Page 1 : For example, the lower the level of haemoglobin, the higher the risk of infection, among postpartum women. fe ° Complex hypothesis: It is a Statement that reflects the relationship between more than, two variables., For example, Satisfaction is higher among patients who are older and dwelling in, rural area than those who are younger and dwelling in urban area,, e Associative and causal hypotheses:, * Associative hypothesis; Tt reflects a relationship between variables that occurs or, exists in natural settings without Manipulation. This hypothesis is used itrcorrelational, research studies. Associative hypothesis may be stated as following:, , , , , , Examples of Associative Hypothesis Prediction of Hypothesis, Communication skills of health care providers and Predicts relationship among variables, cost of care are related to the satisfaction of patients but not the type of relationship, , The more the communication from health care Predicts positive relationship, providers, the higher is the Satisfaction among, , patients, , The lower the blood sugar level, the lesser the risk Predicts positive relationship, , of infection among diabetic patients, , The lower the cost of care, the higher the satisfac- Predicts negative relationship, , tion among patients, , ° Causal hypothesis: It predicts the cause-and-effect relationship _betweer-two-or more, dependent and independent variables in experimental or interventional setting, where, independe: iable is mani - Tesearcher to examine the effect on the, , pendent variable. The causal hypothesis reflects the measurement of dependent variable to examine the \effect of independent variable, which is manipulated by the, tesearcher(s)., , For example, prevalence of pin site infection is lower in patients who receive pin site, care with hydrogen peroxide as compared to patients who receive the pin site care with, povidone-iodine solution., , ° Directional and nondirectional hypotheses:, , ° Directional hypothesis: It specifies not only the existence, but also the expected direc-_, tion of the relationship between variables) Directional hypothesis states the hature of, re ee pert variables Die such as positive, negative, or no relationship. To express the direction of relationship between variables, the directional, terms are used to state the hypothesis such as positive, negative, less, more, increased,, decreased, greater, higher, lower, etc., , For example, there is a positive relationship between years of nursing experience and, , job satisfaction among nurses., : irecti is: It hip between two or more variables,, , but it does not specify the an icipated direction-and nature of relationship-such as, positive or negative. It indicates the existence of relationship between the variables., , , , , , , I. FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING RESEARCH