Page 1 : ———, , , , 8. POPULATION, SAMPLE, AND SAMPLING, , 240, (=) =| Ns S, error, , Population, , , , Population, , ampling, error, , chances of the sampling, errors., , FIGURE 6. Larger the sample Jessel SESS, , , , , some people of the group are eliminateg, , ° Exclesien bias: This type of bias happens when som, “ffom e study as the instance of day scholars mentioned above., , ¢ Healthy-user bias: This type of bias occurs when the sample selected has more likelihood tg, ral population. For example, if the sample is selected from, , —he healthier as compared to gene, , students who take the food from the mess and not the canteen where junk food is available,, , Sample Size and Sampling Errors, , Given two exactly same studies, same sampling methods, same population, the study witha, larger sample size will have less sampling process error compared to the study with smaller, sample size (Fig. 8.8). Keep in mind that as the sample size increases, it approaches the size, of the entire population. Therefore, it also approaches all the characteristics of the population,, , thus, decreasing sampling process error., , Minimize Sampling Errors/Bias, , There is only one way to eliminate this error. This solution is to eliminate the con, sample, and to test the entire population. In most cases, this is not possib, what a researcher must to do is to minimize sampling process error. This ca, a proper and unbiased probability sam ling and by using a large sample size. Ho, , minimize sampling bias, following things s ould be done:, , e Avoid convenient or judgement sampling., e Toensure that the target population is well defined and the sam: le fram, as much as possible. eae? a, , ° When complete population cannot be sampled then care should be taken that the, tion that is excluded one is not taking away the des ired features, which were SUPP, , be measured from the population., , “There are several problems encountered, , problems by the researcher during sampling, , er npling errors: Sam ee P : is of the sampling process are:, chat ts po lean = the deviation of the selected sam, ; jours, qualities, or figures of the entire pop, , , , , cept of, le; consequently, n be achieved by, wevel, (0, , e should matchit, , p, , ulation, , process; sof, , le from th, , samp, , la, pope, sed 1°, , neo, , ure, et, , ii, , fe