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INTRODUCTION, It is a classical example for natural, aquatic, freshwater, lentic type of, ecosystem. It helps us to understand the structure and function of an, ecosystem. When rain water gathers in a shallow area, gradually over a, period of time, different kinds of organisms (microbes, plants, animals), become part of this ecosystem. This pond ecosystem is a self sustaining, and self regulatory fresh water ecosystem, which shows a complex, interaction between the abiotic and biotic components in it., DEFINITION, Pond ecosystem is a type of lentic freshwater ecosystem with the complex, interaction between its biotic and abiotic components., TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM, , MKL

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●, ●, ●, ●, ●, , They are also called as microconsumers., T hey help to recycle the nutrients in the ecosystem., These are present in mud water and bottom of the ponds., Example: Bacteria and Fungi., Decomposers perform the process of decomposition in order to, enrich the nutrients in the pond ecosystem., ● T he cycling of nutrients between abiotic and biotic components is, evident in the pond ecosystem, making itself self sufficient and self, regulating., , STRUCTURE, , MKL

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ZONES OF POND ECOSYATEM, ● Based on the factors like distance from the shore, penetration of, light, depth of water, types of plants and animals, there may be three, zones, littoral, limnetic and profundal., ● The littoral zone, which is closest to the shore with shallow water, region, allows easy penetration of light., ● It is warm and occupied by rooted plant species., , MKL

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● The limnetic zone refers the open water of the pond with an effective, penetration of light and domination of planktons., ● The deeper region of a pond below the limnetic zone is called, profundal zone with no effective light penetration and predominance, of heterotrophs., , ● The bottom zone of a pond is termed benthic and is occupied by a, community of organisms called benthos (usually decomposers)., ● The primary productivity through photosynthesis of littoral and, limnetic zone is more due to greater penetration of light than the, profundal zone., , THERMAL STRATIFICATION, , MKL