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‘Tentacles, , Bud, , Budding in Hydra, , (v) Vegetative Propagation : In many plants, new plants develops from, vegetative parts such as :, , * By roots : £.g., dahlias, sweet potato., ° By stem : £.g., potato, ginger., * By leaves : E.g., bryophyllum (leaf notches bear buds which develop, into plants)., * Artificial methods :, (a) Grafting : E.g., Mango, (b) Cutting : E.g., Rose, (c) Layering : E.g., Jasmine, (d) Tissue culture : New plants are grown by using growing tip of a plant., These growing cells are kept in a culture medium leads to the formation of, callus. Callus is then transferred to hormone medium which causes growth and, differentiation. £.g., ornamental plants, orchid., Benefits of tissue culture :, ° We can grow plants like banana, rose, jasmine etc. that have lost the, capacity to produce seeds., * New plants are genetically similar to parents., ° Helps in growing seedless fruits., (vi)Spore Formation : Spores are small bulb like structures which are, covered by thick walls. Under favourable conditions, they germinate and, produce new organism., , (as. ae