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Introduction to the OSI Model, •OSI stands for Open Systems, Interconnection, •Created by International Standards, Organization, •Was created as a framework and reference, model to explain how different networking, technologies work together and interact, •Is not a standard that networking protocols, must follow
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What the OSI Model Looks Like, •Each layer has specific functions it is, responsible for, •All layers work, together in the, correct order to, move data around, a network
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OSI Model Layer Mnemonics, •Top to bottom, –All People Seem To Need Data Processing, , •Bottom to top, –Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away
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Encapsulation/De-encapsulation, •The process of moving data between layers, of the OSI Model, •Encapsulation:, Data > segment >, packet > frame >, bits, , •De-encapsulation:, Bits > frame >, packet > segment, > data
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How Data Is Referred to in the OSI Model, Data, Segment, , •Application, Presentation, and Session, layers, •Transport layer, , Packet, , •Networking layer, , Frame, , •Data Link layer, , Bits, , •Physical layer
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Physical Layer of OSI Model, •Deals with all aspects of physically moving, data from one computer to the next, •Converts data from the upper layers into 1s, and 0s for transmission over media, •Defines how data is encoded onto the media, used to transmit the data, •Defined on this layer: Cable standards,, wireless standards, and fiber optic, standards
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Physical Layer of OSI Model (Continued), •Device example: Hub, •Used to transmit data, –Copper wiring, fiber optic cable, radio, frequencies, anything that can be used to, transmit data is defined on the Physical layer, of the OSI Model
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Data Link Layer of OSI Model, •Is responsible for moving frames from node, to node or computer to computer, •Can move frames from one adjacent, computer to another., •Encapsulation = frame, •Requires MAC address. or physical address, •Protocols defined include Ethernet Protocol, and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
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Data Link Layer of OSI Model (Continued), •Device example: Switch, •Two sublayers: Logical Link Control (LLC) and, the Media Access Control (MAC)
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LLC and MAC Sublayers, •Logical Link Control (LLC), –Data Link layer addressing, flow control,, address notification, error correction, , •Media Access Control (MAC), –Determines which computer has access to, the network media at any given time, –Determines where one frame ends and the, next one starts, called frame synchronization
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Network Layer of OSI Model, •Responsible for moving packets (data) from, one end of the network to the other., •Requires logical addresses such as IP, addresses, •Device example: Router, –Routing is the ability of various network, devices and their related software to move, data packets from source to destination
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Transport Layer of OSI Model, •Takes data from higher levels of OSI Model, and breaks it into segments that can be sent, to lower-level layers for data transmission, •Conversely, reassembles data segments into, data that higher-level protocols and, applications can use, •Also puts segments in correct order (called, sequencing ) so they can be reassembled in, correct order at destination
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Transport Layer of OSI Model (Continued), •Concerned with the reliability of the, transport of sent data, •May use a connection-oriented protocol, such as TCP to ensure destination received, segments, •May use a connectionless protocol such as, UDP to send segments without assurance of, delivery, •Uses port addressing
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Session Layer of OSI Model, •Responsible for managing the dialog, between networked devices, •Establishes, manages, and terminates, connections, , •Provides procedures for establishing, checkpoints, adjournment, termination, and, restart or recovery procedures
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Presentation Layer of OSI Model, •Concerned with how data is presented to the, network, •Handles three primary tasks:, –Translation, –Compression, –Encryption
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Presentation Layer of OSI Model (Continued), , Translation, , •Changes data so another type of, computer can understand it, , Compression, , •Makes data smaller to send, more data in same amount of, time, , Encryption, , •Encodes data to protect from, interception or eavesdropping
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Application Layer of OSI Model, •Contains all services or protocols needed by, application software or operating system to, communicate on the network, •Examples, –Firefox web browser uses HTTP (Hyper-Text, Transport Protocol), –E-mail program may use POP3 (Post Office, Protocol version 3) to read e-mails and SMTP, (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) to send emails
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How Data Moves Through the OSI Model
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How Data Moves Through the OSI Model, (Continued), •Each layer of OSI Model except Physical, adds its own header to the data that, originated from the operating system, –Adds own header in front of the header from, the previous layer, –Header contains information that describes, what each layer of the OSI Model should do, with the data
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How Data Moves Through the OSI Model, (Continued), •Data Link layer also adds a tailer, –Tailer contains additional information that, deals with error correction
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Data as It Appears to the System Moving, Down the OSI Layers
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Data as It Moves Through OSI Layers, Sent by, One Computer and Received by Another
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TCP/IP Model, •Built around the TCP/IP protocol suite, –A protocol suite is a large, number of related, protocols that work, together to allow, networked, computers to, communicate
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TCP/IP Model (Continued), •Layers with same names as OSI Model don’t, function exactly the same
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Application Layer of TCP/IP Model, , Encompasses same functions, as these OSI Model layers, , Application, , Presentation, , Session
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Transport Layer of TCP/IP Model, •Functions the same as the Transport layer in, OSI Model and part of Session layer, –TCP and other similar protocols take on some, of the function of the Session layer, •Synchronize source and destination, computers to set up the session between the, respective computers
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Internet Layer of TCP/IP Model, •Performs:, –Same functions as OSI Model Network Layer, –Many of the functions of the Logical Link, Control sublayer of the OSI Model’s Data Link, layer, , •Primary protocol is Internet Protocol (IP), •Also uses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP),, which performs much of the LLC sublayer’s, job in the area of physical addressing
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Interface Layer of TCP/IP Model, •Performs much of the job of the MAC portion, of the Data Link and Physical layers of the, OSI Model, •TCP/IP Protocol does not dictate what, happens on Network Interface layer, •TCP/IP protocol suite relies on standards, created by the various standards, organizations concerning how to encode bits, onto media to do the work on this layer
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Alternate Layer Names for the TCP/IP Model, •CompTIA Network+ objectives recognize, alternate layer name for last layer in TCP/IP, Model – the Link layer
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How the Layers Work Together, •Different protocols located on the, Application layer of the TCP/IP Model, connect to different Transport layer, protocols, –Exception: DNS protocol on the Application, layer connects to both TCP (Transport Control, Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol), protocols on the Transport layer
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TCP/IP Model and its Relation to Protocols of, the TCP/IP Suite
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Summary, •The OSI Model is a framework and reference model, to explain how different networking technologies, work together and interact., •The Physical layer of the OSI Model deals with all, aspects of physically moving data from one, computer to the next., •The Data Link layer of the OSI Model is responsible, for moving frames from node to node or computer, to computer.
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Summary (Continued), •The two sublayers of the Data Link layer are the, LLC and MAC., •The Network layer of the OSI Model is responsible, for moving packets (data) from one end of the, network to the other, called end-to-end, communications., •The TCP/IP Model is built around the TCP/IP, protocol suite.
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Summary (Continued), •The Application layer of the TCP/IP Model, encompasses the same functions as the, Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the, OSI Model., •The Transport layer of the TCP/IP Model functions, the same as the Transport layer in OSI Model and, part of Session layer., •The Internet of layer of the TCP/IP Model Performs, the same functions as the OSI Model Network layer, and many of the functions of the LLC sublayer of, the OSI Model Data Link layer.
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Summary (Continued), •The Network Interface layer of the TCP/IP Model, performs much of the job of the MAC portion of the, Data Link and Physical layers of the OSI Model.
