Page 2 : Corrigendum : Standard XII Biology Textbook Edition 2021, Chapter 1: Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants, Page, No., , Column, Left (L), Right (R), , Heading/, Paragraph, , Printed Matter, , Correction, , Budding:, Spore, formation, below the, diagram 1.2, Spore, formation, below the, diagram 1.2, Spore, formation, below the, diagram 1.2, , line 3, , Yeast........ addition, , Yeast and Protosiphon., , line 3, , in Algae, Chlorella Chlamymonas, , in unicellular Algae, Chlorella ,, Chlamymonas and Diatoms;, , line 3, , in Penicillium and Gemmules formation in, , and Gemma formation in, , line 5, , Sponges, , Marchantia., , line 4, , 1, , R, , 1, , R, , 1, , R, , 3, , L, , Below the box, , L, , Structure of, anther, Para, , 3, , Line No., , addition - Stamen consist ............. and anther Stamen consist ............. and anther having, ......................, two anther lobes (theca)., A mature anther has generally two anther, lobes and each anther lobe has two, microsporangia or pollen sacs. Thus it is, dithecus and tetrasporangiate. However, in family Malvaceae, anther is monothecus,, Structure of anther:, bisporangiate. An immature stage of anther, is represented by group of parenchymatous, tissue surrounded by single layered epidermis., The heterogenesity (differentiation) arises, when some hypodermal cells get transformed, into archesporial cells.

Page 3 : 6, , R, , 7, 7, , L, L, , 12, , c. Xenogamy, ... :, Fig. 1.8, Fig. 1.8, , title, Fig. 1.8 : Pollination by wind (Maize), labelling Seed (Kernel), , Fig.1.16, , Title, Title, , 2, , 13, , R, , Fig. 1.18, , 14, , L, , Try this box, , 3, , 14, , L, , Below try this, box, , 1, , .......... one flower is deposited ..........., , .......... one flower are deposited ..........., , Fig. 1.8 : Pollination by wind (Maize plant), grain (Kernel), Fig. 1.16 : Development of Monocot, Fig. 1.16 : Development of Monocot Embryo, (grass) Embryo, Fig. 1.18 : Maize seed (Monocot), Fig. 1.18 : V.S. of Maize grain (Monocot), ..clay. Mould the mixture with water into, ..clay. Mould the mixture into small balls and, small balls and ...................., Dormancy is a temporary state of metabolic, Dormancy is a state of metabolic arrest that, arrest that......., , Chapter 3 : Inheritance and Variation, Page, No., , Column, Left (L), Right (R), , 49, , L, , 3.1 Chr....., para 2, , line 1, , 56, , R, , para 1, , line 2, , 57, , R, , Function, , line 1, , Heading/, Paragraph, , Line No., , Printed Matter, , Correction, , Gregor Mendel, son of a peasant, (farmer),, Walter Sutton along with Theodor, Boveri (1903) studied the behaviour of, Mendel’s factors (genes) and behaviour of, Walter Sutton along with Theodor Boveri, chromosomes, at the time of meiosis. They, (1903) studied the parallel behaviour of, concluded that the behaviour of genes and, Mendel’s factors (genes) and behaviour of, chromosomes is parallel. Since there are, chromosomes, at the time of meiosis., many characters (genes) while the number of, Addition in this para., chromosomes is limited, they concluded that, each chromosome carries a large number of, genes., Chromosomes mainly act as carriers of, Chromosomes are carriers of heredity., hereditary material., •, , Gregor Mendel, son of the peasant farmer,, , •

Page 4 : Sex Chromo..., , 58, , R, , 59, , L, , linkage, , 59, , R, , Crossing over, , 59, , R, , 60, , L, , 60, , L, , 63, 64, , L, L, , 65, , R, , para 2, , Crossing, Over :, , Box, para 1, Box, para 2, Fig. 3.11, Fig. 3.13, Something..., box, para 2, , Euchromatin has large amount of DNA Euchromatin has DNA in extended state, line 7 material, hence genetically active., hence it is metabolically more active than, the heterochromatin., It is a known fact that several genes are present It is a known fact that several genes are, on the chromosome. As chromosomes are closely located on each chromosome and, carriers of heredity, these genes have tendency are located very close to each other such, to be inherited together. Such genes are called genes have tendency to be inherited together, line 2, linked genes. This tendency of two or more and thus, called linked genes. This tendency, genes present on the same chromosomes that of two or more genes present on the same, are inherited together is known as linkage. chromosomes being inherited together, is, This entire part be modified.., known as linkage., line 8 The ................. consist, The ................. consists of ......., The phenomenon of crossing over is by and, The phenomenon of crossing over is universal, line, large universal (except in male Drosophila)., and it is necessary for the natural selection,, 12-13, It is necessary for the natural selection, because it increases the chances of variation., because it increases the chances of variation., Thomas Hunt Morgan was an American bi- Thomas Hunt Morgan was an American, ologist. He used fruit fly (Drosophila mela- biologist. He used the fruit fly (Drosophila, nogaster) in genetic reserch ........................... melanogaster), in, genetic, research, crossing over., ........................... crossing over., Margan’s work played key role in the field Morgan’s work played a key role in the field, of genetics. He was awarded a Nobel prize in of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel prize, 1933, in ......................... Medicine., in 1933, for ................. Medicine., labelling Carrier daughter X Normal Male, Carrier female X Normal Male, labelling Carrier daughter X Normal Male, Carrier female X Normal Male, line 2, , about 10 cm long body. She has a proboscis.... about 10 cm long body and the proboscis...

Page 5 : It is sex chromosomal disorder caused due, to non-disjunction of chromosome during, gamete formation. Individual born with, Turner’s syndrome has 44 autosomes with, XO., , It is a sex chromosomal disorder caused due, to non-disjunction of X- chromosome during, the formation of egg. Individual born with, Turner’s syndrome has 44 autosomes and, XO., , It is chromosomal disorder caused due to, , It is a chromosomal disorder caused due to, , R, , Turner’s, Syndrome :, , R, , Klinefelter’s, syndrome, (XXY males) :, , 67, , R, , result of non-disjunction of X-chromosome, during meiosis. Individual is male and has, over all masculine development. Voice, Klinefelter’s, pitch is harsh and have under developed, syndrome, line 5 - 6, testis. They are tall with long arms, feminine, (XXY males) :, development (development of breast i.e., Gynaecomastia) and no spermatogenesis,, therefore, individuals are sterile., , 68, , L, , MCQ 1, , 68, , L, , MCQ 4, , 68, , R, , MCQ 8, , 67, , 67, , line 1, , result of non-disjunction of X-chromosomes, during meiosis in the formation of ovum., Such an individual is a male and has, overall masculine development with harsh, voice pitch, under developed testes and, are tall with long arms showing feminine, features like development of breast i.e., Gynaecomastia and no spermatogenesis,, therefore, individuals are sterile., 1. Phenotypic ratio of incomplete dominance 1. F2 Phenotypic ratio of incomplete, Caption, in Mirabilis jalapa., dominance in Mirabilis jalapa is --4. When phenotypic and genotypic ratios are 4. When F2 phenotypic and genotypic ratios, Caption, the same, then it is an example of ..........., are the same, then it is an example of ............, Choice d d. Super female = 44 + XXX, d. Normal female = 44 + XXX, , Chapter 4 : Molecular Basis of Inheritance, Page, No., , Column, Left (L), Right (R), , Heading/, Paragraph, , 70, , R, , para 1, , Line No., , Printed Matter, , line 1, On the other hand DNA thought ..., from top, , Correction, , On the other hand the DNA thought ...

Page 6 : 70, , R, , 4.2 The genetic, ........, , line, 3 to 7, , 70, , L, , para 2, , line, 3 and 4, , 73, , 73, , L, , R, , Packag..., Euka..., , Para 1, , line, 1and 2, , line, 4 , 5, 6, , ................. on chromosomes and that ......... are, ................. on chromosome and that ........., composed mainly of DNA and protein. Initially,, are mainly composed of DNA and protein., ................................. that proteins are ................, Initially, ................................. that protein are, and varied molecules and store .........................., ................ molecules and ................................, ............................., ............... Let us study three important .......... ............... Three following important ..................., ............................................. opinion., ...................................... opinion., Eukaryotes show well organized nucleus, containing nuclear membrane, nucleolus, and thread-like material in the form of, chromosomes., The nucleosome core is made up of two, molecules of each of four types of histone, proteins viz. H2A, H2B, H3and H4. H1 protein, binds the DNA thread where it enters (arrives), and leaves the nucleosome., , Eukaryotes show a well organized nucleus with, nuclear membrane, nucleolus and ......................., ................. chromosomes., The nucleosome core is an octamer made up of, two molecules of each of four types of histone, proteins viz. H2A, H2B, H3and H4. Histone protein, H1 binds the DNA thread where it enters (arrives), and leaves the nucleosome.

Page 7 : 73, , 75, , R, , L, , 76, , R, , 76, , R, , one nucleosome ............, chromosomal proteins (NHC), , Para 2, , Autocatalytic..., Para 2, , Meselson’s, expt., Meselson’s, expt., , line 3, , One nucleosome (Fig 4.5) approximately contains, 200 base pair (bp) long DNA helix, of which, about 146 bp long segment is wound around, each octamer and the remaining bp contribute as, linker DNA (Fig. 4.5) connecting two successive, nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are stained body, made of repeating units of chromatin. When, observed under electron microscope these appear, as ‘beads-on-string’ but actually represent, ‘string-on-beads’ (Fig 4.6). DNA helix of 200 bps, Non-bistane wraps around the octamer by 1¾ turns. Six such, nucleosomes get coiled repeatedly and then form, solenoid that looks like a coiled telephone wire, (Fig 4.7). The chromatin is around 10 nm thick, fibre packed to form a solenoid structure of 30 nm, diameter (300A0). Further supercoiling of solenoid, tends to form a looped structure that further coils, and condenses at metaphase stage to form the, chromosomes. The packaging of chromatin at, higher levels, need additional set of proteins that, are called Non-Histone Chromosomal proteins, (NHC)., , The process by which DNA duplicates itself, is called replication. Through replication, it, forms two copies that are identical to it., Addition to line 3, , The process by which DNA duplicates itself is, called replication. Through replication, it forms, two copies that are identical to each other and, also to the parent DNA., , step 1, , 1. Meselson and Stahl in 1958 performed an 1. Meselson and Stahl in 1958 performed an, experiment to prove semiconservative nature experiment to verify the semiconservative nature, (mode) of replication., (mode) of replication., , step 2, , They cultured .................... band is recorded, , To be deleted

Page 8 : 76, , R, , 77, , L, , 77, , L, , 77, , L, , 77, , R, , 82, , R, , 85, , L, , 3. E. coli cells were then tranferred to 15N, medium (heavy isotopic nitrogen) and, Meselson’s, allowed to replicate for several generations., step 3, At equilibrium point density gradient band, expt., was obtained, by using 6M CsCl2. The, position of this band is recorded., 4. The heavy DNA (15N) molecule can, be distinguished from normal DNA by, centrifugation in a 6M Cesium chloride, Meselson’s, (CsCl2) density gradient. The density gradient, step 4, value of 6M CsCl2 and 15N DNA is almost, expt., same. Therefore, at the equilibrium point 15N, DNA will form a band. In this both the strands, of DNA are labelled with 15N., 5. Such E. coli cells were they transferred to, another medium containing 14N i.e. normal, (light) nitrogen. After first generation, the, Meselson’s, density gradient band for 14N 15N was obtained, step 5, and its position was recorded. After second, expt., generation, two density gradient bands were, obtained - one at 14N 15N position and other at, 14, N position., 6. The position of bands after two generations, Meselson’s, step 6 clearly proved that DNA replication is, expt., Semiconservative., last box, ........................... RNA to be made bold, Mutations.........., place. It results in the change of genotype (i.e., line 4, Code:, character)., can you tell boxs Bullet 5 5. What is translocation?, , 2. E. coli cells growing in 14N were transferred, to 15N medium (heavy isotopic nitrogen) and, allowed to replicate for several generations. At, equilibrium point density gradient band was, obtained, by using 6M CsCl2(Cesium chloride)., The position of this band was recorded., 3. The heavy DNA (15N) molecule can be, distinguished from normal DNA (14N) by, centrifugation in a 6M CsCl2 density gradient., The density gradient value of 6M CsCl2 and, of 15N DNA is almost same. Therefore, at the, equilibrium point 15N DNA will form a band. In, this both the strands of DNA are labelled with 15N., 4. Such E. coli cells were then transferred to, another medium containing 14N i.e. normal (light), nitrogen. After first generation, the density gradient, band for 14N - 15N (hybrid) was obtained and its, position was recorded. After second generation,, two density gradient bands were obtained - one at, 14, N - 15N position and other at 14N position., 5. The position of bands after two generations, clearly proved that the DNA replication is, Semiconservative. (Fig. 4.9), ........................... RNA to be made bold, place. It results in the change of genotype expressed, in the terms of phenotype (i.e. character)., 5. What is translation?

Page 9 : 90, , L, , 4. Southern, blotting, , line 1, , 4. Southern blotting: The separated DNA, fragments are transferred to a nylon, membrane or a nitrocellulose filter paper by, placing it over the gel and soaking them with, filter paper overnight., , 4. Southern blotting: It is a technique used for, detecting a specific DNA sequence, developed by, E. Southern. The separated DNA fragments are, transferred to a nylon membrane or a nitrocellulose, filter paper by placing it over the gel and soaking, them with filter paper overnight., , Chapter 5 : Origin and Evolution of life, Page, No., , Column, Left (L), Right (R), , 94, , L, , 94, , L, , Heading/, Paragraph, 5.1 Origin of, life, para 1, 5.1 b, Cosmozoic..., , 94, , L, , 5.1 b, Cosmozoic..., , 94, , L, , 5.1 c, Spontaneous..., , 94, , R, , observe and..., 2. Louis, Pasteur’s...., , 95, , R, , para l, , 97, , L, , RNA World..., , para 3, , Line No., , Printed Matter, , Correction, , line 1, , The living matter shows attributes or, , The ‘living beings’ shows attributes or, , line 1, , This theory advocates that life did not arise, , This theory advocates that life did not originate, , ....Antarctica. However this theory could not, Addition in the para, explain the origin of life of other planets hence it, is not accepted., According to this theory, life originated, According to this theory, life originated from spontaneously from the interaction of non-living, non-living material spontaneously. This (inanimate) material i.e. abiogenetically. e.g., theory was disproved by Louis Pasteur., maggots from decaying meat. This theory was, however disproved by Louis Pasteur., Broth boiled, Curved neck removed, Broth recorrection in the labelling., mained free of microorganisms, Microorganisms, grew in broth, of free oxygen and enzymes (non enzymatic, last line of free oxygen and enzymes., reducing atmosphere)., suggests that early (first) life must have been, line 3 suggests that early life must have been based, based

Page 10 : 98, , 98, , L, , R, , Darwinism, , Darwinism ..., postulates 2, , Struggle, , 98, , R, , Darwinism ..., postulates 4, , Natural..., 99, , 99, , L, , L, , 5. Origin of new, species, , Evidences...., , line 5, 6 “On the origin of species by Natural Selection”, , line 4,, 5, 6, , line 1,, 2, 3, line, 3 and 7, , 2. Struggle for existence - Tendency of over, production leads to the struggle for existence, between the members of population for, limited supply of food or to overcome adverse, environmental conditions or for a space or to, escape from enemies etc., 4. Natural selection - Organic variations can, serve as evidence that for the some organisms, have better adapted to survive, generation to generation, successive, cycle and finally giving rise to a new species., Evidences Darwinism include - (i) Evolution, of long-necked Giraffe to pluck and eat more, leaves from tall trees and woody climbers., This adaptation became fixed in the life for, survival. The Giraffe borne tall could survive, in famine heat areas. This adaptation was, transmitted to their offspring. This is how,, present long-necked Giraffe came to, existence. (ii) Black colour peppered moths, evolved gradually as new species. (iii) DDT, resistance in mosquitoes-intensive DDT, spraying destroyed all types of mosquitoes., However some mosquitoes developed, resistance to DDT and survived the on slaught, of DDT spray. Such resistant mosquitoes, survived and reproduce giving rise to more, resistant offspring., , “On the origin of species by means of Natural, Selection”, 2. Struggle for existence - Tendency of over, production leads to the struggle for existence, between the members of population. The struggle, is for limited supply of food, to overcome adverse, environmental conditions, for space and mate,, and or to escape from enemies etc., 4. Natural selection - Organic variations can, serve as evidence for some organisms that are, better adapted to survive...., generation to generation, the successive ......., in the life cycle and finally gives rise to a new, species., Evidences for Darwinism - (i) Evolution of longnecked Giraffe to pluck and eat more leaves from, tall trees and woody climbers. This adaptation, became fixed in the life for survival. The Giraffe, with long neck could survive better in grass land, and woodland areas as compared to those having, short necks. This adaptation was transmitted to, their offspring. This is how, present long-necked, Giraffe came to existence. (ii) Black colour, peppered moths evolved gradually as new species., (iii) DDT resistance in mosquitoes : intensive, DDT spraying destroyed many types of, mosquitoes. However some mosquitoes developed, resistance to DDT and survived the onslaught of, DDT spray. Such resistant mosquitoes survive, and reproduce giving rise to more resistant, offspring.

Page 11 : 99, , L, , 99, , R, , 99, , R, , 100, , L, , 100, , L, , 100, , L, , 100, , L, , Drawbacks..., , 5.5 Mutation, Theory, Objections to, Mutation..., Always, remember box, 5.6 Modern...., , and not part of evolution... Addition, , e, , bullet 2, line 1, , e. According to natural selection new species, are formed by gradual accumulation of useful, variations. If it is so, then their should be, intermediate forms. But in most cases, intermediate form were not recognised., Moreover, Darwinism also could not explain, existence of neutral flowers and the sterility, of hybrids., these sudden changes are inheritable, and these sudden changes are heritable, and proposed, the Mutation theory., proposed the Mutation theory., Rate of mutation is very low as compared, Rate of mutation is very slow as compared, , bullet 1, line 3, , large, sudden, random and direction less., , last 2, line, , bullet 2, line 3, bullet 3, , 5.6 Modern...., , line 4-7, 101, , L, , iv., drift.., , genetic, , and not part of evolution i.e. he was unable to, distinguish between the environmental and, hereditary variations., e. According to natural selection new species are, formed by gradual accumulation of useful, variations. If it is so, then there should be, intermediate forms. But in most cases intermediate, forms were not recognized. Moreover, Darwinism, also could not explain existence or occurence of, neutral flowers and the sterility of hybrids., , a, , Fisher, Sewall Wright, Medel, T. H. Morgan, •, Stebbins in his book discussed five, key factors such as gene mutations, mutations, in the chromosome structure and number,, genetic recombinations natural selection and, reproductive isolation, contributed in the, evolution of new species., called genetic drift. For example, when the, size of a population is severely reduced due to, natural disasters like earthquakes, floods,, fires, etc. cause elimination of particular, , large, sudden, random and directionless., Fisher, Sewall Wright, Mendel, T. H. Morgan, •, Stebbins in his book discussed five key, factors viz. gene mutations, mutations in the, chromosome structure and number, genetic, recombinations, natural selection and reproductive, isolation. These contributed in the evolution of, new species., called genetic drift. For example, the size of a, population is severely reduced due to natural, disasters like earthquakes, floods, fires, etc. thus, causing elimination of particular ...

Page 12 : 101, , R, , b. Natural, selection, para 1, , 102, , L, , para 1, , 102, , R, , c. Isolation :, para 2, , R, , I. Geographical, Isolation :, para 2, , 102, , 103, , R, , Mutations -, , 103, , R, , Genetic drift para 2, , 103, , R, , Natural, selection, , line 3, , According to Darwin, natural selection is the, main driving force leading to evolution. This, holds that genetic variations rise within the, population. The ‘fittest’ will be at the selective, advantage and will be more likely to produce, offsprings than the rest, as the ‘fit’ continues, to enjoy greater survival and reproductivity,, new species will eventually evolve., Selection against harmful mutations leads to, a mutation balance in which allele frequency, of harmful recessives remain constant, generation after generation., Number of isolating mechanisms are operated, in nature and therefore divergence and, speciation may occur. The isolating, mechanisms are of two types namely,, geographical isolation and reproductive, isolation., , According to Darwin, natural selection is the, main driving force behind the evolution. This, holds that genetic variations arise within the, population. The ‘fittest’ will be at the selective, advantage and will be more likely to produce, more offsprings than the rest. The ‘fit’ continues, to enjoy greater survival and reproductivity. New, species will eventually evolve., Selection against harmful mutations leads to a, mutation balance, in which allele frequency of, harmful recessives remains constant generation, after generation., Number of isolating mechanisms operate in, nature and may promote the divergence, and the, speciation. The isolating mechanisms are of two, types namely, geographical isolation and, reproductive isolation., , they acquired new traits by mutations. The, , they acquire new traits by mutations. The, , line 1-3 Mutations are already described earlier in Mutations are already described earlier in this, from top this chapter. Gene mutations produce new chapter. Gene mutations will alter the genetic, alleles which are added to gene pool., make up and thus the gene pool., The Bottle neck phenomenon is a type of genetic, A bottle neck effect is seen when much of a, drift seen when much of a population is killed due, population is killed due to a natural disaster, to a natural disaster (e.g. Tsunami, Floods,, and only a few remaining individuals are left, Tornado, Disease epidemic etc.) and only a few, to begin a new population., individuals are left to begin a new population., line 3 variations are selected by nature and leave, variations are selected by nature and thus they, leave the...

Page 13 : 104, , L, , 104, , L, , 104, , L, , 104, , L, , 104, , L, , 104, , L, , 104, , R, , 104, , R, , 105, , L, , 105, , L, , 105, , L, , 105, , L, , 105, , L, , 105, , L, , a. Stabilizing, bullet 1, line 2, selection :, a. Stabilizing, bullet 2, line 5, selection :, a. Stabilizing, bullet 4, line, 2-3, selection :, b. Directional, bullet 1, line 1, selection :, b. Directional, bullet 3, line, 3, 4, selection :, b. Directional, bullet 4, line 1, selection :, c. Disruptive, bullet 2, line 1,2, Natural, selection, c. Disruptive, line, 5, to 6, Natural, selection, line 13, 5.8 HardyWeinberg’s..., 5.8 Hardyline 16, Weinberg’s..., 5.8 Hardyline 18, Weinberg’s..., 5.8 Hardyabove, the, table, Weinberg’s..., Table, line 1-2, below the table, , acquired a mean character value., compare to those who are over-weight or, , acquire a mean character value., compared to those who are over-weight or, , tend to maintain phenotypic stability within tends to maintain phenotypic stability within the, population, therefore, it is described as, population, therefore, it is described as, In this type, more individuals acquire a value, In this type, more individuals acquired value, trend within a population and shifting a, , trend within a population and shifting of the peak, ..., , e.g. Industrial melanism, DDT resitant, , Examples - Industrial melanism, DDT resistant, , Nature select extreme phenotypes and Nature selects extreme phenotypes and eliminates, the intermediate. Hence two peaks, eliminate intermediate. Hence two peaks, Large beak sized birds feeds on large seeds, , Large beak sized birds feed on large seeds, , locus is always one. i.e. P + Q = 1. The locus is always one. i.e. p + q = 1. The genotypic, genotypic, is P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 i.e. AA=P2, aa=q2 and is p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 i.e. AA=p2, aa=q2 and for, for, Hence P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 This is a binomial Hence p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. This is a binomial, This can be explained by punnet square as, follow., Hybrid Aa, Hybrid A a, Like allele frequency, the genotypic, frequencies together are also equal to 1., , This can be explained by Punnett square as, follows :, Hybrid Aa/pq, Hybrid A a/pq, Like the allele frequency, the genotypic, frequencies together are also equal to 1. i.e. AA +, 2Aa + aa = 1

Page 14 : 106, , 106, , L, , R, , Can you tell, box, , Q.3, , Connecting, link, , 108, , L, , a. Homologous, organs :, , 108, , L, , b. Analogous, organs :, , 108, , R, , c. Vestigeal, organs :, , 109, , L, , 5.11 a., Allopatric, speciation, , 109, , R, , ii. Sympatric, speciation:, , pt.3, , 3. What is Homologous organs ?, , 3. What are Homologous organs ?, , Connecting link (missing link) :, These are fossil forms transitional or, intermediate between two groups of, organisms. It shows some characters to both, the groups. Thus it indicate the evolutionary, line Seymouria (between amphibians and, reptiles). e.g. Archaeopteryx (between reptiles, and birds)., , Connecting link (s) [(missing links)] :, These are fossil forms transitional or intermediate, between two groups of organisms. They show, some characters akin to both the groups. Thus, indicate the evolutionary line, e.g. Seymouria, (between amphibians and reptiles) and, Archaeopteryx (between reptiles and birds)., , Addition in the para, , 3. In plants, thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils, of Cucurbita represent homology. Thorns of Bael, and tendrils of passion flower are homologous., , 4. Terminal leaflets of pea and apical bud in Vitis, are modified into tendrils., last line, with those organisms where these organs are, with those organisms were these organs are, above, fully developed., fully developed., the e.g., i. Allopatric speciation : Formation of a i. Allopatric speciation : It is the formation of a, new species due to separation of a segment new species due to separation of a segment of, of population from the original population the population from its original population by, by distanced or a geographical barrier distance or by a geographical barrier cutting, line 1-7, cutting across the species range. e.g. across the species range. e.g. creeping glaciers, creeping glaciers, development of mountains. and development of mountains. Migration of, Migration of individual also causes allopatric individuals also causes allopatric speciation., speciation. The mode of evolution here is The mode of evolution here is called adaptive, called adaptive radiation, radiation..., line 1-2 Formation of species within single population It is the formation of new species within single, population without..., without, Addition as point 4

Page 15 : 109, , 109, , R, , Hybridisation :, , R, , 5.12, Geological, time scale, :, para 1, , line 3, , Hybridisation :Two different species on, crossing may give rise to a new species. e.g., Mule is a hybrid produced by interbreeding, between a male donkey and a female horse., Hinny is offspring of male horse and female, donkey., tells us that life forms were not the same, millions, , Hybridisation :Two different species on crossing, may give rise to a hybrid that on doubling of its, chromosomes forms a new species. e.g. Triticum, aestivum (hexaploid) and Gossypium herbaceum, (tetraploid)., , Recent (Holocene), Angiosperms, monocots, spread of agriculture., , tells us that life forms were not the same like, todays, millions....., , 110, , Table 5.15, , column, 4 and 5, , Recent (Holocene), Angiosperms, , 110, , Table 5.15, , column, 4 and 5, , Pliocene - Hard woody plants conifers, Pliocene Hard woody plants conifers, bryophytes,, grasslands bryophytes, monocots, monocots, grasslands dominated, , 110, , Table 5.15, , column, 4 and 5, , Miocene- Abundance of deciduous trees Abundance of deciduous trees, origin of grasses., origin of grasses, , 110, , Table 5.15, , column, 4 and 5, , Palaeocene-Modernisation, plants, , column, 2 and 5, , Cretaceous- Decline of ferns - sphenopsids Cretaceous- Decline of ferns - sphenopsids, (horsetails) and Gymnosperms Ginkos, (horsetails) and Bennetitales Gymnosperms, Gnetales. 1st appearance of flowering plants. Ginkgos, Gnetales. 1st appearance of, Angiospermic plants which begin to dominate, land., Jurassic -Origin of angiospersms Dominance Jurassic -Origin of angiosperms, Dominance of, of lycopods, ferns, conifers, cycads., herbaceous lycopods, ferns, conifers, cycads., , 110, , 110, , Table 5.15, , Table 5.15, , column, 2 and 5, , of, , dicots,, , flowering Palaeocene- Advancement of flowering plants, and grasses

Page 16 : 110, , 111, , 111, , Table 5.15, , column, 2 and 5, , Triassic- Dominance, extinction of seed ferns, , Table 5.15, , column, 2 and 5, , permian- Origin of conifers Decline of permian- Origin of conifers, Decline of, lycopods Abundance of ferns, cycads and arborescent lycopods, Abundance of ferns, cycads, conifers, and advanced conifers, , column, 2 and 5, , Carboniferous- Development of diverse, pteridophytes, mosses and gymnosperms., age of ferns and coal forests, different fungal, groups, 3. If the variation occur in population by, chance alone and not by natural selection, and bring change in frequencies of an allele., What is it called?, , Table 5.15, , Q.3, 118, , L, , Very short ans., , 118, , L, , Q. 4 Match, the following, , 118, , 118, , R, , R, , gymnosperms TriassicDominance, of, Bennetitales, gymnosperms, extinction of seed ferns, , CarboniferousDevelopment, of, diverse, arborescent lycopods, mosses, seed ferns and, primitive conifers. Age of ferns and coal forests,, different fungal groups., 3. If the variation occur in population by chance, alone but not through natural selection and it, brings change in frequency of an allele. What is, it called?, , column, 2c, , 3. Charles Darwin - c. Theory of acquired 3. Charles Darwin - c. Theory of inheritance of, characters, acquired characters, , 3, , 3. By talking industrial melanism as one 3. By taking industrial melanism as one example,, example. Explain the concept of natural explain the concept of natural selection., selection., , 6, , 6. What is Genetic variations? Explain the 6. What are Genetic variations? Explain the, different factors responsible for genetic different factors responsible for genetic variations., variations., , Q.5 Long Ans., , Q.5 Long Ans., , of

Page 17 : Chapter 6 : Plant Water Relation, Page, No., , Column, Left (L), Right (R), , 121, , R, , 121, 121, , R, R, , 123, , L, , 6.7, para 2, , 126, , R, , iii., , line 1, , 127, , L, , 6.11 Transport, of food, , line 1-2, , 128, , L, , Lateral, translocation :, , line 1, , 130, , L, , para 2, , line 4, , 133, , R, , Q.4, , 133, , L, , Q. 3, , Heading/, Paragraph, , Line No., , below, iii. isotonic, , last 3rd, line, , Sub Q., 5., 11., , Printed Matter, , Correction, , Osmosis is of two types viz, Exo-osmosis and, Endo-osmosis., Exo-osmosis : It is the migration of solvent, Endo-osmosis : It is the migration of the, , Osmosis is of two types viz, Exosmosis and, Endosmosis., Exosmosis : It is the diffusion of solvent, Endosmosis : It is the diffusion of the, , cells of endodermis and finally into the cell of, , cells of endodermis (in monocot roots) and, finally into the cell of..., , iii. If plant is smeared with vaseline in order iii. If plant leaves are smeared with vaseline, to, in order to, All the plant parts require continous supply, All the plant parts require continous supply of, of food (photosynthate) for nutrition and, food for nutrition and developement. In, developement. In, Lateral translocation : It occurs in the root Lateral translocation : It occurs, and, horizontally/laterally across the root and...., its lateral wall is thin and elastic. Guard cells its lateral (outer) wall is thin and elastic., ......................., Guard cells ......................., 5. What is hydroponics? How is it useful in, to be deleted altogether., identifying the role of nutrients?, How are minerals absorbed by the plants?, to be transferred to Q.4 on page 152, , Chapter 7 : Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition, Page, No., 134, , Column, Left (L), Right (R), L, , Heading/, Paragraph, 7.1 Plant, growth, para 1, , Line No., , Printed Matter, , last line product of successive metabolism., , Correction, , product of successful metabolism.

Page 18 : 134, , R, , 7.2 A phase..., , 135, , box, , line 4, , cytoplasm. Meristematic cell undergoes, , pt. 4, , 4. Increase in volume of a fruit - e.g. In, watermelon flower, ovary after fertilization, increases in, , 137, , L, , 7.5 Growth, curve :, , last para, of growth, a sigmoid curve is obtained., last line, , 140, , L, , Box, , line 2 - 3, , ............ ester form, 2, 4-D and 2,4,5-T (dioxin), is known ............, , 140, , L, , line 13, , GA3 is most common and biologically active, , 140, , R, , b. Gibberellins :, , para 2, , line 4 Addition, from top, , 140, , R, , c. Cytokinin :, , line 1-2, , 142, , L, , Photoperio...., , last 3, line, , 143, , L, , b. Long Day, Plants (LDP), , 143, , L, , 143, , L, , 143, , R, , para 1, , It is another growth hormone that promotes, cell division. Letham coined the term, cytokinin., flowering. The influence of light is known as, Photoperiodism and that of temperature, is, Vernalization., , cytoplasm. Meristematic (particularly, cambial) cell undergoes, 4. Increase in volume of a fruit - e.g., In watermelon flower, the ovary after, fertilization increases in, of growth, a ‘s’ shaped i.e. sigmoid curve is, obtained., ............ ester form viz. 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T, (dioxin), is known ............, GA3 (= Gibberellic acid) is the most common, and biologically active, increase in length and converting genotypic, dwarf to phenotypic tall plant. It also, promotes bolting i.e....., It is another growth hormone that promotes, cytokinesis during cell division. Letham, coined the term cytokinin., flowering. The influence of duration of light, is known as Photoperiodism and that of, low temperature, is Vernalization., Plants that flower usually during summer, are .............., a - SDP Requires a relatively long, uninterrupted darkness., , line 1, , Plants that flower during summer are ............., , Fig. 7.9, , labelling, , a. Requires a relatively long of uninterrupted, darkness., , Fig. 7.9, , labelling, , b. Requires a relatively small duration of b - LDP Requires a relatively short duration, darkness/ no darkness at all., of darkness/ no darkness at all., , Phytochrome :, , para 2, , line 1, , The leaves produce light-receiving, , The leaves posses light-receiving....

Page 19 : During day time, Pfr accumulates in the, plants because of conversion of Pr into Pfr., It inhibits flowering in SDP but initiates, flowering in LDP. During dark period, Pfr, changes into Pr which stimulates/ promotes, flowering in SDP but inhibits flowering in, LDP., •, Crop plants by shortening of the, •, Crops can be produced earlier., juvenile phase attain early flowering., Plant absorbs water, gases, mineral, nutrients, Plant absorbs water, gases, minerals and, etc. from surroundings. Green plants, nutrients from surroundings. Green plants, the catalytic role e.g. Zn, Cu, Al, Si, Mn, B,, the catalytic role e.g. Zn, Cu, Al, Si, etc. as, Mo, Cl etc. as, S, etc. C, H, O are non mineral major elements. S, Ca and Fe. C, H, O are non mineral major, elements., •, Catalytic functions : Many elements •, Catalytic functions : Many elements, like Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Cl, etc. act as ..., like Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Cl, MO, B act as ..., The phenomenon where toxic effect of one, Addition in the para, mineral is counter balanced by the other ion,, is called antagonism., , 143, , R, , Phytochrome :, , During day time, Pfr accumulates in the plants., It inhibits flowering in SDP but initiates, below, flowering in LDP. During dark period Pfr, the, changes into Pr, it stimulates/ promotes, diagram, flowering in SDP and inhibits flowering in, LDP., , 144, , R, , Advantages..., , bullet 1, , 144, , R, , 7.12 Mineral, , line 1-2, , 145, , L, , para 1, , line 5, , 145, , L, , para 1, , 2nd last, line, , 147, , L, , upper Do you, know box, , bullet 3, line 1-2, , 147, , L, , Toxicity...., , 147, , R, , b. Donnan, equilibrium :, 7.13 Nitrogen, , 148, , L, , 148, , R, , Box, , L, , Biological, Nitrogen, fixation :, para 2, , 149, , cycle:, , ions (i.e. anions), after their entry into the, cell, become, , line 3, , ions, after their entry into the cell, become, , 2nd last, line, , Plants need nitrogen in a reactive form usually Plants badly need nitrogen in a reactive, form usually, , 21, , line 2, , Industrial nitrogen fixation., , Industrial nitrogen fixation:, , process and nitrogen fixers use 16 molecules process (endothermic reaction) and nitrogen, of ...., fixers use 16 molecules of ...

Page 20 : 149, , L, , Do you, box, , 150, , 152, , Nitrification :, para 1, , R, , know, , Q.4, , Most of the soil bacteria participate in... Nitrification is exothermic reaction. Most of, Addition before the 1st line, the soil bacteria participate in..., , line 1, , bullet 1, , 1., Soil, nitrogen, is, replenished, 1., Soil nitrogen is replenished by, through the nitrogenous waste of animals,, excretion of animals, (as ammonia, urea and, (as ammonia, urea and uric acid) via., uric acid) ammonification and nitrification., ammonification and nitrification., , Sub Q. 5 Addition, , How are minerals absorbed by the plants?, , Chapter 8 : Respiration and Circulation, Page, No., , Column, Left (L), Right (R), , 153, , R, , 158, , R, , 158, , R, , 162, , R, , Heading/, Paragraph, , Line No., , Printed Matter, , Correction, spaces are continuous. Exchange of gases, takes place between the air and the tissue., Oxygen diffuses into....., Oxygen tension ppO2 of blood (mm Hg), , line 2, Addition, from top, Graph 8.7, Carbon, monoxide, poisoning, internet my ..., , labelling Oxygen ppO2 (mm Hg), line 7 - 8, line 1, , monoxide preventing oxygen from binding monoxide thus preventing oxygen from, with hemoglobin. Thus less hemoglobin...... binding with it as a result less hemoglobin......, Which is type of circulation, amphibians ans reptiles ?, , present in Which type of circulation is, amphibians ans reptiles ?, , present in, , Chapter 9 : Control and Coordination, Page, No., 183, 202, 212, , Column, Left (L), Right (R), L, L, R, , Heading/, Paragraph, , Line No., , Printed Matter, , Fig 9.2, labelling Flatworms e.g. Planaria, Eye, line 6 ..... upper and lower eyelids eyelashes ...., below the box, line 7 transmitters adrenaline and nor-adrenaline, , Correction, , Flatworms e.g. Planaria, ..... upper and lower eyelids, eyelashes ...., transmitters - adrenaline and nor-adrenaline

Page 21 : 215, , R, , Pancreas, , line 3, line 5, , and endocrine gland., ... four kinds of hormone...., , and an endocrine gland., ... four types of hormone...., , Chapter 10 : Human Health and Diseases, Page, No., , 239, , Column, Left (L), Right (R), R, , Heading/, Paragraph, , Middle period, , Line No., , Printed Matter, , line 6 conditions; capablity for ...., second, last line establishing peer group defining ...., , Correction, , conditions; capability for ...., establishing peer group that helps in defining, ...., , Chapter 11 : Enhancement of Food Production, Page, No., , Column, Left (L), Right (R), , Heading/, Paragraph, , Line No., , Printed Matter, , Correction, , 246, , R, , Lower do you, know box, , last 2, line, , 247, , R, , Molecular plant breeding, Tissue culture,, rDNA technology, SCP, etc., The selected parents must be healthy, vigorous, ........, , Molecular plant breeding, and rDNA, technology., The two plants selected as parents must be, healthy, vigorous ......, The cultivation of many high yielding, hybrid, varieties of rice, wheat, sugarcane, millets,, developed through hybridization, and the use, of fertilizers pesticides and proper irrigation, have helped farmer community to attain, record agricultural production in India since, 1961. This is called green revolution., , 2., Evaluation..., , 248, , R, , para 2, , 251, , R, , Advantages, ..., , line 4, , Many high yielding, hybrid varieties of rice,, wheat, sugarcane, millets, developed through, hybridization, have helped farmer community, to attain record agricultural production in India, since 1961. This is called green revolution., bullet 4, line 1, , 4. Genetically similar plants (clones) are, , 4. Genetically identical plants (clones) are

Page 22 : It is a method in which crops are bred, It is a method in which crops are breed (produced) for having higher levels of, (produced) for having higher levels of vitamins, vitamins, minerals and fats (i.e. better, minerals and fats (i.e. better nutritive value). nutritive value). It can also be achieved by, Addition of sentence, supplementing nutrients from outside, besides, through breeding., algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans,, algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans,, nematodes, etc. and their products that, nematodes etc. Their products having, exhibit benificial activities which are used for, beneficial activities are used for welfare, welfare, The milk is coagulated with lactic acid - It is the partially degraded concentrate of, addition to be done prior to the above milk fat and caesin. The milk is coagulated, sentence, with lactic acid, Beverage is a non-alcoholic or alcoholic, Beverage is a liquid used or prepared for, liquid produced or prepared and used for, drinking e.g. ..., Vitamins are some organic nitrogenous Vitamins are some complex organic, compounds which are capable of performing nitrogenous compounds required in small, many life-sustaining functions inside our amount and are capable of performing many, body., life-sustaining functions of our body., , 252, , R, , 11.5 Bio...., , line 1-3, , 258, , R, , 11.7, Microbes.., , para 2, line 3-4, , 259, , R, , iv. Cheese:, , 260, , L, , a., Production.., , line 1-2, , 260, , R, , c., Production.., , line 1-2, , 265, , R, , Table 11.14, , headings, Pathogen, of, columns, , Host, , Pathogen (biocontrol agent), pest), , Host(target, , Chapter 12 : Biotechnology, Column, Heading/, Left (L), Paragraph, Right (R), 273., L, para 2, , Page, No., , 280, , R, , para 2, , Line No., , Printed Matter, , Correction, , line 4, , way, using in vitro process., The genes are inserted by the side of, β-galactosidase gene of the plasmid. The, recombinant plasmids were then separately, transformed into E. coli host., , way, using ‘in vitro’ process., The genes for chain A and B are inserted next, to β-galactosidase gene separately in separate, plasmid vectors. The recombinant plasmids are, then separately introduced into E. coli host cell., , line 1-4

Page 23 : 280, , R, , Vaccine, production:, para 3, , line 1, , Vaccines have eliminated small pox,, , Vaccines have eliminated (eradicated) small, pox, ..., , important example is the production of flu, important example is the production of flu, vaccine by Bacillus subtilis which melts in the, vaccine by Bacillus which melts in the mouth., mouth., Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture, involves the use of genetically modified crops, para 1 modified, through the gene manipulation. The GM crop that, are pest resistant, stress tolerants etc. are used in, improving the productivity., Gene therapy is the treatment of disease, Gene therapy is the treatment of disease, (disorder)..., ...or abnormality is responsible for the disease. ...or abnormality is responsible for the disease, (disorder)., , 281, , L, , Oral Vaccine:, para 2, , 281, , L, , b. Agriculture, para 1, , 281, , R, , Gene, box, , 281, , R, , 281, , R, , 281, , R, , Gene therapy, , 283, , R, , Highlighted box, , 283, , R, , b. bioforti..., para 2, , line 1, , Especially terrible is the blindness that, , Especially terrible is the night blindness that, , 283, , R, , b. bioforti..., para 2, , line 5, , world cannot afford. To solve this problem,, , world do not easily afford. To solve this problem,, , 283, , R, , b. bioforti..., para 2, , The golden colour is due to vitamin A. They, , The golden colour is due to beta carotene a, precursor of vitamin A. They...., , therapy, , Gene therapy, , Para 2, Gene therapy, , Para 2, , line 5-6, , line 1, and 4, line 1, , Most, if not all, diseases have a genetic, , Most, if not all, disorders have a genetic.., , line 3, , partially responsible for the disease. For, , partially responsible for the disorder. For, , Bullet 2, , line 9, , •, Deliver genes, destruction of cancer cells;, , that, , speed, , the •, Deliver genes that speed up the, destruction of cancer cells;, Golden rice - a transgenic food crop used to, Golden rice - a transgenic food crop used to, reduce vitamin A deficiency disease (night, reduce vitamin A deficiency disease., blindness).

Page 24 : 284, , R, , 285, , L, , 285, , L, , 285, , L, , 288, 288, 288, , L, L, R, , called Flavr savr tomatoes) can remain on the called ‘Flavr savr’ tomatoes) can remain on, para 1, line 11- vine until mature and be transported in a firm the vine until mature (long shelf life) and be, 12, solid state., transported in a firm solid state., d. Products of Genetically engineered opium, d. Genetically engineered opium poppy to, bullet d., (poppy) used to produce more powerful (i.e., produce more powerful painkillers., strong) painkillers - i.e. analgesics and sedatives., e. Transgenic.., line 5 in developing countries. Potatoes, tomatoes,, in developing countries. GM Potatoes, tomatoes,, vaccine delivery. Fruits of GM banana can be, e. Transgenic.. last line vaccine delivery. Addition in the ..., used as oral edible vaccine against Hepatitis - B., a. Herbicide...., line 1 Effects on the environment are a particular, Effects on the environment are of a particular, a. Herbicide...., line 8 crops in less than ideal conditions.  However,, crops in lesser ideal conditions.  However,, c. New Proteins last line ...unknown., ...unknown. eg. whey protein., , 288, , R, , d. Food, Additives ..., , para 1, 288, , d. Food, Additives ..., , R, , para 2, , line 5, , line 2-3, , 291, , R, , Q.3 short...., , 1., , 291, , R, , Q.3 short...., , 2., , and disease resistance to those countries ..., , and disease resistance to the people of those, countries ..., , of antibiotic and vaccine-resistant strains of of antibiotic and vaccine-resistant strains of, diseases., pathogens., 1. Explain the properties of a good or ideal 1. Explain the properties of a good and ideal, cloning vector for rDNA technology., cloning vector in rDNA technology., 2. In a PCR machine the temperature can be, 2. A PCR machine can rise temperature..., raised upto..., , Chapter 13 : Organisms and Populations, Page, No., , 294, , Column, Left (L), Right (R), , R, , Heading/, Paragraph, , Line No., , Table 13.2, , Effect of temperature, rainfall and other has effect of temperature, rainfall and other, 3rd diff.., abiotic factors., abiotic factors on its population., in both, Flow of energy from one organism to other shows impact of organisms upon the habitat, columns, ., through ecosystem., , Printed Matter, , Correction

Page 25 : 294, , R, , Table 13.2, , 302, , L, , Para 1, , 307, , L, , MCQ 3, , 5th diff.. Niche is an activity performed by organisms., 2nd last, line, , Niche is an activity or role performed by, organisms., , benefited in mutualism and both are harmed benefited in mutualism and one or both may, in competition., be harmed in the competition., , 3. Association between sea anemone and, 3. Association between sea anemone and, catption Hermit crab in gastropod shell is that of, clown fish is that of ................, ................, , Chapter 14 : Ecosystems and Energy flow, Page, No., , Column, Left (L), Right (R), , Heading/, Paragraph, , Line No., , 308, , L, , Para 1, , line 16, , 308, , L, , Para 2, , line 2, , 308, , L, , Para 2, , line 3, , 308, , L, , Para 2, , line 5, , 312, , R, , Fig. 4.6, , Title, , 312, , L, , below box, , line 7, , L, , 14.3, Ecological, para 2, , line 3, , 313, , Printed Matter, , Correction, , ecosystems while lakes, wetlands, rivers, and..., analyse the structure of the ecosystem, in, order ..., to appreciate the input (productivity), transfer, ..., , ecosystems while lakes, wetlands, rivers,, seas, oceans and...., analyse the structure and functions of the, ecosystem, in order ..., to appreciate the input (net productivity),, transfer..., and the output (as degradation and energy, and the output (degradation and energy loss)., loss)., Fig. 14.6 : Energy loss with increasing trophic Fig. 14.6 : Energy flow showing loss at, level, increasing trophic level, saprotrophs (saprobes). Decomposers, saprotrophs. Decomposers secrete enzymes, secrete enzymes, an inverted cone like structure. This concept, , an upright cone like structure. This concept

Page 26 : para 1, , line 1-5, , 314, , L, , 314, , L, , 14.4 Nutrient.., , line 5, , 316, , L, , 14.5 Ecological, , line 3, , Pyramid of energy is always upright. It, can never be inverted, because when energy, flows from a particular trophic level only, 10% pass on as net energy to the next trophic, level, and large amount of energy is always, lost as heat at each step., calcium, etc. present in the soil. Their, calcium, etc. present in the soil, varies in ..., concentration varies in..., ecosystem is initially occupied by the, ecosystem is occupied by the pioneer species., pioneer species., Pyramid of energy is always upright, can, never be inverted, because when energy flows, from a particular trophic level to the next, trophic level, some energy is always lost as, heat at each step., , Chapter 15 : Biodiversity, Conservation and Environmental Issues, Page, No., , Column, Left (L), Right (R), , Heading/, Paragraph, , 321, , R, , para 1, , 322, , L, , a. Genetic..., para 1, , Line No., , last 3rd, line, , 322, , L, , a. Genetic..., para 2, , line 1-4, , 323, , R, , Below fig. 15.5, , line 1-5, , Printed Matter, , Correction, , a defined area... Addition, , a defined area. In nut shell, biodiversity is, the totality of genes species and ecosystem, in a region (as per IUCN, UNEP and WRI)., , species. You know about 1000 varieties of, , species. There are about 1000 varieties of, , Another case of genetic diversity is a, Another case of genetic diversity is : a, medicinal plant Rauwolfia serpentina, medicinal plant Rauwolfia vomitoria which, which secretes (produces) active component, secretes active component reserpine, is found, reserpine. It is found in different Himalayan, in different Himalayan ranges. This plant, ranges. This plant...., Humboldt observed that species richness, Humboldt observed that species richness does, increases with the increase in area but upto a, increase with the increase in area but upto, certain limit. Observe the graph for speciesa limit. Observe the graph for species-area, area relationship. For many species this, relationship. For many species this curve is a, relationship is in the form of a rectangular, rectangular hyperbola., hyperbola.

Page 27 : 325, , R, , 325, , R, , 325, , 328, , 15.4 Loss of, , para 2, , last line overexploitation and reclamation. Addition, , Yellow box, , line 1 - 2, , Major mass extinction events occured, between Cretaeous and Coenozoic period;, , R, , 15.4 Loss of, , below, the box, line 1-4, , We are aware of five mass extinctions during, various stages of history of earth (e.g. ice age)., The current loss of biodiversity is considered, to be the Sixth extinction which, , L, , 15.5, Conservation, , line 4, , para 1, , 329, , L, , para 1, , 331, , L, , para 1, , 331, , L, , Particu...., , 334, , L, , para 2, , 334, , R, , Domestic, sewage, , 335, , R, , Fig. 15.8, , line 1-4, , line 3-4, , line 1-2, , line 3, , its optimum level and to derive sustainable, , overexploitation and reclamation, (of, mangroove lands)., Major mass extinction events occurred, between pleistocene and holocene epoch;, between Cretaceous and Tertiary period;, We are aware of six mass extinctions during, various stages of history of earth (e.g., ice age). The current loss of biodiversity, extinction (holocene) is considered to be the, seventh mass extinction which..., its optimum level and also to derive, sustainable, , India has four of world’s biodiversity, India has three of world’s biodiversity hotspots, hotspots (the areas with high density of, (the areas with high density of biodiversity),, biodiversity) : Western ghats, IndoWestern ghats, Indo-Burma and EasternBurma region, Sundaland and EasternHimalayas. It has been estimated..., Himalayas. It has been estimated...., Any substance - chemical or form of, Any substance that causes pollution, is called energy that adversely affect health of, Pollutant. In order to protect and improve, living organism including humans, is called, Pollutant. In order to protect and improve, Particulate air pollutants are solids and, Particulate air pollutants may be solid or, also as fine liquid droplets called aerosols., liquids. Particles with diameter 10 µm may, Particles with diameter 10 µm may, .... construction sites, industries, public, Addition in last line, functions, festivals, family functions etc., human consumption and also affect aquatic, human consumption. Solids are relatively, plant and animals. Solids are relatively, easy..., easy..., Arrows in the figure shown in downward Arrows in the figure to be shown in upward, direction, direction

Page 28 : 338, , L, , 338, , L, , 342, , R, , below the fig., , para 1, below the fig., , para 4, Q.3 Short..., , line 4-5, , 2nd last, line, lin 4, , cycle is repeated many times. Hence CO2 and, CH4 are commonly called greenhouse gases., are emitted by fire extinguishers and air, conditioners., 4. Green house effect is boon or bane? Give, your opinion., , cycle is repeated many times. Similar, phenomenon prevails under green house/, glass house. Hence it is called greenhouse, effect. Gases CO2 and CH4 involved in the, process are called greenhouse gases., are emitted by fire extinguishers, jet planes,, air conditioners etc., 4. Is green house effect boon or bane? Give, your opinion.