Page 1 :
Articles are a type of adjective. They are always used with a noun., , SAG Kinds of articies There are two types of articles :, , qq Definite Article : An article which is used to refer to a particular person or thing., , @ Indefinite Article : An article which does not refer to any particular person or thing., , Eg: the, Eg: a, an., | Count, \seccme) SSC, |Known) —_|Unknown! iste), | Sng) | PI) [Sng) | Pl |afan) a), | the | the} [ale om J, | Specific) | General), |Known) |Unknown! xy, | the), , uy before singular nouns beginning with a, consonant — a dog; a boy ; a girl., , &) before singular nouns beginning with a vowel, sounding as ‘you’ — a union, university,, a European, a useful animal, « Ewe., , (@) before ©’ sounding as ‘wa’ — « one-rupee, coin, a one-eyed deer., , () inthe sense of ax'— I need apen., , to mean a class as an agent— 4 cow is a, , useful animal., , (W) with words ‘little’ and ‘few— « few people,, alittle milk., , Ww before collective singular nouns — a bunch of, keys., , uy before singular nouns beginning with a, vowel— aw egg., , , , before a consonant having a vowel Sound., an SDO, aw MA, awLLB., (@) before a silent “/— ax hour, awhonest mar, (Q) in the sense of ‘axy’— Give me avappie, , Uses of Both ‘A’ and ‘An, , (M) before a profession — a Photographe,, aw editor., , (@) to mean like something or someone, (i) Birds of @ feather flock together. (jj) He, thinks he is a«Aristotle., , we) while using a proper noun like a commer, noun— (i) Aw Olivia was asking for yo,, (ii) He appears to be a Chinese. (ii) Sheig,,, Mother Teresa., , @® before some phrases — (i) | am in a rush,, (ii) Imran has caught «bad cold., , (B) in the sense of ‘every'— five rupees « kip, twelve times a year. |, , (@) in exclamatory sentences— (i) What « cul, baby! (ii) What awidea !, , Wy in certain expressions— a quarter, a dozen,, half 2 dozen, a couple, a million, « thousand, a lot of, « great deal of, a great number 0,, a good deal of, a great many, «score., , Uses of ‘The’ :, , W@W before the aforesaid nouns— | have a pet, but ée pen is old., , (2) before the names of rivers, seas, mounlat, ranges, ships, gulfs, scriptures, newspapes, trains, aeroplanes, etc. — the Gange, the Arabian Sea, tie Himalayas, the Titan, the Persian Gulf, sxe Ramayana, the Teleg", the Rajdhani Express, , tie Wright Flyer., , , , 164
Page 2 :
{, , |, |, , WY 4, x, SZ, , before singular nouns referring to things which, are there only one in number — sie moon, the, sun., , before the names of nations, communities, or political parties— the Indians, eke Hindus,, the Congress., , before singular common nouns to indicate a, whole class— Tke cow gives us milk., , (@) before adjectives to indicate an entire class of, ea The tich (The rich people) can buy, th, before a common noun used as an abstract, one— 7ke mother in her, rose, at the sight of, the poor child., , (es) before the names of ‘epithet’ that follow, the person's name— Alexander, the great,, Queen Elizabeth, te second., , &) before the names of famous monuments,, buildings, bridges, etc.— the Charminar, the, Taj Mahal, t’e Howrah Bridge., , before special days — the Republic Day, the, New Year's Eve., a) before group of islands, deserts, historical, , events and age, dignitary, award — the, Andamans, te Thar, tte Sepoy Mutiny, te, , Victorian Age, te Chief Justice, #e Bharat, Ratna., (2) before the names of certain countries and, , provinces— the United States, te Deccan., before musical instruments— the piano, the, violin., , Ww) before double comparatives — the more |, earn, the more | spend., , (48) before superlative adjectives— she smallest,, the longest, ee most interesting, etc., , (We) before ordinals— the second, the next, the, following, tie previous, etc., , ww before proper nouns qualified by adjectives—, The well-known Indian philosopher Vivekananda., used with comparative forms when comparing, only two things — (i) Kasturi is the better, athlete between Sayoni’s two children., (ii) She is tae smarter of the two girls., , Articles And Prepositions, , /, “2S:, , G9) if a direction follows a preposition, you must, use ‘the'— (i) The grocery store is on the left., (ii) My house is in #e south., , , , (20) ‘The’ can be used with plural family name:, , to refer to the family as a group (i) 7he Lees, are originally from China. (ii) My brother lives, , next door to the Ahujas. ’, Qh ‘The’ is used in some time expressions such, , as— in temorning, sxe day before yesterday,, , in theafternoon, ¢he-day after tomorrow, in the, , evening, during se day, the fall, te summer., =! Note : However, in other time expressions, no, article is used — at night, at midnight, all, day, all night, all month, every month, every —, year, last night, last Friday, yesterday,, tomorrow., REPETITION OF THE ARTICLE :, , >, e, (@) When two or more nouns refer to the same, person then the article is placed only before, , the first one. (aq ¥2 a Crees noun sz, BTS ANAT, LA YYATS ater] Noun~s7 ACIS, article 404!), , Eg: zhe headmaster and secretary of our school, was present in the meeting. (the same person), , (2) When two or more nouns refer to two different, persons then article is placed before each of, , the nouns. (744 4 <1 SLwies noun fea aac, NT SAA ATS noun-aat ALE article 4 |), , The headmaster and #he secretary of our, school were present in the meeting (different, persons)., , (3) When comparing two nouns referring to the, same person or thing, the article must be used, , with the first noun. (34 YC! noun-44 aqalst BT, SIZ DS a rcs CATS Se 22 noun-44, {C42 article FA |), , Eg : (i) Kapil Dev is 2 better bowler than batsman., (ii) Sarojini Naidu is « better poet than speaker., , , , , , , , , , , , Eg:, , ScAf@owission or rhe anrictes on aw, , Q) Aor Anis not used with a plural noun., Eg: dogs, books, girls (not a dogs, a books, a, girls), With uncountable nouns :, Eg: advice furniture, , knowledge, information scenery, , work, , news machinery _ business, baggage imagery, luggage poetry, , But these words may be used with :, some, any, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a bit of,, an item of, etc.
Page 3 :
—, Aicoped, aa, Eg: some advice, any news, apiece of information,, , A knowledge of English is useful. (Correct), The words ‘hair and ‘experience’ may be, used with or without articles., , Eg: | used aAair to tie the papers. {not hair], , Ihave experience in teaching. (not asexperience], BUT—I had an excellent experience yesterday., , [Not excellent experience], , @) With material nouns :, , Eg: glass sheet cloth bread wood, wine copper rice iron coffee, wheat gold stone tea milk, paper silver sugar water marble, But these words may be used with a different, meaning., , Eg: | want a paper. [means newspaper], | used an iron. {means clothes iron}, , @) With abstract nouns :, , Eg: happiness pleasure courage, beauty love intelligence, fear affection hope, friendship wisdom bravery, , With the names of meals and drink., , Eg: dinner, supper, lunch, breakfast., (i) He invited me to dinner. (ii) Have you taken, tea?, But these words may be used with Indefinite, Article, when they are particularised., , Eg: A dinner was given by the President of India, for the existing Prime Minister of India., , , , (@) Before a Proper noun used in the general, sense. (alata Stet BAYS Proper noun-s4, , ora), , Eg: Kolkata is the cultural capital of India. Sachin, Tendulkar is a great cricketer., , , , , Eg: Ahmedabad is the Manchester of India., (@) Before a Common noun used in the general, sense. (Alaa Bc age Common noun-st, , 4 |), , : (i) Ships sail in the sea. (ii) Birds fly in the sky., , English Companion 10, , x, , Eg: The birds in my house can talk as well as, Before a Material noun used in the gen,, sense. (alert act BAZS Material noun,, , | 7, Eg: aoe is a valuable metal. (ii) Coal is blag,, (iii) Honey tastes sweet., , , , Ss, , , , , Eg : The coffee from Ghana is world famous., Before an Abstract noun in the general sengy, caters ore aS Abstract noun C4), , Eg: (i) Health is wealth. Beauty is truth., , , , , , , , , , , Fe ee Sy article 47 |), , Eg: The knowledge of King Solomon is known to al,, ©) Before plural countable nouns used in the, general sense. (Plural countable nouns-<, , a) :, Eg: (i) Boys like to play football. (ii) Cows ea, , , , The cows that | bought are Jersey Cows., , ©) Before the names of days, festivals, holidays,, months, seasons, diseases, streets, hospitals,, stations, languages, countries, colours, states,, cities, sports, academic subjects, unique posts,, , Eg:, , etc., , Day — | have an invitation to attend on, Sunday., , Festival — Nuzhat will return to Mumbai after, Christmas., , Holiday — We have a plan to visit Jaldapara, during summer vacation., , Month — March is the month of blooming, flowers., , Season — | was in Delhi last winter., Disease — That boy is suffering from chole”, Street — College Street is the place where ™), Office is., , Hospital—S.S.K.M, Hospital is a superspecial, hospital of our state., , Station — Our train will leave Howrah Sia!”, at 10:45 p.m., , , , Language — Bengali is my mother tongué
Page 4 :
WH ‘, , 4, Country — Brazil is famous for football., , Colour — Green is associated with Prosperity., , state — Bihar is our neighbouring s, , City — Kolkata is the city of joy. ae, Sport — like to Play rugby., Academic Subject — My sister was always, good at Geography, , Unique Post — He was elected chairman of, the company., , (@ Before the name of some relations. (fey, Hearse ACTA ACE |), ig: Father gifted me those books., (p) No article is used with the four words ‘man’,, ‘woman’, ‘nature’ and ‘society’., (i). Man is a social animal., (i) Woman has greater abilities., (ii) Woman is cleverer than man., (iv) Man is mortal., (v) Nature is the best physician., (vi) Wordsworth is a worshipper of Nature., (vii) Society is created for the welfare of man., (viii) Society is a combination of all sections of, people. Fa 2, Note : When hinting at a particular person an", article is used before the words ‘man’ and |, ‘woman’., , (i) like the man who teaches us History. |, (i) The woman you met at the theatre is my |, Ider sister. cy, , , , , , , , Articles And Prepositions, , ®! Note : An article is used, if they are consider, , (42) No article is used with nouns which are in, , |, {, |, 1 |, |, , “2a, , §®) No article is used before nouns in certain, , phrases— to set sail, to take offence, to catch, fire, to take breath, to leave home, to bring, word, to give ear, to strike root, to cast anchor,, to give battle, to lose heart., , No article is used with the following, prepositional phrases— at home, at dinner, at, ease, at interest, at midday, at daybreak, at, fault, at sunrise, at sunset, in hand, in debt,, in trouble, on demand, on earth, on foot, on, horseback, underground, above ground, by, air, by bus, by train, by steamer, by land, by, river, by day, by night., , No article is used if the primary purpose, is to go to these places— school, college,, university, office, hospital, nursing home,, bed, market, jail, chapel, church, mosque,, temple-— (i) Mother is going to bed. (ii) Piyali is, in college., , , , , , as places — (i) The office is very beautifully _, constructed. (ii) | went to the hospital to see, my ailing granny., , pairs— (i) Talent differs from man to man., , (ii) Yesterday | watched a neck and neck horse, race. ", , eT PSS, , , , ——, , (@ RELATIONS INDICATED BY PREPOSITIONS :, , Place / Position (24 / G72"), al The salesman is standing a¢ the door., on The book is kept on the table., over Birds flew over our head., , Is the hospital w:#/ walking distance, from your house ?, , within, , , , Seside There is a tall tree decide the pond., , upon Their small cottage is «pow a hill., , down Put down your bag., , “988 The boat sailed across the river., , "Sie The cat is ixeide the bag., , above The Almighty is above us., , ®syond The sun is lost beyond the horizon., , 9) Thellttle boy is running «40x: the corridor., fon) ‘He is L g oii ng to return from Goa today., “8 The old s resting «»«uder the tree., POM tal xearthe school., around is, , against, , among, before, , below, behing, , between, , by, in, , into, through, , after, , wa PREPOSITIONS, , You must not lean agaixe the refrigerator., During their Ooty trip, the family fell, among thieves. 2, How dare you stand before the Principal, and tell lies? bit ag, The cat is hiding be/owthe table., , Sohini is sitting behind Soham., These autos ply between Chakraberia, and Deshapriya Park., , , , A stream flows ty Vivek's village., , Three colourful kites are flying i th, sky. 2 Pe ine ee, , The foolish goat fell to the well.
Page 5 :
iv, ‘os, , ti, from, for, , by, before, during, , within, , | will wait for it 2# my last breath., The classes will begin from June 10., Uncle stayed here jor a month., , He can complete it 4 Monday., Finish it sefore | return., , | have a plan to visit Bengaluru during, this Puja vacation., , Father asked me to reach the bazar, weehin an hour., , throughout Ranjan studied hard suoughoue the, , in, on, , through, to, towards, , under, , until, , towards, across, into, , at, , down, away, , round, from, , up, along, , against, , off, in, on, , week., , | will meet you the evening., , (i) We are planning a party om Tuffy's, birthday., , (ii) 1 will collect the movie tickets ow, Friday., , The after— effects of the long journey, lasted through the next couple of days., He returned home at ten minutes, ten at night., , | will start my Puja shopping towards, the end of September., , (i) The kid finished two glasses of, milk wxder two minutes., , (ii) The Indians faced a lot of difficulties, under the British rule., , | won't go out «i you return., , Direction / Motion (fre / f=), , The ship sailed towards the north., , The bank is across: the street., , He entered ia» the room., , The little girls were throwing rose petals, aé one another., , The paper boat is floating dow» the, tunnel., , The Madhyamik examination is one, month asay., , I shall roam youd the world in 80 days., , The migratory birds come flying from the, West., , Jack and Jill went «p the hill., , We were walking a/oxg the beach, looking for sea-shells., , The fishermen at last reached the shore, rowing agauue the tide., , She fell of the balcony., Kashmir is « the north of India. ca, The Himalayas are on the north of India., , [Ray & Martin} English Cowpanion 10 myZ, , |, , RY, , 7, , China is & the north of India., , In = Inside, (breton:{= On = On the border, ; To = Outside, , to, , , , Cause / Purpose (ata / Sra), for The dog was barking, orit sensed Son,, danger., of Hundreds of people die every yea, >, hunger. ', , through Go through the book., The boys and girls of this generation ar,, , suffering from insomnia., xe all the efforts of the doctors, the, man could not be saved., , Manner / Method (*&fS / #4), with (i) The army fought w+ courage., (ii) We speak wz our tongue., , from, , despite, , , , by (i) | earn money 4y singing. }, (ii) She is taller than me 4 an inch: J, in (i) The payment was made i cash. }, , (ii) | cannot speak ua low voice., , Agency / Instrumentality (Aan / atea), , at Sohini always bids for antiques «, auctions. ;, , by (i) Mohit sent a parcel éy courier., (ii) The building was reduced to rubble, ty the earthquake., , through (i) | heard the news tough @ COMMON |, friend. ;, (ii) It was through the ettorts of the, defenders that we won the series., , with (i) Cut the bread wa knife., (ii) The boy hit the cat witha stone., , Possession (Ufa), of The heritage of India is very rich,, on The responsibility is no longer o ™, , shoulders., with | love chubby dogs with cheeks., of The contribution of Gandhiji to, , freedom struggle is immeasurable., Measure, Rate, Standard (sifaate / ta / *f44”!, , at BM Bank charges interest at 10, for loans up to %2 lakh., , by (i) Sova fell short of the mark by2inché, (ii) Kajol lost the race sy seven, , at The girl is walking to school « @, pace. als,
