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BAUXITE, , Indian Minerals, Yearbook 2017, (Part- III : Mineral Reviews), th, , 56 Edition, BAUXITE, (ADVANCE RELEASE), , GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF MINES, INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES, Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines,, NAGPUR – 440 001, PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471, PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648, , E-MAIL : [email protected], Website: www.ibm.gov.in, , March, 2018, , 3-1

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BAUXITE, , 3 Bauxite, , B, , per annum, together accounted for 96% of the total, production., , auxite is basically an aluminous rock that contains, hydrated aluminium oxide as main constituent and, iron oxide, silica & titania as minor constituents present, in varying proportions. Hydrated aluminium oxides, present in the bauxite ore are diaspore and boehmite,, Al 2O 3.H 2 O (Al 2 O 3-85%; Al-45%); gibbsite or, hydrargillite, Al2O3.3H2O (Al2O3- 65.4%; Al-34.6%), and, bauxite (containing colloidal alumina hydrogel),, Al2O3.2H2O (Al2O3-73.9%; Al-39.1%). The iron oxide in, bauxite ore is present as haematite or goethite; silica as, clay; and free quartz & titania as leucoxene or rutile., Bauxite is the principal ore of aluminium which is one, of the most important non-ferrous metals used in the, modern industry. It is also an essential ore for Refractory, and Chemical industries. The country has 3,896 million, tonnes of resources of bauxite which is sufficient to, meet both domestic and export demands., , The share of Public Sector mines was about 31 %, of the total production in 2016-17, as against 24 percent in the previous year., About 61 % of the total production of bauxite was, of 40-45% Al2O3 grade, 25% was of Cement grade, 7%, was of 45-50% Al2O3 grade, 4% was of below 40%, Al2O3 and the remaining 3% of production was of, grades that included 50-55% Al2O3 , Abrasive, Refractory and Chemical during the year under review., Odisha emerged as the leading producing State, accounting for about 49% of the total production, followed by Gujarat (24%), Jharkhand (9%),, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra (8% each). The remaining was produced by Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu (Tables -2 to 5)., , RESERVE/RESOURCES, Reserve/Resources of bauxite in the country as on, 1.4.2015, as per NMI database, based on UNFC system, have been placed at 3,896 million tonnes. These, resources include 656 million tonnes Reserves and 3,240, million tonnes Remaining Resources. By grades, about, 77% resources are of Metallurgical grade. The resources, of Refractory and Chemical grades are limited and, together account for about 4%. By States, Odisha alone, accounts for 51% of country's resources of bauxite, followed by Andhra Pradesh (16%), Gujarat (9%),, Jharkhand (6%), Maharashtra (5%) and Madhya, Pradesh & Chhattisgarh (4% each). Major bauxite, resources are concentrated in the East Coast bauxite, deposits in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh (Table-1)., , Mine-head closing stocks of bauxite in 2016-17 was, 16,262 thousand tonnes as compared to 14,093 thousand tonnes in the previous year. About 89% of total, stock was held in Gujarat at the end of the year, (Tables- 6 'A' & 'B')., The average daily employment of labour in bauxite, mines was 6,029 in 2016-17 as against 8,652 in the previous year., , EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENT, The exploration & development details are given, in the review of "EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENT", in "GENERAL REVIEWS"., , PRODUCTION, STOCKS & PRICES, The production of bauxite at 24,665 thousand, tonnes in 2016-17 decreased by 12% as compared to, the previous year., There were 157 reporting mines in 2016-17 as, against 190 in the previous year. Besides, 7 mines have, reported production of bauxite as associated mineral, during the year. In all, 70 producers reported production of bauxite in 2016-17. Ten principal producers having 50 mines contributed 86% of the total production., Fifty Six (56) major mines, including one associated, mine each producing more than 50 thousand tonnes, 3-2

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3-3, , Figures rounded off., , By States, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, , 97, 196, -, , 651, 3347, 3545, 236, , 218, 2094, 219, 1123, 3313, 11221, 441, -, , 6241, 501, 26, 11167, 232, , 266825, 44140, 9897, 19779, 16993, , 12537, 12357, 154911, 54471, 126, 11979, 11281, 176002, 379, -, , 139, , 18599, , STD121, , 2313, 1207, 28229, 8049, 3140, 8299, 3686, 148856, -, , 70, 8241, 2048, -, , 166026, 655, 5157, 9870, 2000, , 52, 8919, 742, , 203780, , STD122, , Probable, , 6844, 58239, 3546, , 434043, , All India : Total, By Grades, , Chemical, Refractory, Chemical/Refractory, Mixed with others, Metallurgical-1, Metallurgical-2, Metallurgical mixed, Low Grade, Beneficiable, Mixed grade Excluding, Chem./Refrac., Abrasive, Others, Unclassified, Not-Known, , Proved, STD111, , Grade/State, , Reserves, , 15068, 13564, 185234, 62740, 4389, 23591, 26188, 325269, 379, -, , 721, 11685, 5789, 236, , 439093, 45296, 15080, 40816, 19225, , 6896, 67158, 4426, , 656422, , Total, (A), , 15341, 14919, 17324, 9734, 2468, 29, 12566, 15449, 166547, -, , 28, 3856, 10183, 407, , 186793, 28908, 5051, 11769, 5285, , 276, 637, 1184, , 254378, , Feasibility, STD211, , 4570, 1097, 35470, 6154, 864, 15084, 2064, 66189, 1141, -, , 805, 143, 21540, 12, , 54042, 20698, 3841, 4803, 7507, , 4584, 12439, 2218, , 132633, , STD221, , 46389, 10121, 3925, 15117, 10, 24, 6013, 16809, 280396, 3564, -, , 123, 1097, 105, -, , 270125, 35585, 2518, 19569, 6824, , 411, 45808, 205, , 382369, , STD222, , Pre-feasibility, , 188971, 37264, 6820, 28953, 1323, 17883, 82, 2037, 11061, 39197, 365938, 960, 10390, , 92, 1949, 5, , 450564, 105661, 53969, 23447, 55096, 6839, , 3018, 7267, 2970, , 710878, , Measured, STD331, , 138120, 12892, 22107, 182, 17397, 2220, 9284, 54484, 8367, 155253, 10084, 500, , 56, 4848, 5720, -, , 292022, 67906, 54837, 4370, , 182, 734, 216, , 430890, , Indicated, STD332, , Remaining Resources, , Table – 1 : Reserves/Resources of Bauxite as on 1.4.2015, (By Grades/States), , 288176, 4114, 23483, 8646, 56857, 1220, 54106, 35603, 2722, 50590, 76501, 590780, 528, 8363, 8018, , 961, 10997, 11039, 21465, , 669230, 310738, 28799, 119307, 13266, , 4922, 10496, 8484, , 1209706, , Inferred, STD333, , 18747, 710, 55930, 44202, -, , 840, 1545, 8954, 138, , 19573, 22520, 17340, 48190, -, , 489, -, , 119588, , Total, (B), , 615267, 4114, 158687, 41603, 165347, 2725, 176321, 41246, 14096, 149797, 158386, 1669305, 528, 24112, 18908, , 2906, 24435, 57540, 22027, , 1942349, 592016, 111518, 281922, 55096, 44092, , 13393, 77870, 15278, , 3240442, , Reconnaissance, STD334, , 615267, 4114, 173755, 55168, 350581, 2725, 239061, 45635, 14096, 173388, 184574, 1994574, 528, 24491, 18908, , 3627, 36120, 63329, 22263, , 2381442, 637312, 126598, 322738, 55096, 63317, , 20289, 145027, 19704, , 3896864, , Total, Resources, (A+B), , (In '000 tonnes), , BAUXITE

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No. of Mines, , 3-5, -, , -, , 16450, 16450, 16450, 16450, -, , 50-55%, , -, , 55-60%, , 40-45%, , 1632332 15049042, 182549 6985580, 1449783 8063462, 1174096, 774724, 1117898, 31359, 56198, 743365, 130651, 73141, 60770, 130651, 12371, 1530 1420661, 1530 1333091, 87570, 3045, 215565, 38475, 3045, 50, 2140, 174900, 323010, 711981, 323010, 525177, 186804, - 11852970, - 6825000, - 5027970, -, , 45-50%, , Figures in parentheses indicate number of associated mines., *: Only labour reporte, , India, 157(7), Public Sector, 17, Private Sector, 140(7), Chhattisgarh, 13, Kabirdham, 3, Kondagaon, 2, Surguja, 8, Goa, 1*, South Goa, 1*, Gujarat, 86, Amreli, 1, Devbhoomi Dwarka, 64, Kheda, 7, Kachchh, 9, Porbandar, 4, Sabarkantha, 1, Jharkhand, 18, Gumla, 12, Latehar, 1, Lohardaga, 5, Karnataka, 2, Belagavi, 1, Dakshina Kannada, 1*, Madhya Pradesh, 18(7), Anuppur, 1, Jabalpur, 2(1), Katni, 7(3), Rewa, 1, Satna, 2(3), Shahdol, 2, Sidhi, 3, Maharashtra, 13, Kolhapur, 7, Raigarh, 3, Ratnagiri, 3, Odisha, 3, Koraput, 1, Rayagada, 1*, Sundargarh, 1, Tamil Nadu, 3, Namakkal *, 2*, Salem, 1, , State/District, 1096992, 1096992, 2897, 2897, 35, 35, 862099, 862099, 33696, 32096, 1600, 61200, 61200, 137065, 137065, -, , Below 40%, , For use in Alumina & Aluminium extraction : Al2O3 content, , 6111560, 6111560, 4896435, 50904, 4600914, 1504, 176808, 66305, 386, 386, 357619, 54047, 277533, 2239, 23800, 849851, 232987, 221880, 394984, 7269, 7269, , Cement, 84033, 84033, 84033, 84033, -, , 278358, 34757, 243601, 1255, 1255, 239028, 207700, 31219, 109, 5535, 5535, 32540, 7840, 19800, 3900, 1000, -, , Abrasive Refractory, 395865, 377535, 18330, 1261, 1261, 378694, 377535, 1159, 15910, 15910, -, , Chemical, 24664632, 7580421, 17084211, 1954233, 1152154, 2516, 799563, 0, 0, 5818467, 50904, 4969902, 1504, 551776, 176808, 67573, 2289825, 1340156, 87570, 862099, 386, 386, 0, 658375, 38475, 64932, 329479, 2140, 23649, 174900, 24800, 1946042, 1142374, 221880, 581788, 11990035, 6825000, 5165035, 0, 7269, 0, 7269, , Quantity, , 14170420, 4586268, 9584152, 1336544, 792392, 2260, 541892, 0, 0, 2857981, 32735, 2298690, 676, 391169, 92698, 42013, 1318549, 747357, 47194, 523998, 171, 171, 0, 501600, 31112, 50028, 241345, 2939, 23804, 127472, 24900, 934677, 640323, 56536, 237818, 7216087, 4058890, 3157197, 0, 4811, 0, 4811, , Value, , Total, , (Qty in tonnes; Value in `'000), , For use in other than Alumina & Aluminum extraction, , Table –4 (A) : Gradewise Production of Bauxite, 2016-17(P), (By Sectors/States/Districts), , BAUXITE

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3-6, -, , 3034157, 1726276, 1307881, 1044684, 994857, 49827, 75500, 75500, 14854, 14854, 224100, 224100, 1675019, 1675019, -, , 45-50%, 13760447, 4873890, 8886557, 946771, 89700, 857071, 163750, 163750, 620204, 620204, 1414039, 1319749, 94290, 239148, 46150, 12783, 5350, 174865, 1243155, 687601, 555554, 9133380, 4665123, 4468257, -, , 40-45%, 859016, 859016, 15, 15, 654023, 654023, 143402, 132550, 63, 10789, 30937, 30937, 30639, 30639, -, , Below 40%, 9864340, 9864340, 200, 200, 9156188, 4757, 8756338, 20793, 105050, 236585, 32665, 12050, 12050, 259405, 23400, 218775, 17230, 409351, 147485, 227000, 34866, 27146, 27146, , Cement, 259287, 259287, 259287, 259287, -, , Abrasive, 278548, 2393, 276155, 215649, 215649, 43165, 43165, 19734, 2700, 3984, 13050, -, , Refractory, 51844, 17775, 34069, 44099, 26324, 17775, 7745, 7745, -, , Chemical, 28123789, 6620334, 21503455, 1991455, 1084557, 906898, 163950, 163950, 10387092, 4757, 9969467, 20793, 122825, 236585, 32665, 2111227, 1362914, 94290, 654023, 12050, 12050, 0, 684288, 46150, 26100, 382964, 5413, 35764, 174865, 13050, 1907543, 1059186, 227000, 621357, 10839038, 6340142, 4498896, 0, 27146, 0, 27146, , Quantity, , Value, 15437694, 3802432, 11635262, 1314345, 730630, 583715, 40960, 40960, 4857172, 3592, 4590219, 8489, 45485, 182471, 26916, 1399189, 871400, 67323, 460466, 5423, 5423, 0, 479401, 37151, 17156, 240497, 4939, 21046, 128192, 30420, 1043950, 606438, 63560, 373952, 6278252, 3632901, 2645351, 19002, 0, 19002, , Total, , (Qty in tonnes; Value in `'000), , For use other than Alumina & Aluminum extraction, , Figures in parentheses indicate number of associated mines. * Only labour reported.. * Only labour reported., , -, , -, , 16150, 16150, 16150, 16150, , 50-55%, , For use in Alumina & Aluminium extraction : Al2O3 content, , No. of Mines, , India, 190(5), Public Sector, 18, Private Sector, 172(5), Chhattisgarh, 11, Kabirdham, 3, Surguja, 8, Goa, 1, South Goa, 1, Gujarat, 115, Amreli, 1, Devbhoomi Dwarka, 91, Kheda, 7, Kachchh, 9, Porbandar, 6, Sabarkantha, 1, Jharkhand, 19, Gumla, 12, Latehar, 1, Lohardaga, 6, Karnataka, 2, Belagavi, 1, Dakshin Kannada *, 1*, Madhya Pradesh, 22(5), Anuppur, 1, Jabalpur, 1(1), Katni, 7(3), Rewa, 4, Satna, 4(1), Shahdol, 2, Sidhi, 3, Maharashtra, 13, Kolhapur, 7, Raigarh, 3, Ratnagiri, 3, Odisha, 4, Koraput, 2, Rayagada, 1, Sundargarh*, 1*, Tamil Nadu, 3, Namakkal *, 2*, Salem, 1, , State/District, , Table – 4 (B) : Gradewise Production of Bauxite, 2015-16 (P), (By Sectors/States/Districts), , BAUXITE

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BAUXITE, , Table – 5 : Production of Bauxite, 2015-16 and 2016-17 (P), (By Frequency Groups), (Qty in tonnes), No. of, mines, , Production, group, , Production, for the group, , 2015-16 2016-17 (P), Total, , Percentage to total, production, , 2015-16, , 2016-17 (P), , Cumulative, percentage, , 2015-16 2016-17 (P), , 2015-16 2016-17 (P), , 190(5), , 157(7), , 28123789, , 24664632, , 100.00, , 100.00, , -, , -, , 1000, , 65, , 39(1), , 2190, , 4909, , 0.01, , 0.02, , 0.01, , 0.02, , 1001 - 3000, , 6, , 10(1), , 12843, , 21475, , 0.05, , 0.09, , 0.06, , 0.11, , 3001 - 5000, , 7, , 7, , 28188, , 27933, , 0.10, , 0.11, , 0.16, , 0.22, , 5001 - 10000, , 17(1), , 14, , 139443, , 103512, , 0.50, , 0.42, , 0.66, , 0.64, , 10001 - 25000, , 19(2), , 19(3), , 320788, , 341870, , 1.14, , 1.38, , 1.80, , 2.02, , 25001 - 50000, , 16, , 12(1), , 656337, , 507477, , 2.33, , 2.06, , 4.13, , 4.08, , 50001 and above, , 60(2), , 56(1), , 26964000, , 23657456, , 95.87, , 95.92, , 100.00, , 100.00, , Up to, , Figures in parentheses indicate number of associated mines., , Table – 6 (A) : Mine-head Closing Stocks of Bauxite, 2015-16, (By States & Grades), (Qty in tonnes), For use in Alumina & Aluminium metal, Extraction Al2 O3 Content, , For use other than Alumina & Aluminium, metal extraction, , State, 60% & 55above, 60%, , 5055%, , 4550%, , 4045%, , -, , -, , 4625, , 855693, , Chhattisgarh, , -, , -, , -, , 5182, , Goa, , -, , -, , -, , -, , Gujarat, , -, , -, , 1679, , 696931, , Jharkhand, , -, , -, , -, , Karnataka, , -, , -, , Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra, , India, , Below, 40%, , Cement, , Abrasive, , 1150864 657292 10747503, 1611, , Refractory Chemical, , 423596 155828, , Total, , 97570 14092971, , 337, , -, , 95, , -, , -, , 7225, , -, , 18170, , -, , -, , -, , 22190, , 856814, , 20973, , 10380996, , 486, , 41544, , 98886, , -, , -, , 426, , -, , 141342, , -, , -, , 19296, , -, , 8614, , -, , -, , -, , 27910, , -, , -, , 13296, , 377772, , 145427, , -, , 13253, , 22702, , 631154, , -, , -, , 2946, , 126609, , 146959 136657, , 179313, , -, , -, , -, , 592484, , Odisha, , -, , -, , -, , 13189, , 11210, , -, , -, , -, , -, , 46315, , Tamil Nadu, , -, , -, , -, , -, , 11457, , 14983, , 3320, , -, , -, , 29760, , 4020, , 58704, , 21916, -, , 3-7, , 420181 142149, , 74868 12594591

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BAUXITE, , Table – 6 (B) : Mine-head Stocks of Bauxite at the End of the Year 2016-17 (P), (By States & Grades), (In tonnes), For use in alumina & aluminium metal, extraction Al2 O3 Content, , For use other than alumina & aluminium, metal extraction, , State, 60% &, above, India, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, , -, , 5055%, 3499, 553, 2946, -, , 4550%, 579941, 4397, 473516, 63, 4420, 84356, 13189, -, , 4045%, , Below, 40%, , 1275927 573880, 6423, 4020, 800507, 335, 40167, 59631, 19296, 37479 387262, 346120 103985, 21915, 11210, 11457, , Cement, , Abrasive, , 12949152 424410, 95, 18170, 12382788 420995, 9000, 165640, 358571, 14983, 3320, , Refractory, , Chemical, , 214804, 1255, 186966, 440, 26143, -, , 240740, 1261, 218073, 21406, -, , Total, , 16262353, 13431, 22190, 14483733, 100301, 28296, 642350, 895978, 46314, 29760, , plants. These mines use compressed-air drills for, drilling blastholes. Sometimes, compressed-air, jack hammer drills are also used for drilling, blastholes for secondary blasting of boulders and, also for toe drilling in irregular bauxite faces, caused due to improper fragmentation of, bauxite. The blasted overburden/ore materials are, handled and transported separately by using, shovels or excavators and trucks/dumpers., Separate benches are maintained for overburden, and ores. The height of benches in ore varies from, 1.5 to 7.5 m. Hindalco has done away with drilling, and blasting at its Durgmanwadi mines in, Maharashtra and instead has adopted the stateof-the-art ripper dozer which is regarded as, "Miner's Plough". The ripper dozer silently, ploughs the mine surface to extract the mineral. It, eliminates ground vibrations and air pollution, normally caused by dust, gases and noise., , MINING & TRANSPORT, The mining of bauxite is carried out by, opencast method. The mines are classified in the, following three categories depending upon the, level of mechanisation:, (i) Manually operated mines, (ii) Semi-mechanised mines, (iii) Mechanised mines, , Manually Operated Mines, Many bauxite mines are small and produce, l e s s t h a n 2 5 , 0 0 0 t p y. T h e e n t i r e w o r k o f, overburden removal, extraction of bauxite and, loading of bauxite on to trucks is carried out, manually and the bauxite is transported to, respective railway siding or plants by road., , Semi-mechanised Mines, , In Bagru Hill mines of Hindalco in Jharkhand,, the blasted bauxite is transported with the help, of dumpers to the crusher. The 4-inch crushed, bauxite is then transported to Lohardaga railway, station by a monocable aerial ropeway. BALCO, also has monocable ropeway for transporting, bauxite from its captive mines to the alumina plant, at Korba in Chhattisgarh., , In semi-mechanised mines, mining operations, are carried out by jack hammer drilling and, normally ANFO mixture is used as an explosive for, blasting in mineralised zone as well as in overburden, if, required. Loading of mineral onto trucks or dumpers is, done by payloaders or manually. Since bauxite occurs, as small lenses or pockets or boulders or as, segregations in murrum and laterite, it is difficult to, mechanise the mining operations., , Computerised mine planning, use of mobile, crusher, simultaneous land reclamation, restricting, operations to small portions of mining area at a, time, etc. have greatly helped in conserving energy, and faster land rehabilitation., , Mechanised Mines, Mechanised mining operations are carried out, in a few captive mines of the alumina/aluminium, 3-8

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BAUXITE, , In Odisha, NALCO has adopted the mechanised, 'Trench method' of opencast mining at Panchpatmali, mine. In this method, a pilot trench is driven, through the middle of the deposit and several other, trenches are opened on both sides in a staggered, pattern exposing and creating more number of, working faces. Transportation of ore to alumina, refinery at Damanjodi has been done through a, 14.6 km long single-flight, multi curve cable belt, conveyor of 1800 TPH capacity. The mining, operations involve dozing aside the top fertile soil, which usually is preserved and hard laterite of, 3 m thickness is drilled and blasted. The overburden, is removed using higher capacity mobile equipment, like dumpers and wheel loaders to expose the, bauxite bed. The top slice of bauxite having 8–10 m, thickness is loosened by drilling and blasting and, the bauxite of 3-4 m thickness at the bottom contact, is removed selectively using backhoe shovels., The mine has achieved overall capacity of 6.825, million tonnes per year bauxite after expansion from, 6.3 million tonnes. Accordingly, higher capacity, mobile equipment like dumpers, wheel loaders, ripper, dozers and faster drills have been introduced., , Table-7: Consumption* of Bauxite, 2014-15 to 2016-17, (By Industries), (In tonnes), Industry, , 2014-15, , All Industries, , 2016-17 (P), , 13572400, , 19622500, , 20846700, , 71800, , 92700, , 71400, , 12017500, , 17438200, , 18892600, , Abrasives, Alumina, , 2015-16 (R), , Calcination, , 140500, , 374600, , 282800, , Cement, , 1039400, , 1405800, , 1470800, , Ferro-alloys, , 8000, , 15100, , 17800, , Refractory 1/, , 286500, , 287900, , 110600, , 8700, , 8200, , 700, , Others, , (ceramic, chemical, iron & steel, etc), Figures rounded off., * Includes actual reported consumption and/or estimates, made wherever required and paucity of data, hence coverage, may not be complete., 1/ Includes consumption of calcined bauxite. Whereas the, apparent consumption of Bauxite was 24403691 tonnes for, the year 2016-17., , CONSUMPTION, , Table – 8 : Domestic Sources of Supplies of, Bauxite to Alumina Plants, , In 2016-17, the consumption of bauxite was, estimated as 20.84 million tonnes as compared to, 19.62 million tonnes in the previous year. Alumina/, Aluminium Industry was the principal consumer of, bauxite and accounted for 91% consumption in, 2016-17 followed by Cement (7%) and Calcination, (1%) (Table-7)., , Producer, , Plant, , Source of supply, , NALCO Damanjodi,, Captive mines at Panchpatmali, Koraput (Odisha) Hills, Koraput distt. Odisha., , Gujarat was the main supplier of abrasive and, refractory grade bauxite. Besides, Madhya Pradesh also, produces refractory grade bauxite. Alumina plants draw, supplies mostly from their captive mines. Hindalco, sources bauxite from other suppliers too (Table- 8)., , BALCO Korba, (Chhattisgarh), , Captive mines in Surguja &, Bodai-Daldali in Kabirdham, (Kawardha) distt. Chhattisgarh., , Hindalco Renukoot, Industries (Uttar Pradesh), , Captive mines in Shahdol distt., Madhya Pradesh; Gumla &, Lohardaga distts. Jharkhand and, Surguja distt. in Chhattisgarh. Also, other suppliers include suppliers, from Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and, Jharkhand; Katni Bauxite Pvt. Ltd,, Satna, Laxmidasji Ramji, Katni;, and Minerals & Minerals Corp.,, Gujarat., , Belagavi, (Karnataka),, Muri, Ranchi, (Jharkhand), , Captive mines in Chandgad &, Durgmanwadi, Kolhapur distt., Maharashtra and Lohardaga, distt. Jharkhand. Udgiri, Gudeghar,, Kolhapur distt. Bhoomi Resources, Pvt Ltd Maharashtra., , Utkal Alumina, , Baphlimali bauxite mine, (Odisha), , USES & SPECIFICATIONS, Bauxite is primarily used to produce alumina, through the Bayer process. Aluminium industry, normally uses bauxite containing minimum 40%, Al 2O 3. However, slightly inferior grades with a, suitable blend are also used, depending upon, other characteristics, such as, solubility in caustic, soda and absence of silica. The IS : 5953-1985, (Reaffirmed 2008 & 2014) specifications for, metallurgical grade bauxite are listed in Table-9., Details of the industries are provided in a separate, Review named 'Aluminium and Alumina'., , Odisha, , Vedanta, Lanjigarh, Aluminium (Odisha), , 3-9, , GMDC, Gujarat, Ashapura, Minechem, Maharashtra,, BALCO, Bagmar Resources, Pvt Ltd, Chhattisgarh; LDR, M.P.

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BAUXITE, , Table – 9 : Specifications for Metallurgical, Grade Bauxite, (IS : 5953-1985; Reaffirmed 2008 & 2014), (In % by weight), , Constituent, , Table – 11 : IS Specifications of Bauxite for, Chemical and Petroleum Industries, (IS : 3605-1984; Reaffirmed 2010), , Gr. I, Gr. II *, (essentially gibbsite, (mixture of, or trihydrate) gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore or, trihydrate &, monohydrate), , Total Al2O3 (min.), Total available alumina (min.), Total SiO2 (max.), Module Al2O3/SiO2 (min.), Fe2O 3/TiO2 (max.), P2 O5 (max.), V2O5 (max.), Loss on ignition at 1100o C, , 40.00, 36.00, 4.00, 12.00, 30.00, 0.20, 0.20, 20.00, , The IS specifications of bauxite for consumption, in Chemical and Petroleum industries are given in, Table-11., , Constituent, , 47.00, 43.00, 4.00, 12.00, 30.00, 0.20, 0.20, 20.00, , Requirement, , Alumina (as Al2O3), % by mass (min.), Silica (as SiO2), % by mass (max.), Iron oxide (as Fe2O3), % by mass (max.), Titania (as TiO2), % by mass (max.), Phosphorus pentoxide (as P2O5 ), % by mass (max.), Manganese dioxide (as MnO2), % by mass (max.), Calcium and magnesium (as CaO), % by mass (max.), Loss on ignition, % by mass (max.), , 58.0, 3.0, 2.0, 4.0, 0.3, 0.1, 2.0, 32.0, , * Normally,1 to 20% diaspore and 5 to 7% boehmite., , Apart from the chemical specifications, the, physical requirements are that the material passing, through 90-micron IS sieve but retained on 212-micron, IS sieve should be 90% maximum; that passing through, 300-micron IS sieve shall be 1% by mass maximum; and, that passing through 212- micron IS sieve but retained, on 300-micron IS sieve should be 10% maximum., , In Steel Industry, bauxite is used as a slag, corrector in place of fluorite and generally bauxite,, containing 45 to 54% Al2O3 and 5% SiO2 (max.) is, consumed. Size preference is 25 to 125 mm with a, tolerance of 5% (max.) for -25 mm & +100 mm fractions., BIS has prescribed the following, specifications of bauxite for Refractory Industry, (Table-10)., , The other specifications laid down by BIS are, IS:8228-1976 (Reaffirmed 2008) for bauxite sand, and IS:8988-1978 (Reaffirmed 2008) for bauxite, powder for foundry washes., , Table – 10 : IS Specifications of Bauxite for, Refractory Industry, (IS : 10817-1984: Reaffirmed 2008 & 2014), Constituent, , SUBSTITUTION, , Percent, , Al 2 O 3, , 58 min., , Fe 2 O 3, , 3 max., , TiO2, , 3 max., , CaO, , 0.5 to 0.6, , LOI, , 27 to 30, , The refractory manufacturers use bauxite of, the following specifications:, Specifications of Bauxite used by, Refractory Industry, Constituent, , Percent, , Al 2 O 3, , 55-60, , Fe 2 O 3, , 4-6, , TiO2, , 5-8, , SiO2, , 2, , Others, PCE, , 25-40, 33-36 (Ortan), , 3-10, , There is no substitute for bauxite as source, for aluminium metal extraction carried out on a, large scale. However, calcined clay can be, substituted for refractory bauxite but only with, reduction in time and stock resistance., Sillimanite, alumina, silicon carbide, magnesitechromite and carbon-magnesite refractories are, the other alternatives for high-alumina material, but these would entail higher cost. Silicon carbide, and diamonds can substitute for fused aluminium, oxide in abrasive use but these would entail again, at higher cost. Synthetic mullite is a probable, substitute for bauxite-based refractories. Silicon, carbide and alumina-zirconia are costlier, substitutes for bauxite-based abrasives. The raw, material like alunite, anorthosite, coal wastes and, oil shales are other potential sources of alumina., The extraction, however, would require new plants, with different technology. These non-bauxitic, materials could satisfy the demand for primary, metal, refractories, aluminium chemicals and, abrasives.

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BAUXITE, , Australia, , TRADE POLICY, As per the Foreign Trade Policy, 2015-2020 and policy on export and import,, imports of aluminium ores and concentrates, including natural bauxite, calcined and activated, bauxite and others are permitted free. There are, no policy restrictions on the export of bauxite., , WORLD REVIEW, The world bauxite reserves are estimated at, 30 billion tonnes and are located mainly in, Guinea (25%), Australia (20%), Vietnam (12%),, Brazil (9%), Jamaica (7%), Indonesia & Guyana, (3% each) and China (3%). Countrywise, reserves of bauxite are furnished in Table- 12., The world production of bauxite was, estimated at 294 million tonnes in 2015. Australia, continued to be the major producer and, accounted for about 28% share in total, production, followed by China (22%), Brazil, (13%), India (10% ) and Guinea (6%) (Table-13)., Table – 12 : World Reserves of Bauxite, (By Principal Countries), (In '000 tonnes), Country, World: Total (rounded), , Reserves, 30000000, , Australia, , 6000000, , Brazil, , 2600000, , China, , 1000000, , Greece, , 250000, , Guinea, , 7400000, , Guyana, , 850000, , India*, , 830000, , Indonesia, , 1000000, , Jamaica, , 2000000, , Kazakhstan, , 160000, , Malaysia, , 110000, , Russia, , 500000, , Saudi Arabia, , 210000, , USA, Vietnam, , 20000, 3700000, , Other countries, 3200000, Source: Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2018., * India's total resources of bauxite as per UNFC system, are placed at 3.89 billion tonnes as on 1.4.2015., , Bauxite production at 2.28 million tonnes increased by about 3% and alumina production decreased slightly to 3,78,000 tpy from that in 2014., Rio Tinto expanded bauxite capacity of the Gove, mine in the Northern Territory to 8 million tpy from 6, million tpy, and production increased by 15% to, 9,69,000 tpy as compared to the production in 2014., Bauxite production from the Weipa mine increased, by 5% to 1.4 million tonnes from that in 2014. Australian Bauxite Ltd. completed construction of the, Bald Hill mine in Tasmania and started bauxite production in December. The mine is expected to ramp, up to 1.5 million tpy by mid-2017. Rio Tinto has plans, to construct a 22.8 million tonnes bauxite mine in, Queensland. Bauxite produced at the Amrun mine, would be shipped through the port of Cape York., The project is scheduled for completion in 2019., , China, Bauxite production was estimated to be 65 million, tpy, 10% more than the revised amount in 2014. Bauxite, imports were 55.9 million tpy, 54% more than the 36.3, million tpy imported in 2014. The leading sources of, bauxite imports, in descending order, were Malaysia, (43%), Australia (35%) and India (14%). Results of exploration projects completed in 2014 were announced,, including the discovery of 210 million tonnes of bauxite reserves. Two of the deposits discovered were in, Guizhou Province. The Hongguangbe deposit contained 21 million tonnes, and the Dazhuyuan deposit, contained 33 million tonnes., , Guizhou Province, Chinalco, Aluminium Corp. of China, which completed the 1.2 million tpy Maochang mine at the year, end of 2015 has plans to commence production in early, 2016 to supply feed to Qingzhen refinery. China Power, Investment Corp. continued construction of an 8,00,000, tpy alumina refinery in Wuchuan County. The refinery, would be supplied with bauxite from 1 million tpy, Dazhuyuan mine and 1 million tpy Wachangping mine,, which were completed during the year., , Guinea, United Company RUSAL Plc continued construction of the Dian-Dian mine, which would have a, capacity of 3 million tpy. The bauxite mine was scheduled for completion in 2016 for bauxite to be shipped, by rail to a port for export. Hongqiao Group Ltd, completed its 5 million tpy bauxite mine in the Boke, region and began shipments to its refinery in China, in September., 3-11

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BAUXITE, , Indonesia, , Russia, , Bauxite production in Indonesia fell to 2,02,000, tonnes in 2015 as compared to 2.56 million tonnes in, 2014 and 57 million tonnes in 2013, as mines that had, exported bauxite closed after a ban on exporting, bauxite and other unprocessed mineral ores took effect on January 12, 2014. The export ban was part of, the 2009 mining law and was intended to increase, economic development in the country through investment in mineral processing facilities. Tayan refinery of PT Indonesia Chemical Alumina, is on trial, runs of 3 lakh tpa and it will draw bauxite from nearby, deposits from West Kalimantan., , Production started at the CheryomukhovskayaGlubokaya section of the North Urals mine. Further, expansion that was scheduled for completion in 2016,, and a third expansion proposed for completion in, 2017, would increase the capacity of the mine to 4.6, million tonnes per year from the current 3.4 million, tonnes per year., , Malaysia, Bauxite production in Malaysia increased to 35, million tonnes in 2015 from 3.67 million tonnes in, 2014 as mines increased production to supply bauxite feeds to alumina refineries in China. The surge in, demand from China was due to the export ban on, unprocessed mineral ores, including bauxite that got, implemented in Indonesia in 2014., , FOREIGN TRADE, Exports, During 2016-17, exports of bauxite was 2,502, thousand tonnes. Exports of bauxite increased, drastically to 8,914 thousand tonnes in 2015-16 from, 6,808 thousand tonnes in 2014-15. Exports were, mainly to China (96%), UAE (2%) and Kuwait (1% ), (Tables-14 to 17)., , Imports, During 2016-17, imports of bauxite was 1,715, thousand tonnes. In 2015-16, imports of bauxite, decreased to 1,116 thousand tonnes from 1,800, thousand tonnes in the previous year. Imports were, mostly from Guinea (55%), Brazil (24%), Pakistan (11%), and China (6%) (Tables - 18 to 21)., , Table – 13 : World Production of Bauxite, 2013 to 2015, (By Principal Countries), (In '000 tonnes), Country, , 2013, , World: Total, , 2014, , 2015, , 299295, , 260051, , 294076, , Australia, , 81119, , 78632, , 80910, , Brazil, , 33904, , 36313, , 37064, , China, , 50339, , 59212, , 65000, , e, , Greece, , 1844, , 1876, , 1821, , Guinea, , 18763, , 19182, , 18114, , Guyana, , 1713, , 1564, , 1527, , India*, , 22319, , 22494, , 28134, , Indonesia, , e, , 57024, , 2556, , 472, , Jamaica, , 9435, , 9677, , 9629, , Kazakhstan, , 5193, , 4516, , 4683, , Malaysia, , 209, , 3500, , e, , 27700, , e, , Russia, , 5322, , 5589, , 5398, , Saudi Arabia, , 1044, , 2076, , 2174, 1865, , Suriname, , 2671, , 2708, , Venezuela, , 2346, , 2316, , 992, , Other countries, , 6050, , 7840, , 8593, , Source: World Mineral Production, 2011-2015., * India's production of bauxite during 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 was 22,319 thousand tonnes,, 22,494 thousand tonnes, 28,134 thousand tonnes and 24,664 thousand tonnes, respectively., , 3-12

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BAUXITE, , Table – 16 : Exports of Bauxite : Other, Aluminium Ores & Concentrates, (By Countries), , Table – 14 : Exports of Bauxite, (By Countries), 2016-17 (P), Country, , 2014-15, Qty, (t), , Value, (`'000), , 2502385, , 4624604, , 2067584, , 3497846, , 11000, , 17728, , 307610, , 534462, , 25, , 360, , 5779, , 74444, , Qatar, , -, , -, , Nepal, , 41479, , 98541, , Estonia, , 30800, , UK, Saudi Arabia, , All Countries, China, UAE, Kuwait, , Qty, (t), , Qty, (t), , Value, (`'000), , 115793, , 158494, , 390432, , China, , -, , -, , 127049, , 325300, , Qatar, , 54253, , 97538, , 30020, , 57368, , Thailand, , 275, , 5573, , 150, , 3177, , Nepal, , 895, , 1930, , 1107, , 1706, , Saudi Arabia, , 66, , 1539, , 61, , 1598, , Bangladesh, , 108, , 919, , 54, , 455, , Kuwait, , -, , -, , 22, , 323, , 54828, , Ethiopia, , -, , -, , 22, , 283, , 1103, , 23899, , Vietnam, , -, , -, , 9, , 221, , 2500, , 23052, , 373, , 8294, , -, , -, , -, , -, , ++, , 1, , 34504, , 299444, , Slovenia, , All Countries, , Value, (`'000), , 55970, , Sri Lanka, , USA, Other countries, , Other countries, , 2015-16 (P), , Country, , Table – 17 : Exports of Bauxite :, Aluminium Ores & Concentrates, (By Countries), , Table – 15 : Exports of Bauxite, (By Countries), 2014-15, , 2015-16 (P), , Country, Qty, (t), , Value, (`'000), , Qty, (t), , 2014-15, , Value, (`'000), , 2015-16 (P), , Country, Qty, (t), , Value, (`'000), , Qty, (t), , Value, (`'000), , All Countries 6808588 14050662 8914624 19527405, All Countries 6752618 13934869 8756130 19136973, China, , 6239885 12547289 8528536 18613085, China, , UAE, , 57200, , 52292, , 165000, , 284505, , 120200, , 231441, , 104422, , 200228, , 10, , 222, , 30275, , 76616, , 16499, , 220712, , 5759, , 74965, , Qatar, , 253304, , 444579, , 30020, , Nepal, , 17177, , 34703, , -, , UK, Saudi Arabia, , UAE, , 6239885 12547289 8401487 18287785, 57200, , 52292, , 165000, , 284505, , 120200, , 231441, , 104400, , 199905, , 10, , 222, , 30275, , 76616, , Slovenia, , 16499, , 220712, , 5759, , 74965, , 57368, , Nepal, , 16282, , 32773, , 24419, , 51053, , 25526, , 52759, , Estonia, , -, , -, , 16400, , 36759, , -, , 16400, , 36759, , UK, , 2235, , 43992, , 1326, , 28071, , 2235, , 43992, , 1326, , 28071, , Saudi Arabia, , 3100, , 30644, , 2000, , 18158, , 3166, , 32183, , 2061, , 19756, , Japan, , 1004, , 25688, , 500, , 13093, , Other countries 98912, , 443249, , 5299, , 83293, , Other countries 296203, , 749816, , 4564, , 66063, , Kuwait, Sri Lanka, Slovenia, , Estonia, , Kuwait, Sri Lanka, , 3-13

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BAUXITE, , Table – 20 : Imports of Bauxite : Other, Aluminium Ores & Concentrates, (By Countries), , Table – 18 : Imports of Bauxite, (By Countries), 2016-17 (P), Country, Qty, (t), All Countries, , 2014-15, , Value, (`'000), , 1715661, , 6680485, , 1370529, , 4120719, , China, , 98188, , 1672656, , Brazil, , 201956, , 796871, , Estonia, , 19655, , 34950, , Taiwan, , 24459, , 41931, , Pakistan, , 594, , 4131, , Netherlands, , 177, , 7311, , Madagascar, , -, , -, , ++, , -, , 102, , 1916, , Qty, (t), , Value, (`'000), , Qty, (t), , 72313, , 396420, , 124164, , 837477, , 72312, , 396357, , 123612, , 804820, , Brazil, , -, , -, , 351, , 21135, , Chinese, , -, , -, , 201, , 11522, , Taiwan, , 1, , 63, , -, , -, , Other countries, , -, , -, , -, , -, , All Countries, Guinea, , Germany, Other countries, , Pakistan, , 2014-15, Qty, (t), , 2015-16 (P), , Value, (`'000), , All Countries 1800689, , Qty, (t), , Value, (`'000), , Qty, (t), , 8164466, , 991846, , 5145424, , 1394291, , 5579257, , 613570, , 2431430, , China, , 67151, , 1540078, , 68613, , 1396966, , Brazil, , 99321, , 466413, , 263183, , 1157258, , Malaysia, , 37282, , 114235, , 45594, , 142614, , Netherlands, , 225, , 9911, , 310, , 13121, , Pakistan, , 600, , 3736, , 575, , 3894, , Madagascar, , -, , -, , 1, , 79, , USA, , 5, , 324, , ++, , 48, , Denmark, , -, , -, , ++, , 7, , -, , -, , ++, , 7, , 450512, , -, , -, , All Countries 1728376, , Value, (`'000), , Guinea, , 8560886 1116010, , 5982901, , 1394291, , 5579257, , 613570, , 2431430, , China, , 67151, , 1540078, , 68814, , 1408488, , Brazil, , 99321, , 466413, , 263534, , 1178393, , Pakistan, , 72912, , 400092, , 124187, , 808714, , Malaysia, , 37282, , 114235, , 45594, , 142614, , Netherlands, , 225, , 9911, , 310, , 13121, , Madagascar, , -, , -, , 1, , 79, , USA, , 5, , 324, , ++, , 48, , Denmark, , -, , -, , ++, , 7, , Singapore, , -, , -, , +, , 7, , Singapore, , Other countries 129502 450576, , -, , -, , Other countries 129501, , Guinea, , 2015-16 (P), , Country, , Country, Qty, (t), , Value, (`'000), , Table – 21 : Imports of Bauxite :, Aluminium & Concentrates, (By Countries), , Table – 19 : Imports of Bauxite, (By Countries), 2014-15, , 2015-16 (P), , Country, , 3-14, , Value, (`'000)

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BAUXITE, , FUTURE OUTLOOK, , provision made in Mineral (Auction) Rule 2015,, , The total resources of bauxite that comprise, of various grades, as found to occur in the country, as on 1.4.2015, is estimated as 3,896 million, , one bauxite block was auctioned in 2017 in the State, , tonnes. The resources of Metallurgical grade, , of Maharashtra., As per the Report of the Working Group for the, th, , bauxite are adequate while those of the Chemical, and Refractory grade bauxite are relatively limited, considering the future requirements. As per, , 12 Five Year Plan, the abundance of bauxite, resources in Eastern Ghat regions of Odisha and, Andhra Pradesh is likely to metamorphose the region, into a hub for bauxite mining activities in future., , 3-15