Page 1 : 49, , ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH, , , , Safeguard the participants from exploitation by researchers., , Establish the risk—benefit ratio for the study subjects., Ensure the fullest respect, dignity, privacy, disclose of information, and fair treatment for, , study subjects., Build the capability of subjects to accept or reject participation in study and to have access, , to informed or written consent for participation in research study., , Code of Ethics in Nursing Research, , In 1968, the American Nurses Association developed a set of guidelines for nursing research., These guidelines, titled Human Rights Guidelines for Nurses in Clinical and Other Research, were, revised in 1975 and 1985. The American Nurses Association published another set of guidelines in 1995, Ethical Guidelines in the Conduct, Dissemination and Implementation of Nursing, Research. The major ethical principles that should be considered in designing or reviewing, the research studies are beneficence, justice, and respect of human dignity., , Principle of Beneficence, This is the most important ethical principle in nursing research, where every researcher must, ensure the following:, , e Establishing the positive risk—benefit ratio, where the risk of the research should never, , exceed expected benefits for people from knowledge generated by the research activity., , A potential risk of the research study must be carefully assessed and participants are pro, tected from any harmful effect of research activity., , ° In addition to physical harm, study subjects are also protected from expected adverse, , psychological consequences caused by research study. For example, psychological or emo, tional distress caused from self-discloser, introspection, fear: of the unknown, or, , interacting with a stranger., , Research must be conducted by a scientifically qualified expert to avoid undue discomfort, , or distress to study participants., , e Participants must be provided with maximum physical, psychological, social and, religious comfort, and undue disturbance and time utilization of the subjects should, , be avoided., , Principle of Justice, This ethical principle directs the researchers to abide by the participant's right of fair treatment and maintenance of privacy. Therefore, researchers must ensure the following:, , ° The fair and nondiscriminatory selection of the participants, such as any risk and benefits, will be equally shared by study participants. Participant’s selection should be based, on research requirement and not on convenience, gullibility, or compromised position of, , certain type of people., * The nonprejudicial treatment of individual who decline to participate or who withdraw, , from the study after agreeing to participate., * Anonymity of participants and confidentiality of information must be maintained., , * No information collected from study participants can be used for other than research, purpose., , 1. FUNDAMENTALS OR NUIRSINIC RESEARCH = Seer