axe blades, bows and arrows)., Used wheels only in toys., , INCA CIVILIZATION, Location: Andean region of South America. Their empire is called Tawantinsuyu, the largest empire in pre Columbian America., Originated in city of Cuzco, now Peru., Science and Technology Development:, Rich in maize (corn) and dried llama, coca leaves (used to lessen hunger and pain and used as anesthetic during, surgeries) and alcohol, sweet potatoes, beans and chilli peppers., Mummification as Inca funerary rites, November as their “month of carrying the dead”, they would try to feed the mummies of their ancestors., Finest grade of textiles/cloth called Cumpi., Objects were made out of gold and silver., Performed successful skull surgeries,, Measurements employed the use of body parts., Weaponry includes bronze or bone tip spears., Lunisolar calendar (one solar and one lunar calendar maintained in parallel), 12 lunar months 11 day short of a full, 365-day solar day. Equinoxes and solstices were observed,, Used knotted strings used to record numerical data, , -, , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 21 : 21, , STS MODULE 1, , Medieval or Middle ages is also referring to DARK ages (500 to 1500AD) which is 1000 years. This occurs from the fall of Roman, empire to the rise of Ottoman empire. This is the period of intellectual revitalization especially to the investigation of the natural world in Europe., In the 14th century, crisis of the late middle ages was underway. A plague called BLACK DEATH came and wiped out many lives and, affected the entire system. It brought a sudden end on the period of massive scientific changes. Quarantines were made, Other Major Technological Advances during Medieval times:, Vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, improved water mills, building techniues like gothic style., Military technologies, o, Counterweight trebuchet – siege weapon that hurled huge stones over far distances., o, Long bow, o, Cross bow, o, Complete full plate armour – made of iron or steel plates that protects the body during war and are worn, over male suits., Agricultural Innovations, o, Wheeled plough, o, Horse collar, o, Artesian wells, o, Wheelbarrow is now used in construction, mining and farming for carrying materials., Other Inventions, o, Blast Furnace, o, Hour glass, o, Vertical windmills, spectacles, chess, mirrors (by Alexander Neckham), oil paint, tide mill – mill driven by, tidal rise and fall, spinning wheel made in india reached europe and was improved., o, By 1000s, universities were developed and trained middle class societies in theology, medicine and law., , S&T DURING THE RENAISSANCE (13000AD-1550AD) in the WESTERN WORLD, -, , This was the time of creativity and change in Europe after the dark ages. It is the rebirth of cultural and intellectual, pursuits., Renaissance was centered in ITALY. Great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics,, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy and engineering., SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS, Michaelangelo made the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture of the biblical character David., Invention of printing press which was introduced in China in 1300s, in 1400s the movable type was introduced in, Europe by Johann Guttenberg begun printing the bible. This development resulted to the dissemination and, spread of knowledge to a wider population that led gradually to more improved societies and able to dominate, other cultures and civilizations., Improvements and innovations on existing techniques like:, o, Mining and metallurgy : blast furnace, finery forge, slitting mill, o, Firearms and nautical compass: allowed communication, exercise power and travel at distances., o, Parachute: flying man, o, Mariners astrolabe : astrolabe for navigation purposes, o, Dry dock and floating dock, o, Newspaper: an offspring of printing press, o, Air gun, Alchemy- transmutation of materials through obscure processes., Astronomy- Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) – founded the theory of heliocentric, sun as the center of solar system., Medicine – advanced knowledge of human anatomy., Andreas Vesalius – developed modern neurology that began 16th century, (1514-1564). He describes the anatomy of, the brain and other organs., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 22 : 22, , STS MODULE 1, -, , Few effective drugs existed beyond opium and quinine., William Harvey- complete description of circulatory system., Otto Brunfels (1530-1536) – published Portraits of Living Plants, Leonardo da Vinci – Vitruvian Man (a blend of art and science), Mona Lisa paintings and the last supper, also studied, anatomy, , LEAP OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, (1600AD-1700AD) and (1730AD-1950AD), Scientific Revolution – was the emergence of modern science during the early modern times when developments in mathematics,, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society and nature. Scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end, of renaissance period and continued influencing the intellectual and social movement known as Enlightenment., Science and Technology Developments:, Nicolaus Copernicus (1543) – marks the beginning of scientific revolution, WILLIAM Gilbert (1544-1603) – laid the foundations of magnetism and electricity and speculations about cosmology., Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) -made planetary observations and assisted by Johannes Kepler. Proposed a system in, which sun and moon orbited the earth while other planes orbited the sun (geo-heliocentric or Tychonic theory)., Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)– first publication in Astronomy presenting a Copernican world view., Francis Bacon (1561-1626)- new system of logic based on the process of reduction., Galileo galilei (1564-1642) – Italian that demonstrated that projectile follows a parabolic path. He invented the, telescope that employs concave and convex lenses. He discovered the mountains of the moon, 4 moons of Jupiter,, phases of venus, and the sunspots., Rene Descartes (1596-1650) – published Discouse on the Method that helped establish the scientific method., Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) – constructed sinle lens microscope ans opened up the micro world of biology., Isaac Newton (1643-1727)- built upon the worlk of Kepler and Galileo, advanced the law of gravitation and the laws of, motion., Robert Boyle (1627-1691) – refined the modern scientific method and separated chemistry from alchemy. Made, Boyle’s law, Refracting telescopes appeared in Netherlands. The making of spectacles by H. Lippershey, Z. Janssen and Jacob, Metius contributed to this telescope., Industrial revolution- the idea of progressive change in science and technology., Biological evolution, stellar and galactic evolution, nucleosynthesis, the evolution of chemical elements, geologic, evolution (plate tectonics) has been the fundamental importance during this period., Atoms were found to change by decay and by dramatic process (fission and fusion) and that it releases vast energy., Albert Einstein – theory of relativity, Radioisotopes has been used as tracers and fund applications in geological dating., Establishment of cell theory., Darwin proposed natural selection as explanation to Darwin’s evolution., Gregor Mendel’s theory of genetics and developed Mendelian principles of heredity., Louis Pasteur – pioneered in pasteurization. Father of microbiology., Development of biochemistry resulted in the discovery of DNA., Rise of modern medicine with new methods of treatment ranging from penicillin, insulin and other drugs to pacemakers, Larger telescopes assisted the discovery that sun is an ordinary star in a huge collection of stars., Study of remote objects has been carried out at all wavelengths of EM radiations., Electronic industry born in early 20th century. Computer has been the key tools of modern industry and electronics, became the fundamental concepts in communication devices., Watt Steam Engine – revolutionized the science and technology. It was made of iron and fueled by coal. It is also, called as the prime mover., Other important Technological Developments:, Metallurgy- replacement of wood and other biofuels with coal., James Watt and Matthew Boulton- succeeded perfecting the steam engine in 1778 which had a series of radical, improvements., Machine tools, created a demand for metal parts in machinery leading to developments of other machine tools., Chemicals – large scale production of chemicals like sulfuric acid used for bleaching. In 1791, introduced the, production of sodium carbonate. With uses in glass, textiles, soap and paper industries., Cement – in 1824, joseph Aspdin, patented a chemical process for making Portland cement which was an important, advancement., Glass making – new method of making glass known as cylinder process was developed in Europe in early 19th century., Agriculture – technologies affected farming, Improved transport facilities. Railroads were introduced, canals and roads were improved, planes, jets and rockets, has taken astronauts to the moon., Food supply has been increasing and prices falling due to better agricultural practices., Living conditions varied from splendor to squalor., Created middle class of professionals, Clothing and other consumer goods has fallen prices., Rocket – was the first vehicle to leave earth., Hubble Space Telescope – is an orbiting observatory that was launched into orbit in 1990., , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 23 : 23, , STS MODULE 1, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY IN THE 20TH CENTURY, Some remarkable Developments:, The airplane, invented by Wright brothers., Computers, machine that accepts information, stores and process instructions. Charles Babbage, the father of, computers., First semiconductor transistor was invented in 1926 and was used in computers., Magnetic resonance imaging – non-invasive medical test used by doctors for diagnosis of medical conditions., The internet, Optical fiber, a precursor to fiber optic communications. Preferred over long distances, high bandwidth requirements, and immunity to electromagnetic interference., Air conditioning systems, Gene therapy, Artificial Embryos, 3D Metal Printing for metal fabrication, Cell-free Fetal DNA Testing, Cancer nanotheraphy, , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 25 : 25, , STS MODULE 1, ACTIVITY SHEET (WEEKs 2-3), LESSON 2, STS, From the Movie “THE FLINTSONES”,, , What particular period was depicted in the movie?, What stone tools were introduced and used and what was its function?, What values and implications have you gained from the movie?, , Compare and contrast the three periods of the prehistoric times. Use the Venn diagram below., , (You may enlarge the, , size of the diagram on separate sheet), , paleolithic, , stone age, , iron age, , bronze age, , Mesolithic, , Neolithic, , Aside the readings above, you may read further about the civilizations below. Describe, compare and contrast the, civilizations by completing the table., Sumerian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Cretan, Location:, S & T developments, , Impact to Society, , From the above summary, how each development contributed to the succeeding developments in science, and technology?, , ALBIN| ZMC/2022

Page 26 : 26, , STS MODULE 1, For week 3:, 1. Create an Infographics (manual or using online templates) about Arabs, Chinese and Hindu, contributions to Science and Technology as well as the impact of their contributions. Highlight the, contributions with worldwide impacts. You can use Canva or other similar platforms. Print your infographics, or post it in your e-portfolio., , 2. Complete the table to compare pre-Columbian societies and civilization. (you may read other references), Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, Inca, Present day Location, , agriculture, astronomy, Tools and weapons, , medicine, others, , 3. During the medieval times, which development you consider as least important, which development you, consider as the most important and which you consider as most valuable for human survival? Explain your, choice., , 4. How would you relate the dark ages to this present day covid-19 pandemic? What lessons remained as far, as science and technology innovation is concerned?, , 5. How it be like if not of all these developments been made possible?, How did the society benefit from these developments especially during the modern times?, , 6. If you would be given the chance to become an inventor, what would you invent? How is this different from, existing inventions in terms of function and features? Why there is a need for this invention and how will it, make the world become better?, , 7. What 3 developments in science and technology had a great impact to your life now? What historical, antecedent gave rise to these developments?, , 8. What developments in the past civilizations do we still use today (if any)?, , 9. How did all these developments shape human history?, , ALBIN| ZMC/2022