Page 1 : L09, Crop 12, , Small Millets, •, , •, , •, , •, •, , Special characters, o, Finger millet - Ragi,  Highly tolerant to alkalinity, even >pH 11.0, o, Foxtail millet - Kangni,  Susceptible to both drought & water logging, o, Kodo millet - Kodra,  Highly drought resistant, o, Little millet - Kutki,  Highly drought resistant & tolerant to water logging, o, Proso / Common millet - Cheena,  Highly drought resistant, o, Barn yard millet - Sawan,  Highly drought resistant & tolerant to water logging, Special characters …, o, They grow during adverse soil & climate, o, Mostly shorter in duration, o, Some of them are suitable for contingency plan, o, Proso & little mature in shorter duration, they provide food during lean, months for tribal people, o, They are grown in Asian & African countries, Area in the World, o, Millet (Pearlmillet +small millets) - 92-94 38 million ha, o, 19 in Africa 17 in Asia and smaller area in Americas, Oceana, & the former, USSR),  Average productivity 750 kg (28million t),  Total area is always lumped together, o, Individual crop area not so accurate, o, 50% = 19 million ha for Pearlmillet, o, 10% = 3.8 million ha in finger millet, o, 30% = 11.4 million ha in Foxtail & Proso milliets, o, <10% =3.0 million ha for other 8 species, Area in India, o, Area declined from 7.7 in 1949-50 to 4.0 million ha, Importance …, o, 19 million ha in the world,  11.4 million ha in Foxtail & Proso milliets,  3.0 million ha for other 8 species,  In India 1.5 million ha with 0.7 million t (Agriculture 1999), o, In India 5 crops - in Africa more than 8, o, Most small millets except Setaria italica,  are grown in warm regions 35-40°C

Page 2 : o, Grow well in moderate weather 26-29°C, o, Fox tail millet grows well in temperate and as well as tropics, Area, Production, Productivity, State, Million ha, Million t, Kg/ha, MP, 0.90, 0.21, 0.24, UP, 0.12, 0.13, 1.03, Maharastra, 0.10, 0.05, 0.50, TN, 0.09, 0.08, 0.85, AP, 0.07, 0.04, 0.62, Karnataka, 0.08, 0.03, 0.46, Bihar, 0.05, 0.03, 0.56, All India, 1.55, 0.66, 0.42, Thenai – Setaria italica, • Thenai – Setaria italica, o Fox tail millet, Kangni or kakun, o 0.5 million ha in India, o Known earlier than 4150 BC, o India, China, Japan, Russia, Europe, S&N America, Australia as small millet, o In India AP, Karnataka, TN, Rajasthan, UP, o Inflorescence dense, cylindrical and bristly, o Tillering, stems are smooth and small, o Varieties in TN:CO 6 -90 d, CO5 – 95 d, • Samai – Panicum sumatrense, o Little millet, Kutki or Gunduli, o India, Sri Lanka, Pak, Myanmar, SE Asia, o In India 0.5 million ha, o Mainly Karnataka, AP, TN, Orissa, Bihar & Maharastra, o Like rice it can be cooked and used, o Tillering, solid / hollow small stem, o Inflorescence large, open panicle with numerous spikelets, o Varieties in TN: CO3- 85d, CO2 – 85d, CO1 – 90d, PAIYUR 2 – 100d, • Varagu – Paspalum scrobiculatum, o Kodo millet, Kodra, o A cereal can be sown after continuous drought, o Preserved in temple kalasas, walls etc, o Seed viability longer, o Should be used only fully matured grain, o Good medicinal value to cure diseases in lungs, loose motion, healing the, wounds and to maintain the body in balanced activity, o Mostly in S. India, o In TN average yield is 1.4 t as against 0.3 t of All India, o Profusely tillering, fully sheathed solid internodes, o Var: CO3 – 120d, APK -1 100d, • Panivaragu Panicum miliaceum, o Proso / Common millet, Cheena

Page 3 : •, , o Spread from Manchuria 300 years ago, o In China & Eurasia cultivated before wheat & barley, o Requires very little water, o Stems are slender and leafy up to panicle – 90-120cm tall, o Grains are olive brown in color, o Varieties: CO 3 – 75d, CO 4 – 70d & K2 75d, Kudiraivali Echinocloa frumentacea, o Barnyard millet, Sawan, o India, China, Japan & Africa, o It is a grain cum fodder, o Husked rice is nutritious and tasty, o It originated from rice weed, o In India MP, UP, TN, AP, Karnataka, Bihar, o In TN Ramnad, Tirunelveli, Virudunagar & Madurai, o Varieties: CO 1 – 110d, K1 85d, K2 – 90d, , Small Millets- Agro-techniques, •, •, •, , •, , •, , •, •, , Season, o Rainy season, mostly rainfed, Field preparation, o Starting from summer ploughing, fine tilth, Seeds rate & spacing, o Varies from 8-15kg, o Line sowing – 10kg, o Seed drill – Goru – 12.5 kg, o Spacing 22.5 (10”) x 10 (4”) cm, Sowing, o Beds and compartmental bunding, o Sow the treated seeds, o Sow as pre-monsoon, o Cover the seeds, Manures & fertilizers, o Organics in the last plough to conserve moisture, o Responds to inorganic,  20-40 kg N, 10-20 kg P2O5, 10-20 kg K2O, o When irrigated a higher N dose up to 60 kg, o Fox tail millet responds well to N, o Jalshakthi & Organic improves common millet, Irrigation, o Though rainfed one or two irrigations,  At critical periods -capable of enhancing yield, Weed management, o Mostly hand weeded, o Isoproturan @ 0.5 kg on 3rd day, o 2,4 D Na salt @0.5 kg on 20-25DAS

Page 4 : o Thinning is done during 1st hand weeding, •, , •, , Cropping system, o Though solid it is mixed with cotton, maize, sorghum, redgram & other pulses, o Since Kharif season crops, in Rabi with rape seed, mustard, gram, lentil,, linseed, barley etc under rainfed, Harvest, o After ear heads fully matured, o Two times cutting is also good, o Ear heads are dried and threshed, o Only after husking used for consumption, o Better to be used after storage