Page 1 : Statistics, TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN, 145, Bas, Broad Categories, Types of Research Designs, ate, Main Features, 2. Correlational/Ex post facto, Examining the relationship between two or more, variables in a natural setting without manipula-, tion or control (cause and effect relationship), Prospective: Examining relationship from cause to, effect, ISI, Prospective design, Retrospective design, Retrospective: Examining relationship from effect, to cause, 3. Developmental research design, - Cross-sectional design, Longitudinal design, Examining the phenomenon with respect to the, time, Cross-sectional: Examining the phenomenon only at, one point in time, Longitudinal: Examining the phenomenon at more, than one point in time, 4. Epidemiological designs, Case-control studies, Cohort studies, The investigation of the distribution and causes of, diseases in a population is known as epidemiology, 5. Survey research design, Survey studies are investigation in which self-, reported data are collected from sample with the, purpose of describing population on some variables, of interest, Research conducted to develop, test, and evaluate, III Other, additional, research, designs, 1. Methodological studies, the research instruments and methods, Quantitatively combining and integrating the find-, ings of the multiple research studies on a particular, topic, 2. Meta-analysis, A research design in which the data collected in one, research is re-analysed by another researcher, usually, to test new hypotheses, 3. Secondary data analysis, Outcome research involves the evaluation of care, 4. Outcome research, practices and systems in place. It is used in nursing, to develop evidence-based practice and improve, nursing actions, It is research design that involves the judgement, about success of programmes, practices, procedures,, or policies, 5. Evaluation studies, Operational research involves the study of complex, human organizations and services to develop new, knowledge about institutions, programmes, use of, facilities, and personnel in order to improve working, efficiency of an organization, 6. Operational research