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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , Savitribai Phule Pune University, (Formerly University of Pune), , Three Year B.Sc. Degree Program in Zoology, (Faculty of Science & Technology), , F.Y.B.Sc. Zoology, , Choice Based Credit System Syllabus, , to be implemented from, , Academic Year 2019-2020, , Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 1

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , Preamble:, Zoology is one of the major subjects of Basic Sciences and deals with all aspects of animal, biology. It includes an interesting range of highly diverse topics. A zoology student needs, to gain understanding of many areas of the subject to keep pace with advancements in Life, Sciences., This under-graduate degree program has been designed by the Board of Studies in Zoology, of Savitribai Phule Pune University with a substantial component of what is needed from, zoologists as a skilled career and what zoologists need to pursue for post-graduation and, further academic studies. It follows the guidelines laid down by the University Grants, Commission, New Delhi. This newly designed curriculum is a perfect blend of the classical, aspects in Zoology and the advanced and more specialized areas., This degree offers Discipline Specific Core Courses [CC] in Animal Systematics, Animal, Ecology, Animal Cell biology, Applied Zoology, Pest Management, Histology, Biological, Chemistry, Genetics, Developmental Biology, Parasitology, Medical & Forensic Zoology,, Animal Physiology, Molecular Biology, Entomology, Techniques in Biology and, Evolutionary Biology., In addition to the Core Courses, Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses [AECC] have, been added in the second year i.e. Semester III and Semester IV of the undergraduate course., In the third year i.e. Semester V and Semester VI, Discipline specific Elective Courses, [DSEC] and Skill Enhancement Courses [SEC] have been offered. The students, therefore,, have an opportunity to take courses in Environment Awareness, Language communication:, English/Marathi, Aquarium Management, Poultry Management and Environmental Impact, Assessment. In Semester VI the students also have a course dedicated to Project work., The syllabus has been framed in such a way that the student gains each year, a broader, perspective of the subject as he progresses towards completion of the degree program. Field, trips, Educational visits and the Project work have been included for the student to, experience the applications of the theory learnt in the classroom., After completion of the program, it is expected that students will understand and appreciate:, animal diversity, few applications of Zoology, the structure, functions and life processes at, cellular, tissue, organ and system level, significance of evolution, and basic concepts of, human health. The students would also gain an insight into laboratory and field work, through the practical course, field work and the project., While presenting this new syllabus to the teachers and students of F.Y.B.Sc. Zoology, I am, extremely happy to state that efforts have been made to seek inputs of all the stake holders, to make it more relevant., The new course that will be effective from the academic year 2019- 2020 and will follow, the Choice Based Credit System in a Semester mode. It has been primed keeping in view, the distinctive requirements of B.Sc. Zoology students. The contents have been drawn-up, to accommodate the widening prospects of the discipline of Life Sciences. They reflect the, changing prerequisites of the students. This program has been introduced with 132 credits, for the subject group while 08 credits to earn from any of the 08 groups offering a range of, curricular, cocuricular and extracurricular activities. This pattern has been specially aimed, towards the overall development of the students’. The calculation of credits and CGPA will, Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 2

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , be as per the guidelines of the University. The B.Sc. Zoology program provides an, appropriate blend of classical and applied aspects of the subject. This newly designed, curriculum will allow students to acquire the skill in handling scientific instruments, planning and performing in the laboratory and exercising critical judgement, independent, thinking and problem solving skills. The Syllabus has been revised with the following aims, , , , , , , , To foster curiosity in the students for Zoology, To create awareness amongst students for the basic and applied areas of Zoology, To orient students about the importance of abiotic and biotic factors of environment, and their conservation., To provide an insight to the aspects of animal diversity., To inculcate good laboratory practices in students and to train them about proper, handling of lab instruments., , Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 3

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , 1. Course Structure:, Course Structure with Credit Distribution of the Undergraduate Science Program in, Zoology, Course, , Course Code and Name of the Course, , F.Y.B.Sc., , SEMESTER I, , SEMESTER II, , CC, , ZO-111 Animal Diversity I, , ZO-121 Animal Diversity II, , 2+2, , CC, , ZO-112 Animal Ecology, , ZO-122 Cell Biology, , 2+2, , CC, , ZO-113 Zoology Practical Paper, , ZO-123 Zoology Practical Paper, , 1.5 +1.5, , S.Y.B.Sc., , SEMESTER III, , SEMESTER IV, , CC, , ZO-231 Animal Diversity III, , ZO-241 Animal Diversity IV, , 2+2, , CC, , ZO-232 Applied Zoology I, , ZO-242 Applied Zoology II, , 2+2, , CC, , ZO-233 Zoology Practical Paper, , ZO-243 Zoology Practical Paper, , 2+2, , AECC, , EVS 231-Environment Awareness, , EVA 241-Environment Awareness, , 2+2, , AECC, , LA 231-English/Marathi, , LA 241- English /Marathi, , 2+2, , T.Y.B.Sc., , SEMESTER V, , SEMESTER VI, , DSEC, , ZO-351 Pest Management, , ZO-361 Medical & Forensic Zoology, , 2+2, , DSEC, , ZO-352 Histology, , ZO-362 Animal Physiology, , 2+2, , DSEC, , ZO-353 Biological Chemistry, , ZO-363 Molecular Biology, , 2+2, , DSEC, , ZO-354 Genetics, , ZO-364 Entomology, , 2+2, , DSEC, , ZO-355 Developmental Biology, , ZO-365 Techniques in Biology, , 2+2, , DSEC, , ZO-356 Parasitology, , ZO-366 Evolutionary Biology, , 2+2, , DSEC, , ZO-357 Zoology Practical Paper 1, , ZO-367 Zoology Practical Paper 1, , 2+2, , DSEC, , ZO-358 Zoology Practical Paper 2, , ZO-368 Zoology Practical Paper 2, , 2+2, , DSEC, , ZO-359 Zoology Practical Paper 3, , ZO-369 Zoology Practical Paper 3, , 2+2, , SEC, , ZO-3510 Aquarium Management, , ZO-3610 Environmental Impact Assessment, , 2+2, , SEC, , ZO- 3511 Poultry Management, , ZO-3611 Project, , 2+2, , Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Credits, , Page 4

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , Detailed Syllabus of F.Y.B.Sc., Paper, , Semester I, Credits, Course Code, & Course, , No of, Lectures, , Marks, (Internal +, University), , I, , ZO-111, Animal, Diversity I, , 02, , 30, , 15+ 35= 50, , II, , ZO-112, Animal, Ecology, , 02, , 30, , III, , ZO-113, Zoology, Practical, Paper, , 01, , Course No., , SemesterII, Credits, Course Code, & Course, 02, , 30, , 15+ 35 = 50, , 15+ 35 = 50, , ZO-122, Cell, Biology, , 02, , 30, , 15+ 35 = 50, , 15, 15+ 35 = 50, practical, , ZO-123, Zoology, Practical, Paper, , 01, , 15, , 15+ 35 = 50, , Course Title, , Total Number of, , Term, , (First term), ZO-121, (Second term), ZO-112, (First term), ZO-122, , Animal, Diversity–I, Animal, Diversity-II, , Animal, Ecology, Cell Biology, , (Second Term), ZO-113, (First term), , Marks, (Internal +, University), , ZO-121, Animal, Diversity II, , lectures/practical per, , ZO-111, , No of, Lectures, , Zoology, Practical Paper, , Practical, , Standard of passing, Internal, marks, , University, marks, , Total, marks, , 15, , 35, , 50, , 15, , 35, , 50, , 15, , 35, , 50, , 15, , 35, , 50, , 15, , 35, , 50, , 15, , 35, , 50, , Three lectures/Week, (Total 30 lectures per, term), Three lectures/Week, (Total 30 lectures per, term), Three lectures/Week, (Total 30 lectures per, term), Three lectures/Week, (Total 30 lectures per, term), Practical session of 3, hours., 15 Practicals, , ZO-123, (Second Term), , Zoology, Practical Paper, , Practical session of 3, hours., 15 Practicals, , Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 5

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , Animal Diversity I & II, Objectives:, 1., 2., 3., 4., , To understand the Animal diversity around us., To understand the underlying principles of classification of animals., To understand the terminology needed in classification., To understand the differences and similarities in the various aspects of, classification., 5. To classify invertebrates and to be able to understand the possible group of the, invertebrate observed in nature.to understand our role as a caretaker and, promoter of life., Learning outcomes for the course:, 1. The student will be able to understand classify and identify the diversity of, animals., 2. The student understands the importance of classification of animals and, classifies them effectively using the six levels of classification., 3. The student knows his role in nature as a protector, preserver and promoter of, life which he has achieved by learning, observing and understanding life., Course Title: Animal Diversity –I, Course Code-ZO-111, Semester I, , (2 credits-30 lectures), , No. Title & Contents, , Number, of lectures, , 1., , (05), , Principles of Classification:, Taxonomy & Systematics, 1.1 Taxonomy: Basic terminology and Introuction, , , Alpha, Beta and Gamma levels of taxonomy, Micro-taxonomy, , , , Macro taxonomy: Phenetics (numerical taxonomy, Cladistics, (Phylogenetic systematics), Evolutionary taxonomy, (evolutionary systematics), , , , Classical taxonomy and experimental or neo taxonomy, (biochemical taxonomy and Cytotaxonomy), , , , Significance of Taxonomy, , 1.2 Systematics: definition introduction, , Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 6

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , 1.3 Linnaean system of classification (Six level classification: Phylum,, class, order, family, genus, species), 1.4 Concept of Species: Biological & Evolutionary, 1.5 Introduction to Binomial Nomenclature., 1.6 Introduction to Five kingdom system., 2., , General Features of kingdom Animalia, , (02), , 2.1 General characters of Kingdom Animalia, Grades of organization, 2.2 Symmetry., 3., , Kingdom Protista (Phylum: Protozoa), , (07), , 3.1 Introduction to Phylum Protozoa, 3.2 Salient features of Phylum Protozoa, 3.3 Classification of Phylum Protozoa up to classes with two examples, of each class (names only)., Class Rhizopoda (e.g :Entamoeba histolytica, Arcella),, Class Mastigophora (e.g: Euglena viridis, Trypanosoma gambiense),, Class Ciliata (e.g Paramoecium caudatum, Opalina ranarum),, Class Sporozoa (e.g Plasmodium vivax, Toxoplasma gondii), 3.4 Locomotion in Protozoa: Amoeboid, Ciliary and Flagellar with, suitable examples, 3.5 Type Study: Paramecium caudatum: Classification, Habit and, Habitat, External morphology, Feeding and digestion, Excretion,, Reproduction (binary fission and conjugation), 3.6. Economic importance of Protozoa (three harmful and one useful, protozoan), 3.6.1-Harmful Protozoa:, Plasmodium vivax (malarial parasite),, Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebic dysentery),, Trypanosoma gambiense (Gambian sleeping sickness)., 3.6.2- Useful Protozoa:, Trichonympha, , Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 7

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , 7., , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , Phylum Platyhelminthes, , (04), , 7.1 Introduction to Phylum Platyhelminthes, 7.2 Salient features of Phylum Platyhelminthes, 7.3 Classification of Phylum Platyhelminthes up to classes with two, examples each class (names of examples only)., Class: Turbellaria (e.g: Dugesia, Bipallium), Class: Trematoda (e.g: Fasciola hepatica, Schistosoma haematobium), Class Cestoda: (Taenia solium (pork tape worm),Echinococcus, granulosus (dog tapeworm), 7.4 Parasitic adaptations in Platyhelminthes: structural and physiological., 7.5 Economic importance of Platyhelminthes, , Course Title: Animal Ecology, Course Code: ZO 112, Semester I, , (2 Credits-30 Lectures), , Learning outcomes for the course:, , , The learners will be able to identify and critically evaluate their own beliefs, values and, actions in relation to professional and societal standards of ethics and its impact on, ecosystem and biosphere due to the dynamics in population., , , , To understand anticipate, analyse and evaluate natural resource issues and act on a, lifestyle that conserves nature., , , , The Learner understands and appreciates the diversity of ecosystems and applies beyond, the syllabi to understand the local lifestyle and problems of the community., , , , The learner will be able to link the intricacies of food chains, food webs and link it with, human life for its betterment and for non-exploitation of the biotic and abiotic, components., , , , The working in nature to save environment will help development of leadership skills to, promote betterment of environment., , Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 9

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , ZO 112: Animal Ecology, , Zoology, , (2 Credits-30 Lectures), , No., , Topic & Content, , Number, of lectures, , 1., , Introduction to Ecology, , (02), , 1.1 Concepts of Ecology, Environment, Population, Community,, Ecosystem, Biosphere, Autecology and synecology., 2., , Ecosystem, , (08), , 2.1 Types of ecosystems: Aquatic (Freshwater, estuarine, Marine and, terrestrial (Forest, Grassland and Desert), 2.2 Structure and Composition of Ecosystem (Abiotic components, and biotic components., 2.3 Food chain: Detritus and grazing food chains, Food web, Energy, flow through the ecosystem, Ecological pyramids: Number, Biomass,, and Energy., 2.4 concept of Eutrophication in lakes and rivers., 3, , Population, , (08), , 3.1Characteristic of population: Density, Natality, Mortality,, Fecundity tables, survivorship curves, age ratio, sex ratio, dispersal, and dispersion., 3.2Exponential and logistic growth,, 3.3 Population regulation – density-dependent and independent, factors., Population interactions, Gause’s Principle with laboratory and field, interactions,, 3.4 Quadrate, line and belt transect methods., 4., , Community, , (07), , 4.1Community characteristics: species richness, dominance, diversity,, abundance, vertical stratification, Eco tone and edge effect; Ecological, succession with one example., 5., , Animal interactions, , (05), , 5.1Introduction to Animal interactions, 5.2 Types of Animal interactions with at least to suitable examples of, each, 5.2.1-Competition: Interspecific and intraspecific, Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 10

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , 5.2.2- Beneficial Associations:, Commensalism (remora fish on shark, Cattle egrets on livestock),, Mutualism (Termite and Trichonympha, bees and flowers, cleaning, symbiosis in fish by prawns., 5.3 Antagonistic associations: Parasitism (Ascaris and man, lice and, humans), Prey predation (Lion and deer)., , Course Title: Zoology Practical Paper, Course Code: ZO113, Semester I, , (1.5 Credits-45 Hours), , Animal Diversity –I, 1. Museum Study of phylum Protozoa: Euglena, Paramecium, Amoeba, Plasmodium sp., 2. Museum study of Phylum Porifera: Sycon, Euplectella, Chalina, Spongilla., 3. Museum study of phylum Cnidaria: Hydra, Physalia, Aurelia, Metridium., 4 Museum Study of phylum Platyhelminthes: Planeria, Faciola hepatica, Taenia solium, 5. Study of Paramecium: Culture, External morphology, Conjugation and Binary fission., 6. Study of permanent slides: Spicules and Gemmules in Sponges, T.S. of Sycon, T.S. of, Hydra, Taeniasolium: Scolex, Gravid proglottid., 7. Identification of any three museum specimen with help of taxonomic identification key., 8. Visit to Zoological survey of India/ Museum/National Park., , Animal Ecology:, 1. Estimation of Dissolved oxygen from given water sample., 2. Estimation of Water Alkalinity from given water sample., 3. Study of animal community structure by quadrate method (Field or Simulation)., 4. Determination of density, frequency and abundance of species by quadrat method., 5. Study of microscopic fauna of freshwater ecosystem (from pond)., 6. Estimation of water holding capacity of given soil sample., 7. Estimation of dissolved and free carbon dioxide from water sample., 8. Study of Eutrophication in lake/river., , Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 11

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , 5.4 Type study: Asteriasrubens (Sea Star): Classification, Habit, Habitat, External Morphology, Digestive system, Water vascular, System and autotomy and regeneration, 5.5 Pedicillaria in Echinodermata: straight, crossed, valvate,, tridactylous, globigerous., 5.6 Economic importance of Echinidermata., , Course Title: Cell biology, Course Code: ZO122:, Semester II, , (2 credits-30 lectures), , Learning outcomes for Cell Biology,  The learner will understand the importance of cell as a structural and functional, unit of life.,  The learner understands and compares between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic, system and extrapolates the life to the aspect of development.,  The dynamism of bio membranes indicates the dynamism of life. Its working, mechanism and precision are responsible for our performance in life.,  The cellular mechanisms and its functioning depends on endo-membranes and, structures. They are best studied with microscopy., , ZO122: Cell biology, , (2 credits-30 lectures), , No. Title & Contents, 1., , Number of lectures, , Introduction:, , (04), , 1.1 Introduction cell biology,, 1.2 Cell as basic unit of life., 1.3 Importance of Cell Biology and its applications in industry., Overview of Cells, 1.3 Introduction to Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells., 1.4 Structure and function of Prokaryotic (E. coli), 1.5 Structure and function of Eukaryotic cells (Animal and Plant Cell), , Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 14

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , 2, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Techniques in Cell Biology:, , Zoology, , (04), , 3.1 Introduction, 3.2 Microscopy: Basic Principle, Simple, Compound and applications of, Electron Microscope., 3.3 Stains and dyes:, Types of Stain: Acidic, basic and neutral., Dye (Preparation and chemistry of dyes not expected), 3.4 Micrometry., 3, , Plasma Membrane:, , (06), , 4.1Introduction, 4.2 Structure of plasma membrane: Fluid mosaic model., 4.3Transport across membranes: Active and Passive transport,, Facilitated transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis – vesicles, and their importance in transport., 4.4 Other functions of Cell membrane in brief Protection, cell, recognition, shape, storage, cell signalling., 4.5 Cell Junctions: Tight junctions, gap junctions, Desmosomes., 4, , Nucleus: Structure and function, , (04), , 5.1Introduction to Nucleus, 5.2 Structure of Nucleus: Nuclear envelope, Nuclear pore complex,, Nucleoplasm, Nucleolus, 5.3 Chromatin: Eu-chromatin and Hetro-chromatin, nature and, differences., 5.4 Functions of nucleus, 5., , Endomembrane System, , (04), , 6.1 Introduction, 6.2 Structure, location and Functions: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi, apparatus, Lysosomes and vacuoles., 7., , Mitochondria and Peroxisomes, , (03), , 7.1 Introduction, 7.2 Mitochondria: ultrastructure and function of mitochondrion., Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 15

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , 7.3 Peroxisomes, Cell Division, , (05), , 7.1 Introduction, 7.2 Cell cycle (G1, S, G2, M phases),, 7.3 Mitosis., 7.4 Meiosis., , Course Title: Zoology Practical Paper, Course Code: ZO123, Semester II, , (1.5 Credits-45 Hours), , Animal Diversity –II, 1. Museum study of Phylum Aschelminthes: Ascaris lumbricoides,, 2. Museum study of phylum Annelida: Neries, Earthworm, Leech., 3. Museum study of phylum Arthropoda: Prawn, Cockroach, Centipede, Millipede, Crab, 4. Museum study of phylum Mollusca: Pila, Chiton, Bivalve, Octopus., 5. Museum study of phylum Echinodermata: Sea Star, Sea urchin, Brittle Star, sea, cucumber., 6. Study of permanent slides: Mouthparts of Insects -Mandibulate, Piercing and sucking,, Chewing and Lapping., 7. Types of Shells in Mollusca. Pila, Bivalve, Chiton, Sepia., 8. Economic importance of honey bees, Lac insects silk worms, red cotton bug,, Anopheles mosquito, 9. Earthworm: vermicomposting bin preparation and maintenance., 10. Visit to a vermicomposting unit/ field for insect pest collection and its identification, Cell Biology, 1. Study of Microscope: Simple and Compound, 2. Micrometry: Measurement of microscopic objects, 3. Study of cell: Preparation of temporary mount of human buccal epithelial cells., 4. Preparation of blood smears to observe the blood cells, 5. Temporary preparation of mitotic cell from onion roots, 6. Study of Cell organelles (any three) by using microphotographs, Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 16

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , Recommended Reference Books, Animal Diversity – I and II, 1. Anderson, D.T (Ed) 1988: Invertebrate Zoology, Oxford University Press., 2. Barnes, R.D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology, V Edition. Holt Saunders International, Edition., 3. Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P., Olive, P.J.W., Golding, D.W. and Spicer, J.I. (2002). The, Invertebrates: A New Synthesis, III Edition, Blackwell Science, 4. Barrington, E.J.W. (1979). Invertebrate Structure and Functions. II Edition, E.L.B.S., and Nelson, 5. Boradale, L.A. and Potts, E.A. (1961). Invertebrates: A Manual for the use of Students., Asia Publishing Home., 6. Brusca, R.C andBrusca, G. J (2003): Invertebrate (2nd ed.) Sinauer Associates Inc.,, Publishers Sunderland., 7. Hadzi, J (1963): The Evolution of Metazoa, Macmillan Newyork., 8. Hyman, L. H (1940): Invertebrates Vol I, Protozoa through ctenophore., 9. Hyman. L. H (1955): The Invertebrates Vol: IV, Echinodermata, the coelomate, bilateria, Mcgraw Hill, Newyork., 10. Modern Text-Book of zoology, Vertebrates. By Kotpal, RL., Rastogi and Co., Meerut., 11. Nigam H.C., Zoology of Chordates, Vishal Publication, Jalandhar-144008., 12. Phylum Protozoa to Echinodermata (series) by Kotpal, RL. Rastogi and Co., Meerut, 13. Parker T.J and W.A Haswell (1972): A text book of Zoology, Vol –I (7th edition by, Marshall and Williams) Mcmillan Press ltd., 14. Jordan, E.L. and P.s.Verma Invertebrate Zoology, S. Chand and Co., Ltd. Ram, Nagar, New Delhi., 15.Russel Hunter: - A Biology of higher invertebrates, MacMillon Co. Ltd., London, , Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 17

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CBCS: 2019-2020, , F. Y. B. Sc., , Zoology, , Animal Ecology, 1. Colinvaux, P. A. (1993). Introduction to Ecology. II Edition. Wiley, John and Sons,, Inc., 2. Krebs, C. J. (2001). Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and, Abundance, 6th Edition, ©2009, Pearson, 3. Odum, E.P., (2008). Fundamentals of Ecology. Indian Edition. Brooks/Cole, 4. Robert Leo Smith Ecology and field biology Harper and Row publisher, 5. Ricklefs, R.E., (2000). Ecology. V Edition. Chiron Press, 6. Sharma P.D. (2002) Ecology and Environment, Himalaya Publication, Cell Biology, 1. Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. VI, EditionJohn Wiley and Sons. Inc., 2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (2006). Cell and Molecular Biology., VIIEdition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia., 3. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. V, Edition.ASM Press and Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA., 4. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. (2009). The World of the, Cell. VII Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco., 5. Bruce Albert, Bray Dennis, Levis Julian, Raff Martin, Roberts Keith and Watson James, (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell, V Edition, Garland publishing Inc., New York, and London, 6. Inside the Cell (2005); US Department of Health Sciences, National Institute of Health,, Natinal institute of General Medicine Sciences., 7. Lodish, H., D. Baltimore, A. Berk, L. Zipursky, M. Matsudaira and J. Darnell. (2010)., 8. Molecular Cell Biology, Eds. 3, Scientific American & W. H. Freeman. New York., 9. Powar C B.: Cell Biology, Himalaya Publication, Meerut, , Note: Latest editions of the recommended books may be referred., , Savitribai Phule Pune University, , Page 18