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Vocabulary, , Vocabulary, , Word, , অর্থ, , English Meaning, , Abate, , ক্ষীণ করা, , (v) to lessen in intensity or degree, , Abscond, , আত্মগ াপন, , (v) To depart suddenly and secretly, as for the purpose of escaping, arrest., , কররযা র্াকা, Abyss, , রসাতল, , (n) an immeasurably deep chasm or void; a bottomless pit, , Accolade, , প্রশংসা, , (n) an expression of praise, , Acerbic, , রতক্ত, ব্যঙ্গপূ ণথ, , (adj.) having a sour or bitter taste or character; sharp; biting, , Acumen, , সূ ক্ষ্ম রব্চারশরক্ত, , (n) keen, accurate judgement or insight; shrewdness, , Adulation, , ততাষণ, , (n) excessive praise; intense adoration, , Adulterate, , তেজালযু ক্ত, , (v) to reduce purity by combining with inferior ingredients, , Adversity, , রব্গেষ, , (n) Hardship, difficulty; opposition, , Aesthetic, , নান্দরনক, , (adj.) dealing with, appreciative of, or responsive to art or the beautiful, , Aggrandize, , অরতররিত, , (v) to increase in intensity, power, influence or prestige, , করা, Aggravate, , ব্াডা, , (v) to make worse/intensify something, , Alchemy, , মধ্যযু ীয, , (n) a medieval science aimed at the transmutation of metals, esp. base, metals into gold (an alchemist is one who practices alchemy), , রসাযন-শাস্ত্র, Alleviate, , উপশম করা, , (v) to make more bearable, , Amalgamate, , তজাডা, , (v) to combine several elements into a whole, , লা াগনা, Ameliorate, , উন্নযনসাধ্ন, , (v) to make better or make more tolerable, , করা, Amenable, , এরক্তযারেুক্ত, , (adj.) agreeable; responsive to suggestion, , Anachronism, , কালবব্ষময, , (n) something or someone out of place in terms of historical or, chronological context, , Arbitrate, , মধ্যস্থতা করা, , (v) to judge a dispute between two opposing parties, , Archaic, , তসগকগল, , (adj.) outdated; associated with an earlier, perhaps more primitive time, 3
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Vocabulary, , Ardor, , ব্যগ্রতা, , (n) intense and passionate feeling, , Arduous, , শ্রমসাধ্য, , (adj) hard to do, requiring much effort, , Articulate, , গ্ররিব্দ্ধ, , (v) able to speak clearly and expressively, , Ascetic, , তপস্বী, , (n) one who practice rigid self denial, esp. as an act of religious, devotion, , Assuage, , প্রশরমত করা, , (v) to make something unpleasant less severe, , Attenuate, , হ্রাসপ্রাপ্ত, , (v) to reduce in force or degree; to weaken, , Audacious, , দু :সাহসী, , (adj) fearless and daring, , Austere, , উগ্র, , (adj) severe or stern in appearance, undecorated, , Avarice, , অর্থরলপ্সা, , (n) greed, esp. for wealth, , Aver, , তজার রদগয ব্লা, , (v) to state as a fact; to declare or assert, , Axiom, , স্বত:রসদ্ধ সতয, , (n) a universally recognized principle, , Banal, , তানু রতক, , Belie, , রমর্যা ব্ণথনা, , (adj) predictable, clichéd, boring, (v) to contradict, to give a false impression, , প্রদান করা, Bolster, , তারকযা, , (v) to support; to prop up, , Bombast, , শব্দাডম্বরপূ ণথ, , (n) speech or writing that sounds grand or important but has little, meaning, , োষা, Bombastic, , শব্দাডম্বরপূ ণথ, , (adj.) pompous; grandiloquent, , Bucolic, , তমগ া, , (adj.) rustic and pastoral; characteristic of rural areas and their, inhabitants, , Burgeon, , মুকুল, , (v) to grow rapidly or flourish, , Cacophony, , শ্রুরতকটুতা, , (n) harsh, jarring, discordant sound; dissonance, , Candid, , অকপট, , (adj) impartial and honest in speech, , Canon, , অনু শাসন, , (n) an established set of principles or code of laws, often religious in, nature, , Capricious, , খামগখযালী, , (adj) changing one's mind quickly and often; whimsical, , Castigation, , কগ ার ের্তসথনা, , (n) Severe criticism or punishment, , Catalyst, , অনু ঘটক, , (n) a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction without, itself changing; a person or thing that cause change, , Caustic, , তেষাত্মক, , (adj) burning or stinging; causing corrosion, 4
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Vocabulary, , Censure, , অনু গযা, , (v) to criticize harshly, , Chary, , সাব্ধ্ান, , (adj.) wary, cautious, sparing, , Chicanery, , ছল, , (n) trickery, fraud, deception, , Coercive, , ব্াধ্যকারী, , (adj) Forcing someone to do something against their will; intimidate, , Cogent, , অকাটয, , (adj.) appealing forcibly to the mind or reason; convincing, , Complaisance, , েদ্রতা, , (n) the willingness to comply with the wishes of others, , Condemn, , রনন্দা করা, , (v) to express strong disapproval of, , Conspire, , চক্রান্ত, , (v) to plan together secretly to do something wrong or illegal, , Contentious, , কুস্বোব্, , (adj.) argumentative; quarrelsome; causing controversy or, disagreement, , Contiguous, , সংলগ্ন, , (adj.) sharing a border; touching; adjacent, , Contrite, , অনু তপ্ত, , (adj.) regretful; penitent; seeking forgiveness, , Convention, , সগেলন, , (n) a generally agreed upon practice or attitude, , Covert, , গুপ্ত, , (adj) secret or hidden, , Cower, , গুরড মারা, , (v) To crouch or shrink away from in fear or shame, , Craven, , নীচ, , (adj) lacking courage coward, , Credulous, , রব্শ্বাসপ্রব্ণ, , (adj.) tending to believe too readily; gullible, , Crescendo, , সু গর তীব্রতার, , (n) steadily increasing volume or force, , ক্রম ব্ৃ রদ্ধ, Culpable, , রনন্দনীয, , Cynicism, , সব্ রকছু গতই তদাষ, তদখা মগনাোব্, , (adj.) deserving blame, (n) an attitude or quality of belief that all people are motivated by, selfishness, , Dearth, , অোব্, , (n) smallness of quantity or number; scarcity; a lack, , Decorum, , শালীনতা, , (n) polite or appropriate conduct or behavior, , Deference, , সশ্রদ্ধ ব্াধ্যতা, , (n) respect, courtesy, , Demur, , ম্ভীর করা, , (v) to question or oppose, , Denigrate, , কলরিত করা, , (v)to attack the reputation of; to speak ill of, , Denounce, , সমাগলাচনা করা, , (v) to criticize publicly, , 5
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Vocabulary, , Derision, , উপহাস, , (n) scorn, ridicule, contemptuous treatment, , Desiccate, , শুকান, , (v) to dry out or dehydrate; to make dry or dull, , Desultory, , রনযমশৃ ঙ্খলাহীন, , (adj) jumping from one thing to another; disconnected, , Diatribe, , সু দীঘথ রব্তকথ, , (n) a harsh denunciation, , Didactic, , নীরতমূ লক, , (adj.) intended to teach or instruct, , Diffident, , আত্মরব্শ্বাসহীন, , (adj) lacking self confidence, , Dilate, , সরব্স্তাগর ব্লা, , (v) to make larger; to expand, , Dilatory, , দীঘথসূত্রী, , (adj) intended to delay, , Dilettante, , অপটু কমথী, , (n) one with an amateurish or superficial interest in the arts or a branch, of knowledge, , Dirge, Disabuse, , ীত, ভ্রান্ত ধ্ারণারদ, , (n) a funeral hymn; a mournful poem; a funeral service in its solemn, or sung forms, (v) to set right; to free from error, , হইগত মুক্ত করা, , Discern, , উপলরি করা, , (v) to perceive; to recognize, , Discomfit, , ছত্রেঙ্গ করা, , (v) to embarrass, unsettle, , Discretion, , রব্চক্ষণতা, , (n) cautious reserve in speech; ability to make responsible decisions, , Disingenuous, , কপট, , (adj) not candid; insincere; not honest, , Disparage, , অব্জ্ঞা করা, , (v) to slight or belittle, , Disparate, , অসম, , (adj) fundamentally different; entirely unlike, , Dissemble, , ছদ্মগব্শ, , (v) to disguise or conceal; to mislead, , ধ্ারণ করা, Dissonance, , অবনকয, , (n) a harsh and disagreeable combination, often of sounds, , Divulge, , ফাাঁস করা, , (v) to disclose a secret; unwrap, , Dogmatic, , মতব্াদ, , (adj.) expressing a rigid opinion based on unproved or unprovable, principles, , সংক্রান্ত, Dupe, , প্রতাররত ব্যরক্ত, , (v) to deceive; a person who is easily deceived, , Ebullience, , উচ্ছ্বাস, , (n) the quality of lively or enthusiastic expression of thoughts and, feelings, , Eccentric, , অদ্ভুতস্বোব্, , (adj.) departing from norms or conventions, , 6
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Vocabulary, , Eclectic, , সারগ্রাহী, , (adj.) composed of elements drawn from various sources, , Efficacy, , কাযথক্ষমতা, , (n) effectiveness, , Elegy, , তশাক সঙ্গীত, , (n) a mournful poem, esp. one lamenting the dead, , Eloquent, , ব্াকপট, , (adj) persuasive and moving, especially in speech, , Emollient, , প্রগলপ, , (adj./n.) soothing, esp. to the skin; making less harsh; mollifying; an, agent that softens or smooths the skin, , Empirical, , গব্ষণামূ লক, , (adj.) based on observation or experiment, , Emulate, , অনু করণ করা, , (v) to copy; to try to equal or excel, , Endemic, , স্থানীয, , (adj.) characteristic of or often found in a particular locality, region, of, people, , Enervate, , শরক্তহীন করা, , (v) to reduce in strength, , Engender, , জন্ম তদওযা, , (v) to produce, cause, or bring about, , Enigmatic, , তহাঁযারলপূ ণথ, , (adj.) mysterious; obscure; difficult to understand, , Enumerate, , ণনা করা, , (v) to count, list, or itemize, , Ephemeral, , ক্ষণজীব্ী, , (adj.) brief; fleeting, , Equivocate, , েযর্থগব্াধ্ক ব্াকয, , (v)to use expressions of double meaning in order to mislead, , ব্যব্হার করা, , Erratic, , লক্ষযভ্রষ্ট, , (adj) wandering and unpredictable; lacking regularity, , Erudite, , জ্ঞানী, , (adj) learned, scholarly, bookish, , Esoteric, , অল্প েশেেজি, , (adj.) intended for or understood by a small, specific group, , বিিবাবেে িযবিশে, দেখাশিা িে এমি, , Estimable, , শ্রগদ্ধয, , (adj) admirable, , Eulogy, , ব্াখান, , (n) a speech honoring the dead; expression of approval or, commendation, , Evanescent, , রব্লীযমান, , (adj.) tending to disappear like vapor; vanishing, , Exacerbate, , ব্রধ্থত করা, , (v) to make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse., , Exculpate, , তদাষক্ষালন করা, , (v) to clear from blame; prove innocent, , Exigent, , অতযাব্শযক, , (adj) urgent; requiring immediate action, , Exonerate, , ক্ষালন করা, , (v) to remove blame, , Explicit, , স্পষ্ট, , (adj) clearly stated or shown; forthright in expression, 7
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Vocabulary, , Facetious, , ররসক, , (adj.) playful; humorous, , Fallacy, , ভ্রান্ত ধ্ারণা, , (n) an invalid or incorrect notion; a mistaken belief, , Fanatical, , ধ্মথান্ধ, , (adj) acting excessively enthusiastic; filled with extreme, unquestioned, devotion, , Fawn, , ধ্ামা ধ্রা, , (v) to flatter or praise excessively, , Fervent, , তপ্ত, , (adj.) greatly emotional or zealous, , Fervid, , তপ্ত, , (adj) intensely emotional; feverish, , Florid, , উজ্জ্বলব্ণথ, , (adj) excessively decorated or embellished, , Flout, , রব্দ্রুপ, , (v) to show contempt for, as in a rule or convention, , Foment, , লালন করা, , (v) to arouse or incite, , Fortuitous, , আকরিক, , (adj.) happening by accident or chance, , Fraud, , প্রতারণা, , (n) a deliberate deception intended to produce unlawful gain, , Frugality, , সংযম, , (adj) a tendency to be thrifty or cheap, , Furtive, , দ াপি, , (adj.) marked by stealth; covert; surreptitious, , Garrulous, , ব্াচাল, , (adj) talkative, rambling, , Germane, , সঙ্গত, , (adj.) relevant to the subject at hand;, , Glib, , সাব্লীল, , (adj.) marked by ease or informality; nonchalant; lacking in depth;, superficial, , Gregarious, , দলরপ্রয, , (adj) outgoing, sociable, , Guile, , ছলনা, , (n) deceit or trickery, , Gullible, , অরতসরল, , (adj) easily deceived; naive, , Hackneyed, , োিু বেে/, , (adj.) rendered trite or commonplace by frequent usage, , িহুলিযিহৃে, , Halcyon, , োে িা োবেপূ র্ব, , (adj.) calm and peaceful, , Harangue, , ব্া াডম্বরপূ ণথ, , (v./n.) to deliver a pompous speech or tirade; a long, pompous speech, , ব্ক্তৃতা, Hedonism, , আিন্দিাে, , (n) devotion to pleasurable pursuits, esp. to the pleasure of the senses (a, hedonist is someone who pursue pleasure), , Hegemony, , কতৃথত্ব, , (n) the consistent dominance of one state or ideology over others, , Heresy, , বব্ধ্মথয, , (n) any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established, beliefs, customs, etc., 8
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Vocabulary, , Heretical, , প্রচরলত, , (adj.) violating accepted dogma or convention, , মতগব্গরাধ্ী, Hubris, , ঔদ্ধতয, , (n) overbearing presumption or pride; arrogance, , Hyperbole, , অরতশগযারক্ত, , (n) an exaggerated statement, often used as a figure of speech, , Iconoclast, , সংস্কাশরর, , (n) one who attacks or undermines traditional conventions or institution, , আক্রমর্োরী, , Idolatrous, , তপৌত্তরলক, , (adj.) given to intense or excessive devotion to something, , Imminent, , আসন্ন, , (adj.) about to happen; impending, , Immutable, , অপররব্তথনীয, , (adj.) not capable of change, , Impassive, , আগ্রহহীন, , (adj.) revealing no emotion, , Impecunious, , রন:স্ব, , (adj.) lacking funds; without money, , Imperturbable, , রচরশান্ত, , (adj.) marked by extreme calm, impassivity and steadiness, , Impervious, , অগেদয, , (adj) impossible to penetrate; incapable of being affected, , Impetuous, , তব্ ব্ান, , (adj.) hastily or rashly energetic; impulsive and vehement, , Implacable, , রনদথয, , (adj.) not capable of being appeased or significantly changed, , Impudent, , লজ্জাহীন, , (adj) disrespectful, characterized by improper bold behavior, , Impunity, , মুরক্ত, , (n) immunity from punishment or penalty, , Inchoate, , অপররণত, , (adj.) in an initial stage; not fully formed, , Incipient, , জাযমান, , (adj.) beginning to come into being or to become apparent, , Indifferent, , উদাসীন, , (adj.) having no interest or concern; showing no bias or prejudice, , Inert, , জড, , (adj.) unmoving; lethargic; sluggish, , Infelicitous, , তব্মানান, , (adj.) unfortunate; inappropriate, , Ingenuous, , মনগখালা, , (adj) showing innocence or childlike simplicity, , Inimical, , ক্ষরতকর, , (adj.) damaging; harmful; injurious, , Innocuous, , রনগদথাষ, , (adj.) harmless; causing no damage, , Inopportune, , অপ্রাপ্তকাল, , (adj) coming at a bad time; not appropriate, , Insipid, , রব্রস, , (adj.) without taste or flavor; lacking in spirit; bland, , 9
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Vocabulary, , Intractable, , অব্াধ্য, , (adj.) not easily managed or directed; stubborn; obstinate, , Intransigent, , একগরাখা, , (adj.) refusing to compromise, , Intrepid, , রনরাতি, , (adj.) steadfast and courageous, , Inundate, , প্রব্ারহত করা, , (v) to overwhelm; to cover with water, , Inveigle, , মুগ্ধ করা, , (v) to obtain by deception or flattery, , Irascible, , একগরাখা, , (adj) easily angered; prone to temperamental outbursts, , Laconic, , অল্পকর্ায অর্থপূণথ, , (adj.) using few words; terse, , Lament, , রব্লাপ, , (v) to express sorrow; to grieve, , Laud, , প্রশংসা, , (v) to give praise; to glorify, , Lavish, , তের, , (adj) to give unsparingly; or extremely generous or extravagant, , Lethargic, , অলস, , (adj) acting in an indifferent or slow, sluggish manner, , Loquacious, , িােপটু, , (adj.) extremely talkative (like Michelle!), , Lucid, , স্বচ্ছ, , (adj) clear and easily understood, , Luminous, , োস্বর, , (adj.) characterized by brightness and the emission of light, , Malevolent, , রহংসক, , (adj.) having or showing often vicious ill will, spite, or hatred, , Malinger, , পীডার োণ করা, , (v) to evade responsibility by pretending to be ill, , Malleable, , নমনীয, , (adj.) capable of being shaped or formed; tractable; pliable, , Martial, , সামররক, , (n) associated with war and the armed forces, , Maverick, , ব্াউণ্ডুগল, , (n) an independent or unorthodox individual ;dissenter; refuse to be, branded, , Mendacity, , রমর্যা, , (n) the condition of being untruthful; dishonesty, , Mercurial, , পবরিেবিেীল/, , (adj.) characterized by rapid and unpredictable change in mood, , েৎপর, , Meticulous, , অরতসতকথ, , (adj.) characterized by extreme care and precision; attentive to detail, , Misanthrope, , মনু ষযগেষী, , (n) a person who hates or despises people, , Mitigate, , প্রশরমত করা, , (v) to make or become less severe or intense; to moderate, , Mollify, , তকামল করা, , (v) to calm or soothe; to reduce in emotional intensity, , Monotony, , তানু রতকতা, , (n) lack of variation, , 10
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Vocabulary, , Morose, , রব্শুষ্ক, , (adj.) sad; sullen; melancholy, , Naïve, , সাদারসধ্া, , (adj) lacking sophistication or experience, , Neophyte, , নব্দীরক্ষত ব্যরক্ত, , (n) a recent convert; a beginner; novice, , Obdurate, , একগুাঁগয, , (adj) stubborn; hardhearted, , Obfuscate, , রব্ভ্রান্ত করা, , (v) to deliberately obscure; to make confusing, , Obsequious, , ততাযাজ/, , (adj.) exhibiting a fawning attentiveness, , চাটুকার, , Obviate, , রনব্ারণ করা, , (v) to prevent; to make unnecessary, , Occlude, , অন্তধ্থারণ করা, , (v) to obstruct or block, , Odious, , ঘৃ ণয, , (adj.) evoking intense aversion or dislike, , Onerous, , গুরুোর, , (adj) troubling; burdensome, , Opaque, , অস্বচ্ছ, , (adj.) impenetrable by light; not reflecting light; unintelligible, , Opprobrium, , রনন্দা, , (n) disgrace; contempt; scorn, , Oscillation, , তদালন, , (n) the act or state of swinging back and forth with a steady,, uninterrupted rhythm, , Ostentation, , জাাঁকজমক, , (n) excessive showiness; flashiness, , Ostentatious, , োনপূ ণথ, , (adj.) characterized by or given to pretentious play; showy, , Paradox, , কূটাোস, , (n) a contradiction or dilemma, , Paragon, , সম্পূ ণথতার, , (n) a model of excellence or perfection, , আদশথ, Pedagogy, , রশক্ষারব্জ্ঞান, , Pedantic, , ত াাঁডা/ বিোরিু বিিীি, পবিেসু লভ, , (n) the profession or principles of teaching, or instructing, (adj,) overly concerned with the trivial details of learning or education;, show offish about one's knowledge, , Penurious, , ন ণয, , (adj.) penny pinching; excessively thrifty; ungenerous, , Penury, , দীনতা, , (n) poverty; destitution, , Perfidious, , রব্শ্বাসঘাতক, , (adj) willing to betray one's trust, , Perfunctory, , োসা োসা, , (adj) done in a routine way; indifferent, , Perjury, , শপর্েঙ্গ, , (n) lying under oath, , Permeate, , আকুল করা, , (v) to penetrate, , 11
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Vocabulary, , Pernicious, , ক্ষরতকর, , (adj.) extremely harmful; potentially causing death, , Peruse, , পডা, , (v) to examine with great care, , Pervade, , পররব্যাপ্ত করা, , (v) to permeate throughout, , Pervasive, , পররব্যাপক, , (adj.) having the tendency to permeate or spread throughout, , Philanthropy, , মানব্প্রীরত, , (n)charity; a desire or effort to promote goodness, , Phlegmatic, , জড, , (adj.) calm; sluggish; unemotional, , Pine, , ম্লাি িত্তো, , (v) to yearn intensely; to languish; to lose vigor, , Pious, , ধ্ারমথক, , (adj.) extremely reverent or devout; showing strong religious devotion, , Pirate, , বিিা অিু মবেশে, , (v) to illegally use or produce, , গ্রির্ েরা, , Pith, , তরুমজ্জা, , (n) the essential or central part, , Placate, , শান্ত করা, , (v) to appease; to calm by making concessions; to pacify, , Plastic, , নমনীয, , (adj) able to be molded, altered, or bent; impressionable, , Platitude, , মামুরল মন্তব্য, , (n) a superficial remark, esp. one offered as meaningful, , Plethora, , আরধ্কয, , (n) an overabundance; a surplus, , Plummet, , ত্তলনদরড, , (v) to plunge or drop straight down, , Pragmatic, , প্রশোব ে, , (adj.) practical rather than idealistic, , Precipitate, , রর্তান, , (v) to throw violently or bring about abruptly; lacking deliberation, , Precursor, , অগ্রদূ ত, , (n) one that precedes and indicates or announces another, , Preen, , পররপারট করা, , (v) to dress; to primp; to groom oneself with elaborate care, , Presumptuous, , তকান তব্যাদব্, , (adj.) over stepping due bounds (as of propriety or courtesy); taking, liberties, , Prevaricate, , সগতযর, , (v) to lie or deviate from the truth, , অপলাপ করা, Pristine, , আরদম, , (adj.) pure; uncorrupted; clean, , Probity, , সাধ্ু তা, , (n) adherence to highest principles; complete and confirmed integrity;, uprightness, , Proclivity, , স্বাোরব্ক, , (n) a natural predisposition or inclination, , প্রব্ণতা, Prodigal, , অরমতব্যযী, , (adj.) recklessly wasteful; extravagant; profuse; lavish, 12
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Vocabulary, , Prodigious, , রব্িযকর, , (adj.) abundant in size, force or extent; extraordinary, , Profligate, , অপব্যযী, , (adj.) excessively wasteful; recklessly extravagant, , Profuse, , প্রচুর, , (adj.) given or coming forth abundantly; extravagant, , Proliferate, , প্রচুর সংখযায, , (v) to grow or increase swiftly and abundantly, , স্বীয ব্ংশব্ৃ রদ্ধ, Prolific, , উব্থর, , (adj.) producing large volumes or amounts; productive, , Propensity, , প্রব্ৃ রত্ত, , (n) a natural inclination or tendency; penchant, , Propitiate, , প্রসন্ন করান, , (v) to conciliate; to appease, , Propriety, , যর্াযর্তা, , (n) correct behavior; obedience to rules and customs, , Prosaic, , তব্ররসক, , (adj.) dull; lacking in spirit or imagination, , Provoke, , ঘটান, , (v) anger, arouse, bring to action, , Prudence, , দূ রদরশথতা, , (n) wisdom, caution, or restraint, , Pungent, , কটু ন্ধ, , (adj.) characterized by a strong, sharp smell or taste, , Putrefy, , রব্কৃত করা, , (v) to rot; to decay and give off a foul odor, , Queries, , রজজ্ঞাসা, , (n) questions; inquiries; doubts in the mind; reservations, , Querulous, , অনু গযা কারী, , (adj.) prone to complaining or grumbling; peevish, , Quiescence, , শান্ত অব্স্থা, , (n) stillness; motionlessness; quality of being at rest, , Quiescent, , রস্থর, , (adj) motionless; inactive; dormant, , Quixotic, , োব্রব্লাসী, , (adj.) foolishly impractical; marked by lofty romantic ideals, , Quotidian, , বদরনক জ্বর, , (adj.) occurring or recurring daily; commonplace, , Rancorous, , রনগেষপূ ণথ, , (adj.) characterized by bitter, long lasting resentment, , Rarefy, , রব্রল করা, , (v) to make or become thin, less dense; to refine, , Recalcitrant, , রব্রুপ, , (adj.) obstinately defiant of authority; difficult to manage, , Recalcitrant, , রব্রুপ, , (adj/n) marked by stubborn resistance to and defiant of authority or, guidance, , Recondite, , দু গব্থাধ্য, , (adj.) hidden; concealed; difficult to understand; obscure, , Refulgent, , জাজ্বলযমান, , (adj.) radiant; shiny; brilliant, , Renege, , পররতযা করা, , (v) to fail to honor a commitment; to go back on a promise, 13
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Vocabulary, , Repudiate, , অস্বীকার করা, , (v) to refuse to have anything to do with; disown, , Rescind, , ব্ারতল করা, , (v) to invalidate; to repeal; to retract, , Reticent, , স্বল্পোষী, , (adj) silent, reserved, , Reverent, , েরক্তপূ ণথ, , (adj.) marked by, feeling or expressing a feeling of profound awe and, respect, , Rhetoric, , অলিারশাস্ত্র, , (n) the art or study of effective use of language for communication and, persuasion, , Salubrious, , স্বাস্থযপ্রদ, , (adj.) promoting health or well being, , Sanction, , অনু গমাদন, , (n/v) authoritative permission or approval; a penalty intended to, enforce compliance; to give permission or authority to, , Satiate, , সম্পূ ণথ, , (v) to satisfy fully or overindulge, , পররতৃপ্ত করা, Satire, , রব্দ্রুপ, , (n) a literary work that ridicules or criticizes a human vice through, humor or derision, , Schism, , রব্গেদ, , (n) division or disunion, especially into mutually opposed parties., , Secrete, , লু কাইযা রাখা, , (v) to ensconce, conceal, or stow, , Sedulous, , পররশ্রমী, , (adj.) diligent; persistent; hardworking, , Shard, , মৃর্তপাগত্রর, োঙা টুকগরা, , (n) a piece of broken pottery or glass, , Solvent, , দ্রাব্ক, , (adj.) able to meet financial obligations; able to dissolve another, substance, , Soporific, , ঘুমপাডারন, , (adj.) causing drowsiness; tending to induce sleep, , Sparse, , রব্রল, , (adj.) thin; not dense; arranged at widely spaced intervals, , Specious, , সু ন্দর/ িযােয, , (adj.) seeming true, but actually being fallacious; misleadingly, attractive; plausible but false, , Spendthrift, , অপব্যযী তলাক, , (n) one who spends money wastefully, , Spurious, , কৃরত্রম, , (adj.) lacking authenticity or validity; false; counterfeit, , Squalid, , দাররদ্রযপীরডত, , (adj.) sordid; wretched and dirty as from neglect, , Squander, , উডান, , (v) to spend foolishly, waste, , Stigma, , োবল, , (n)a mark of shame or discredit, , Stoic, , রনরব্থকার, , (adj.) indifferent to or unaffected by pleasure or pain, , Stolid, , অরব্চরলত, , (adj) unemotional; lacking sensitivity; impassive, 14
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Vocabulary, , Sublime, , মরহমারিত, , (adj) lofty or grand, , Subtle, , ধূ েব, , (adj.) not obvious; elusive; difficult to discern, , Succinct, , সংরক্ষপ্ত, , (adj.) brief; concise, , Superfluous, , অরতররক্ত, , (adj.) exceeding what is sufficient or necessary, , Supplant, , স্থানচুযত করা, , (v) to take the place of; supersede, , Surfeit, , আরতশযয, , (n/v) an overabundant supply; excess, , Taciturn, , রমতোষী, , (adj) silent, not talkative ; tacit done without using words, , Tenacity, , সংসরক্ত/, , (n) the quality of adherence to something valued; persistent, determination, , সংগযা, , Tenuous, , পাতলা, , (adj.) having little substance or strength; flimsy; weak, , Terse, , ব্াহুলযব্রজথত, , (adj.) brief and concise in wording, , Tirade, , সু দীঘথ ব্ক্তৃতা, , (n) a long and extremely critical speech; a harsh denunciation, , Torpid, , মন্দ রত, , (adj.) lethargic; sluggish; dormant, , Torpor, , অনু চ্চতা, , (n) extreme mental and physical sluggishness, , Tout, , দালাল, , (v) to publicly praise or promote, , Transient, , অস্থাযী, , (adj.) fleeting; passing quickly; brief, , Transitory, , নশ্বর, , (adj) temporary, lasting a brief time, , Trenchant, , মমথগেদী, , (adj.) sharply perceptive; keen; penetrating, , Trifling, , খুাঁরটনারট, , (adj) of very little importance; trivial; insignificant, , Tumult, , দাঙ্গা, , (n) violent and noisy commotion or disturbance of a crowd or mob;, uproar; great mental or emotional agitation, , Ubiquitous, , সব্থব্যাপী, , (adj.) existing everywhere at the same time; constantly encountered;, wide spread, , Unfeigned, , অকৃরত্রম, , (adj.) genuine; not false or hypocritical, , Untenable, , অসমর্থনীয, , (adj.) indefensible; not viable; uninhabitable, , Urbane, , শহরস্থ, , (adj.) sophisticated, refined, elegant, , Vacillate, , রস্থর না র্াকা, , (v) to waver indecisively between one course of action or opinion and, another; waver, , Variegated, , নানাব্ণথ, , (adj.) multicolored; characterized by a variety of patches of different, colors, , 15
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Vocabulary, , Venerate, , শ্রদ্ধা করা, , (v)to respect deeply, , Veracity, , সতযব্ারদতা, , (noun) filled with truth and accuracy, , Verbose, , ব্া াডম্বরপূ ণথ, , (adj) wordy, , Vexation, , রব্গক্ষাে, , (n) annoyance; irritation, , Vigilant, , সজা, , (adj.) alertly watchful, , Vilify, , রনন্দা করা, , (v) to defame; to characterize harshly, , Viscous, , আ াগলা, , (adj.) thick; sticky, , Vituperate, Volatile, , ালা ারল করা, উোযী/ যাহা, , (v) to use harsh, condemnatory language;, (adj.) readily changing to a vapor; changeable; explosive, , দ্রুত উরব্যা যায, , Waver, , তদাদু লযমান, , (v) to fluctuate between choices, , হত্তযা, Whimsical, , অদ্ভুত, , (adj) acting in a fanciful or capricious manner; unpredictable, , Zealous, , প্রব্ল, , (adj.) fervent; ardent; impassioned; devoted to a cause (a zealot is a, zealous person), , উদ্দীপনাপূ ণথ, , Type 1 Questions Based on Synonyms, Directions (Q. Nos. 1-25) In the following questions, out of the four alternatives, choose the one which best expresses, the same meaning of the word printed in bold or the one which is stated., 1. Exhort (উত্সাহিত করা), (a) recommend, , (b) coax (তুষ্ট করা), , (c) pressure, , (d) push (e) None of these, , Answer: (b) 'Exhort' (Verb) is similar to the word 'coax' that means 'urge'., Synonym Spur, Admonish, Prod, Antonym Deter, Dissuade, Discourage (আত্মহিশ্বাসিীন করা), e.g. Management exhorted the workers for achieving target so that delivery can be made on time., 2. Infamy (কলঙ্ক), 16
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Vocabulary, , (a) notoriety(কলঙ্ক) (b) glory (c) integrity (সততা) (d) familiarity(ঘহনষ্ঠতা) e) None of these, Answer: (a) 'Infamy' (Noun) is similar to the word 'notoriety' that means 'bad reputation.', Synonym Opprobrium, Odium, Obloquy, Antonym Virtue, Dignity, Repute (খ্যাহত), e.g. His misbehavior at the function lead him to infamy., 3. Intrepid(হনরাতঙ্ক), (a) hesitant(হিধাগ্রস্ত) (b) fearless (c) extrovert(িহির্ু ুখ্), , (d) rash, , (e) None of these, , Answer: (b) 'Intrepid' (Adj) is similar to the word 'fearless' that means 'brave'., Synonym spunky, Audacious, Gallant, Antonym Timorous, Milquetoast, Capricious (ভীরু), e.g. An intrepid fellow saved the child from burning., 4. Barren (অনু িুর), (a) good, , (b) wholesome(উপকারী), , (c) unproductive (অফলা) (d) profitable, , (e) None of these, , Answer: (c) 'Barren' (Adj) is similar to the word 'unproductive' that means 'not fertile'., Synonym Impotent, Infecund, Fallow, Antonym Fecund, Fertile, Productive (উিুর), e.g. The farmer was depressed about his barren field., 5. Relieved (অিযািহতপ্রাপ্ত), (a) exempted (হনষ্কৃত) (b) backed(সািায্যপ্রাপ্ত), , (c) response, , (d) question (e) None of these, , Answer: (a) 'Relieved' (Verb) is similar to the word 'exempted' which means 'eased in mind'., Synonym Appeased, Alleviated, Solaced, Antonym Distraught, Perturbed, Addled (ঘঘালা, হিহিপ্ত), e.g. When the man relieved himself from the day's work he went to the temple., 6. Repartee (শাহিত প্রতুযহি), (a) refuse, (b) celebrate, (c) response, (d) question, (e) None of these, Answer: (c) 'Repartee' (Noun) is similar to the word 'response' which means 'pleasant witty conversation', clever, retorts., Synonym Banter, Retort, Raillery (চতুর উত্তর), Antonym Gravity, Sobriety, Sedateness (অপ্রর্াদ), e.g. Whenever there is a reunion of friends then it turns into a repartee., 7. Assured (আশ্বস্ত), (a) insured (িীর্া করা) (b) definite (হনহদু ষ্ট), , (c) doubted, , (d) confident, , (e) None of these, , Answer: (d) 'Assured' (Verb) is similar to the word 'confident' which means 'absolutely certain',, Synonym Surefire, Clinched, Irrefutable, Antonym Precarious, Erratic, Conjectural (আনু র্াহনক), e.g. The boy assured his beloved about his good intentions., 8. Prognosis (পূ িুাভাস), (a) diagnosis (ঘরাগ হনিুয়) (b) forecast, , (c) preface (র্ু খ্িন্ধ), , (d) identity (e) None of these, , Answer: (b) 'Prognosis' (Noun) is similar to the word 'forecast' which means 'Predicting'., 17
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Vocabulary, , Synonym Prognostication, Prophecy, Surmise, Antonym Palpability, Solidity, Verity (সতযতা), e.g. For hard-workers, it is never good to be in prognosis., 9. He is very impulsive (আবিগপ্রিি)in everything he does., (a) deliberate (b) wary, (c) rash, (d) impressive, (e) None of these, Answer: (c) 'Impulsive' (Adj) is similar to the word ‘rash’ that means 'acting without any thought'., Synonym Impetuous, Abrupt, Flaky, Antonym Astute, Prudent, Solicitous (হিচিি), e.g. Generally, the Generation-X is very much impulsive in their behavior., 10. Synonym for Aureate (ঘসানালী) is, (a) brilliant, , (b) gilded (ঘসানালী), , (c) resplendent (প্রভার্য়), , (d) archaic (ঘসবকবল), , (e) None of these, , Answer: (b) 'Aureate' (Adj) is similar to the word 'Gilded' which means 'flowery'., Synonym Ornate, Splendid, Overblown, Antonym Grotesque, Appalling, Repugnant (ঘির্ানান), e.g. Many a couple went to the aureate garden to express their love., , Type 2 Questions Based on Antonyms, Directions (Q. Nos. 1-28) Choose the word from the given options that is exactly opposite to the given or, stated word., 1. Garrulous(িাচাল), (a) loquacious (িাক্পটু), , (c) quiet (d) weary(ক্লান্ত), , (b) talkative, , Answer: (c) Quiet. Garrulous (Adj) means talkative or one who talks a lot and quiet means one who, doesn't talk too much or keep silent. So, they are antonyms., Antonym Quiet, Silent (নীরি),, Synonym Talkative, Loquacious, Chatty, e.g. Lina is a very garrulous girl., 2. Hypocritical (কুটিল), (a) gentle (b) sincere, , (c) amiable(অর্াহয়ক) (d) dependable, , Answer: (b) Sincere. Hypocritical (Adj) means pretending to have moral standard, but sincere means, having moral standard or dedication to do something., Antonym Sincere, Genuine, Honest, Synonym Insincere, False, Deceptive (কূট), e.g. We all are hypocritical at times when we judge others., 3. Poach (িস্তগত করা), (a) catch, , (b) hunt, , (c) preach (জনসাধারিবক হশিা ঘদত্তয়া), , 18, , (d) plunder(লু ঠতরাজ)
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Vocabulary, , Answer: (b) Hunt. Poach (Verb) means to illegally hunt animals or somebody else's property, but hunt, means to prey animals., Antonym Purloin, Pilfer, Steal (হ িঁ চবক চুহর করা), Synonym. Hunt, Give, Receive, e.g. Don't poach animals, just love them., 4. Susceptible (সর্র্ু), (a) incredible, (b) immune, (c) predictable (d) unpredictable, Answer: (b) Immune. Susceptible (Adj) means capable of being affected emotionally and immune means, not responsive or affected., Antonym Impressionable, Vulnerable, Sensitive Immune, Insensitive, Unsusceptible (দয়ািীন), Synonym Immune, Insensitive, Unsusceptible (দয়ািীন), e.g. People are susceptible of flattery., 5. It was a very dreary (হিষণ্ণ)day., (a) drab (একবঘবয়হর্) (b) dangerous, , (c) beautiful, , (d) bright, , Answer: (d) Bright. Dreary (Adj) means dull in appearance or nature and bright means attractive. So,, both are antonyms., Antonym Bright, Cheerful, Pleasant (র্বনারর্), Synonym Dull, boring, Sorrowful Bright, Cheerful, Pleasant, e.g. Her smile is like a ray of sunshine on a dreary day., 6. Frugal(হর্তিযয়ী), (a) miserly, , (b) gluttonous(ঘপটুক), , (c) plentiful, , (d) extravagant, , Answer: (d) Extravagant. Frugal (Adj) means economical in use or expenditure and extravagant means, spending much more without need., Antonym Extravagant, Prodigal, Spendthrift (অহর্তিযয়ী ঘলাক), Synonym Miserly, Prudent, Sparing, e.g. We had a frugal meal in the restaurant., 7. Consanguinity (জন্মসূ বে আত্মীয়তা), (a) affinity (সম্বন্ধ), , (b) Renewal, , (c) estrangement, , (d) Interruption, , Answer: (c) Estrangement. Consanguinity (Noun) means close relationship or connection and, estrangement means turn away from feelings., Antonym Alienation, Disaffection, Estrangement (হিবেদ), Synonym Brotherhood, Cognate, Affinity, e.g. Now-a-days we cannot even think about consanguinity as everybody is running after money so they, don't have time for others., 8. Cessation (হিরার্), (a) commencement, (b) ongoing, (c) commitment (d) vague, Answer: (a) Commencement. Cessation means discontinuance but commencement means continuation, of something., , 19
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Vocabulary, , Antonym Commencement, Continuation, Beginning (শুরু), Synonym Stoppage, Freeze, Hiatus., e.g. A cessation of hostilities is good for the society., 9. Procrastinate (গহ়ির্হস করা), (a) experiment, , (b) expedite, , (c) exclude, , (d) propagate(প্রসাহরত করা), , Answer: (b) Expedite. Procrastinate (Noun) means to delay or postpone something important or urgent,, but expedite means to do something quickly., Antonym Expedite, Hasten, Accelerate (গহতিৃ হি করা), Synonym Delay, Retard, Prolong, e.g. Procrastination is certainly a problem for many at work., 10 Considerate (সিানু ভূহতশীল), (a) ignorant(অজ্ঞ), , (b) lazy, , (c) angry (d) Insensitive, , Answer: (d) Insensitive. Considerate (Adj) means showing kindly awareness or regard for another's, feelings, circumstances, etc., but insensitive means having no feeling for others., Antonym Insensitive, Merciless, Selfish (স্বার্ুপর), Synonym Generous, Discreet, Sympathetic, e.g. He was miraculously loving and considerate to the patient., , 20
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , PART I – BASIC, , 1, , 1
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 1. BASIC ENGLISH SENTENCE STRUCTURE, SUBJECT, , VERB, , COMPLEMENT, , MODIFIER, , Darrel, , wrote, , a novel, , last year, , They, , rode, , bicycles, , to school, , Subject, The subject is the actor of a sentence in active voice. It is the person or thing that performs, or is, responsible for, the action of the sentence. It usually begins the sentence and precedes the verb., Every sentence in English must have a subject. Commands will not have a visible subject,, however, the subject [you] is understood. Example: Run quickly! = You run quickly! (See more, under Commands later in the book.), The subject can be a single noun., Cats chase mice., Children like candy., The subject can also be a noun phrase, which is a group of words ending with a noun. A noun, phrase CANNOT begin with a preposition (See more under Prepositions and Prepositional, Phrases later in the book)., The car is in the garage., That hot red dress looks fabulous., Examples of subjects:, Tom likes to go fishing., The English teacher is a very nice person., Susan and Alex went to the movie together., Those boys are good basketball players., We actors are a happy group., , 2, , gmatclub 19
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Verb, The verb follows the subject when the sentence is declarative. A verb normally reveals the action, of the sentence. Every sentence in English must have a verb., The verb can be a single word., Mary likes chocolate cake., They play soccer., The verb can also be a verb phrase. A verb phrase contains one, or more, auxiliary verbs and one, main verb. The main verb is always preceded by the auxiliary verbs. (See more about verb, structure later in the book.), Martha has been talking to her new friend., Terry is visiting his aunt today., Examples of verbs and verb phrases:, Jerry has returned from lunch., The storm made a lot of noise., George is playing in a tournament tomorrow., I will go to bed soon., Sally was jealous of Lisa’s new dress., , Complement (Object), A complement (object) provides more information about the verb. Often, it consists of a noun, or, noun phrase, and will usually follow the verb in a sentence relaying active voice., A complement (object) CANNOT begin with a preposition (See more under Prepositions and, Prepositional Phrases later in the book)., A complement (object) answers the question what? or whom?, Examples of complements:, Jack threw the stone far., The hungry bird ate a worm., He called Janice after the party., She was chewing gum in class., The ball hit Mike during the game last night., , (What did Jack throw?), (What did the bird eat?), (Whom did he call?), (What was she chewing?), (Whom did the ball hit?), , 20 gmatclub, , 3
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Modifier, A modifier tells the time, place, or manner of action. The modifier usually follows the, complement. Not every sentence requires a modifier., Prepositional phrases are commonly used as modifiers (See more under Prepositions and, Prepositional Phrases later in the book)., Examples of prepositional phrases:, under the house, after breakfast, in the morning, Adverbs and adverbial phrases are also used as modifiers, or modifiers of time. A modifier of, time will usually come last when more than one modifier is used., Examples of adverbs and adverbial phrases:, yesterday, quickly, last semester, overhead, quite awful, A modifier answers the question of where? When? or how?, Examples of modifiers:, She is earning her degree at Cornell University., John fell down the stairs, yesterday., The cheetah was running quite fast., We have an appointment at ten o’clock tomorrow., The soldier fired the gun repeatedly., , 4, , (Where is she earning her degree?), (Where did John fall?), (When did John fall?), (How was the cheetah running?), (When do we have an appointment?), (How did the soldier fire the gun?), , gmatclub 21
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Exercise 1: Identifying Subject, Verb, Complement and Modifier, Mark the subject, verb, complement and modifier in the following sentences. Use an “S” for, subject, “V” for verb, “C” for complement and “M” for modifier. NOTE: Remember that not all, sentences have a complement or modifier. Also, some sentences can have more than one, modifier., Examples:, Juan / is eating / tacos / at the new restaurant., S, V, C, M, The girls / are talking / to the boys., S, V, C, Madonna / is performing / tonight., S, V, M, , 1. Jerry opened his present., 2. Mr. Johnson drinks coffee every morning., 3. Birds fly., 4. The dog chased the cat up the tree., 5. The wind blew violently., 6. Jimmy scored a goal at the soccer match last Saturday., 7. They ran inside quickly., 8. Bill, George and Alice bought CDs at the music store today., 9. The barrel rolled down the hill., 10. Terry is watching television., , 22 gmatclub, , 5
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 2. NOUNS, A noun can be a person, place, or thing. Nouns can be the actor of a sentence (as the subject), a, receiver of the action (as the object/complement), or contained in a prepositional phrase to add, more information to the idea of the sentence., , The Noun Phrase, A noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a noun and can contain determiners (a, an, the,, these, etc.), adjectives and adverbs. Both subjects and complements often consist of noun, phrases. A prepositional phrase is NOT considered a noun phrase., , Count and Non-Count Nouns, A noun that can be counted is called a count noun., chair – one chair, two chairs, three chairs…, boy – one boy, two boys, three boys…, dog – one dog, two dogs, three dogs…, A noun that cannot be counted is called a non-count noun., coffee – you cannot say: one coffee, two coffees, etc., However, you can make some non-count nouns countable by placing them into a countable, container., Can of coffee – one can of coffee, two cans of coffee…, , 6, , gmatclub 23
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , The following chart gives some common non-count nouns and their groupings., 1. WHOLE GROUPS CONSISTING OF SIMILAR ITEMS: jewelry, traffic, clothing, furniture, luggage,, scenery, mail, makeup, money, cash, food, fruit, equipment, etc., 2. FLUIDS: water, blood, oil, tea, milk, gasoline, soup, etc, 3. SOLIDS: wood, meat, bread, butter, ice, gold, silver, glass, wool, paper, iron, etc., 4. GASES: air, smoke, pollution, nitrogen, oxygen, steam, etc., 5. PARTICLES: sand, salt, sugar, flour, dust, corn, wheat, grass, hair, chalk, dirt, etc., 6. ABSTRACTIONS: advice, beauty, courage, education, energy, fun, grammar, health, help,, homework, information, intelligence, knowledge, luck, music, news, peace, progress, slang,, sleep, space, time, truth, vocabulary, wealth, work, etc., 7. LANGUAGES: Chinese, English, German, Spanish, etc., 8. FIELDS OF STUDY: chemistry, history, literature, mathematics, etc., 9. RECREATIONAL SPORTS: baseball, chess, football, poker, soccer, tennis, etc., 10. ACTIVITIES (used as gerunds): driving, fishing, hiking, studying, swimming, etc., 11. NATURAL OCCURANCES: darkness, electricity, fire, fog, gravity, hail, heat, humidity, light,, lightning, rain, snow, sunshine, thunder, weather, wind, etc., , Some common irregular count nouns are listed below:, child = children, foot = feet, , man = men, mouse = mice, , person = people, tooth = teeth, , woman = women, , Exercise 2: Identifying Count and Non-Count Nouns, Identify the following nouns as countable or non-countable by placing a “C” after countable, nouns and a “N” after non-countable nouns., Examples:, radio C, , algebra N, , minute, , clothing, , canyon, , gas, , smoke, , food, , eye, , bus, , spoon, , advice, , milk, , math, , 24 gmatclub, , 7
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Articles: A And An, A or an only precede singular count nouns and refer to one thing. Either is used for a general, statement, or to introduce a new subject that has not been mentioned before., A leopard has spots., I talked to a girl today., , (in general – speaking of all leopards), (We are introducing this subject. We don’t know which girl.), , A is used with words that begin with a consonant sound. An is used with words that begin with a, vowel sound., a car, , an elephant, , Some words can be confusing because the pronunciation is different from the spelling. Listening, to the sound will help determine which article is used., Words such as union, uniform, university and European, eucalyptus, eulogy have a long “u”, sound which is the same sound as y in yellow or yard. Therefore, they are considered to have a, consonant sound and a is used before these words., A yellow dog ran past us., A yard consists of three feet., , A uniform is required for school., I went to school with a European., , Some words have a silent first letter, so the correct article depends on the heard sound. Words, such as hot, home and head have a pronounced “h” consonant sound and, thus, begin with a., However, words such as honor, hour and herb have a silent “h” and are considered to have a, vowel sound., It is a hot day., , It was an honor to meet the president., , Articles: The, Use the when you know, or assume, that the listener is familiar with the same person, place, or, thing that you are talking about., The earth is a beautiful planet., The teacher asked me a question., , (There is only one earth.), (It is assumed the listener knows your teacher.), , Use the with non-count nouns only when you are speaking specifically. If you are speaking in, general, no article is used., Water is wet., The water in the stream is cold., , (general), (specific water located in the stream), , The same rule applies for plural count nouns. Specific plural count nouns use the, while general, plural count nouns do not., I like apples., , (all apples), , The apples on the tree are not ripe. (specific apples on the tree), , 8, , gmatclub 25
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , USE The WITH, , DON’T USE The WITH, , Ordinal numbers before nouns, , Cardinal numbers after nouns, , the First Amendment, the third floor, , Apollo One, floor three, bus fifteen, , Schools, colleges, universities (when the phrase, begins with one of these words), , Schools, colleges, universities (when the phrase, begins with a proper noun), , The School of Fine Arts, the University of Southern, California, , Arizona University, Bardstown Community College, , Oceans, seas, rivers, gulfs, plural lakes, , Singular lakes, , the Pacific Ocean, the Caspian Sea, the, Mississippi River, the Gulf of Mexico, the, Finger Lakes, , Lake Titicaca, Lake Michigan, , Mountains (Plural and ranges), , Mounts, , the Smoky Mountains, the Andes, , Mount Rushmore, Mount St. Helens, , Wars (except world wars), the Vietnam War, the War of 1812, , World War One, World War Two, , Certain countries or groups of countries with, more than one word (except Great Britain), , Countries preceded by New or an adjective, such as a direction, , the United States, the United Kingdom, the United, Arab Emirates, , New Zealand, South Africa, North Korea, One word countries, China, Australia, Germany, Italy, Continents, Asia, North America, South America, States, Kentucky, Alabama, Utah, California, , 26 gmatclub, , 9
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , USE The WITH, , DON’T USE The WITH, , Sun, Moon ,Earth, , Planets, Constellations, , the sun, the moon, the earth, , Mercury, Saturn, Gemini, Leo, , Sports, baseball, volleyball, football, soccer, Abstract concepts, intelligence, beauty, love, Holidays, New Years, Christmas, Thanksgiving, , Exercise 3: Using Articles, Fill in the blanks of the following sentences using a, an, the, or Ø (if no article is needed)., 1. John is wearing _______ baseball cap today., 2. _______ chair is _______ useful piece of furniture., 3. _______ chairs in _______ living room are antiques., 4. She cried when she peeled _______ onion., 5. _______ women like to wear _______ jewelry., 6. _______ jewelry that my sister wears is made of _______ gold., 7. When you look at _______ moon, you can see _______ face., 8. _______ hour ago I saw _______ eagle flying overhead., 9. _______ life can be fun, but sometimes there are _______ problems., 10. _______ last time I saw ________ bear, I was travelling in _______ Europe., , 10, , gmatclub 27
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Other / Another, Often, correctly using the word other can be confusing. The word another and other are not, specific, while the other is specific. If the subject is understood then other can be used as a, pronoun. If the understood noun is a plural count noun then other becomes others. (Note: other, CANNOT be plural if followed by a noun.) Look at the following examples., This knife is dull. Please give me another., (an + other + singular noun = any other knife – not specific), This knife is dull. Please give me the other., (the other + singular noun = the only other option – specific), This cake is delicious. Other cakes are delicious also., OR, , This cake is delicious. Others are delicious also., , (other + plural noun = other cakes: not specific) Since the subject is understood from the first, sentence, you can omit the plural noun “cakes” in the second sentence and pluralize other to, others., These apples are bad. I want the other apples., OR, , These apples are bad. I want the others., , (the other + plural noun = other apples: specific) Since the subject is understood from the first, sentence, you can omit the plural noun “apples” in the second sentence and pluralize the other to, the others., You can also substitute other + one (for a singular noun) and other + ones (for a plural noun.), This knife is dull. Please give me another one. (not specific), This knife is dull. Please give me the other one. (specific), This cake is delicious. Other ones are delicious also. (not specific), These apples are bad. I want the other ones. (specific), , 2, , 11
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 4: Using Other / Another, Fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the correct form of other or another., 1. I received two gifts for my birthday. One was from my parents. _______________ one, was from my brother., 2. This pie is fantastic! Can I have __________________ piece?, 3. These pants don’t fit well. Let me try ____________________ ones., 4. I have a large stamp collection. The stamps in this section are from the United States., __________________ are from ________________ places in the world., 5. Joshua likes to wear Nike shoes. He won’t wear any ________________ brand., 6. I’m almost finished with my homework. I just need ________________ ten minutes., 7. John, Melissa and I are going to the movies. ___________________ are going to the, Craft Fair., 8. This house is brand new. _____________________ house is really old., 9. We like to swim. _________________ like to surf, and still ________________ like to, ski., 10. You can buy this shirt and ___________________ one. Which ________________, would you like?, , 12, , gmatclub 29
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Determiners of Quantity, Words that determine quantity are used to show how much of something to which you are, referring. Some expressions of quantity are only used with count nouns, some are only used, with non-count nouns and others are used with both. Study the chart below., , Determiners of Quantity, , With Count Nouns, , With Non-Count Nouns, , one, each, every, , one ball, each ball, every ball, , Ø, Ø, Ø, , two, three, etc., both, a couple of, a few, several, many, a number of, , two balls, both balls, a couple of balls, a few balls, several balls, many balls, a number of balls, , Ø, Ø, Ø, Ø, Ø, Ø, Ø, , a little, much, a great deal of, no, some/any, a lot of/lots of, plenty of, most, all, , Ø, Ø, Ø, , a little water, much water, a great deal of water, , no balls, some/any balls, a lot of/lots of balls, plenty of balls, most balls, all balls, , no water, some/any water, a lot of/lots of water, plenty of water, most water, all water, , Consider the sentence structure to determine whether a singular or plural verb is used with a, determiner of quantity. Sentences that begin with words that indicates portions, such as: percent,, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder, etc., look at the noun of the prepositional, phrase (object of the preposition) in order to determine whether or not to use a singular or plural, verb., RULE: If the object of the preposition is singular, use a singular verb. If the object of the, preposition is plural, use a plural verb., Example 1:, Half of the dresses are dirty., In this sentence, half is the subject and of the dresses is a prepositional phrase which gives, reference to what half is referring. In this case, the countable noun dresses requires a plural verb., Example 2:, Half of the sugar is gone., In this sentence, half is the subject, but the non-countable noun sugar in the modifying, prepositional phrase requires a singular verb., 30 gmatclub, , 13
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , More examples:, Two-thirds of the work is complete., Two-thirds of the workers are angry., A high percentage of the population is educated., A high percentage of the people are happy., The majority of Congress has voted for the bill., The majority of Senators have voted favorably., Also, when the subject is a sum of money or a period of time, a singular verb is used., Fifteen dollars is a high price to pay for entering the movies., Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense., , Exercise 5: Determining Quantity, Cross out the words that CANNOT be used to complete each sentence correctly. An example is, given in sentence number two., 1. Joan drank __________ sodas., a., b., c., d., e., f., g., h., i., j., k., l., , 2. Randy drank _________ coffee., a., b., c., d., e., f., g., h., i., j., k., l., , five, a few, hardly any, several, no, a lot of, a great deal of, too much, some, a number of, too many, a little, , 14, , five, a few, hardly any, several, no, a lot of, a great deal of, too much, some, a number of, too many, a little, , gmatclub 31
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Collective Nouns, Some nouns reflect a group of people or animals and are usually singular. Following are, examples of some common collective nouns., Army, Audience, Band, Bunch, Bundle, , Choir, Class, Clump, Colony, Committee, , Congress, Crew, Family, Flock, Gang, , Government, Group, Herd, Jury, Majority, , Minority, Orchestra, Police, Pair, Public organization, , Pack, Set, Staff, Team, , Our class is going on a field trip today., The pack of dogs was chasing the deer., The public is against the war., Our team is playing the champions next week., , Nouns That Are Always Plural, Some nouns are always plural and cannot be singular, unless used in the phrase “a pair of, _________”., Binoculars, Goggles, , Eyeglasses, Jeans, , Pants, Pliers, , Scissors, Shorts, , Slacks, Trousers, , Tongs, Tweezers, , My favorite jeans are in the washer., This pair of jeans needs to be washed., My eyeglasses are new., This pair of eyeglasses is new., , Nouns That Function As Adjectives, Many nouns can function as adjectives when they are coupled with other nouns. The first noun, acts to describe the second noun. Nouns which function as adjectives are always singular, even, when they modify a plural noun., The car doors have all been replaced., We hurried to get to the train station., This gold coin is worth a lot., When number noun combinations are used, they are always hyphenated., The hike was eight hours to the temple., These tickets cost forty dollars., , It was an eight-hour hike to the temple., These are forty-dollar tickets., , 3, , 15
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 3. VERBS, Verbs indicate the action of the actors (nouns) in a sentence and can be single, or can be verb, phrases that contain auxiliaries, which always precede the main verb. Verb forms reveal Past,, Present, or Future tenses and are used in their infinitive form, or are changed to a Simple,, Continuous, or Perfect form., Study the following Regular Verb Conjugation Chart and Verb Tense Usage Chart, and refer, back to them as you work through the verb section., , Regular Verb Conjugation Chart, Study the following chart. Notice how the verb changes in its simple form, depending on the, noun (pronouns are used in the chart) and how the auxiliary verb changes in the continuous and, perfect form of the verb phrase. This same pattern works for all regular verbs. NOTE: Changes, in the verb forms are in bold., Present, Simple, , Continuous, , Perfect, , Past, , Future, , I, , work, , worked, , will work, , he, she, it, , works, , worked, , will work, , we, they, , work, , worked, , will work, , I, , am working, , was working, , will be working, , he, she, it, , is working, , was working, , will be working, , we, they, , are working, , were working, , will be working, , I, , have worked, , had worked, , will have worked, , he, she, it, , has worked, , had worked, , will have worked, , we, they, , have worked, , had worked, , will have worked, , NOTE: A list of irregular verbs can be found at the end of the book., , 16, , gmatclub 33
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Verb Tense Usage Chart, Study the following chart which shows the use of each verb tense with an example., Tense, , Verb (to work), , Use, , Present Simple, Present, Continuous, Present Perfect, , I work, I am working, , Present Perfect, Continuous, Past Simple (aka, Simple Past), Past Continuous, , I have been working, , Past Perfect, , I had worked, , Past Perfect, Continuous, Future Simple, , I had been working, , Future Continuous, , I will be working, , *Predictions, *Spontaneous decisions or, offers, *Future continuous actions, , Future Perfect, , I will have worked, , Completed future action, , Future Perfect, Continuous, , I will have been working, , *Continuous future action, completed at a given time, , I have worked, , I worked, I was working, , I will work, , * Regular Activities, * Continuous action; present, time, * Finished part of a continuous, action, * Completed actions in an, unfinished period of time, * Recent events (no time, mentioned), * Past action with a result in, present, * Experiences (no time, mentioned), * Actions begun in the past, which continue to present, * Finished actions at a specific, time in the past, * Continuous actions at a, specific time in the past, * Actions before a specific time, in the past, *Past continuous action, , Example, * I work in a large building, * I am working at the moment, * I have worked nine hours today, * I have worked several weekends, this month, * I have just started, * I have worked long hours so I, need a vacation, * I have worked on many accounts, , * I have been working since 6 a.m., * I worked last Saturday, * I was working when lunch arrived, *I had worked a lot before lunch, arrived., *I had been working for another, company, *I will work this weekend, *I will work for you tomorrow, *I will be working when the owner, arrives., *I will have worked here 3 years, tomorrow., *I will have been working 12 hours, by the time I leave tonight, , NOTE: Refer to the Perfect Continuous forms of the verb later in the book., , Present Simple, The present simple tense generally expresses events, or situations, that exist usually, always, or, habitually. They have existed in the past, exist now (in the present) and will probably exist in the, future., Present Simple Timeline, , Ms. Bailey teaches English., X, , Past, , Now, , Susie brushes her teeth every day., Future, , Present simple is used to express a state or condition (stative), or habitual action., 34 gmatclub, , 17
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Examples of present simple tense:, Fresh bread smells wonderful., John takes the bus to school usually., Mary always sings in the church choir., I understand what you’re saying., My new car runs great!, , (stative ), (habitual), (habitual), (stative), (stative), , Present Continuous (Progressive), The present continuous tense expresses an action which began in the past, is in progress now and, will probably continue into the future., Study the following formula and timeline for present continuous use., am, is, , subject +, , are, , + verb + ing . . ., , The present continuous uses present conjugated forms of the auxiliary verb to be with the “ing”,, form of the action verb., , Present Continuous Timeline, , X, Past, , Ms. Bailey is teaching right now., (She will probably continue teaching.), , X, Now, , Future, , Examples of present continuous tense:, The boys are playing ball., I am riding my bike., She is watching the ball game., Tom is chewing gum., The students are calling for a boycott., Present continuous is also commonly used in English to express a continuous action in the future, by adding a time word to the sentence., My plane is leaving tomorrow., My uncle is arriving from Germany at 7:00 p.m., Next year, we are camping in the mountains., , 18, , gmatclub 35
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Present Perfect, The present perfect tense expresses an action that occurs before another time, or event., The present perfect tense uses the present conjugated forms of the auxiliary verb to have with the, past participle form of the action verb., Study the following formula and timeline for present continuous use., subject +, , has, have, , Present Perfect Timeline, , X, , left, , Past, , The boss has left the office., (He left sometime before now.), , X, Now, , + verb in past participle. . ., , Future, , Examples of present perfect:, I have seen the movie already., Sally has lost her favorite ring., Tom and Hank have ridden horses before., We have won the championship!, The rabbit has eaten all its food., , Exercise 6: Using the Present Tense Forms of Verbs, Fill in the blanks with the correct present tense form of the verb in parentheses. NOTE: You may, need to consult the irregular verb list at the end of the book., 1. John __________________ (sleep) on the couch at the moment., 2. My dad always __________________ (sit) in that chair., 3. I ____________________ (like) to go to the movies on the weekends., 4. The children ____________________ (play) at the neighbor’s house today., 5. The company _____________________ (build) a new store., 6. Water ___________________ (wash) away dirt., 7. My little brother ____________________ (eat) all the candy! It’s all gone!, 8. Jane ___________________ (read) her favorite book now., 9. Those boys ____________________ (scare) that cat many times before., 10. My wife and I ____________________ (cry) when we watch sad movies., 36 gmatclub, , 19
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Past Simple, The past simple tense is an action that began and ended at one particular time in the past., Past Simple Timeline, , It snowed yesterday., , X, Past, , Now, , Future, , Examples of past simple tense:, The pack of dogs ran through the woods., Mike fell on the slippery ice., Molly and Rita embraced at the airport., The mountain lion attacked the herd of cattle during the night., George ate all his dinner., , Past Continuous (Progressive), The past continuous tense normally links an action in the past with another past action. The first, past action continues through the second past action., Study the following timeline for past continuous use., The past continuous uses present conjugated forms of the auxiliary verb to be with the “ing”,, form of the action verb., , Past Continuous Timeline, Eat, , X, , Past, , Jack was eating when I arrived., (Jack started to eat before I arrived., He continued eating after I arrived., Both actions are in the past.), , Arrive, , X, , Now, , Future, , There are different sentence structure formulas depending on variations in past continuous use., Study the following examples:, , 20, , gmatclub 37
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , , , The following formula is used when an action was taking place in the past and was, interrupted by another action., subject + past continuous + when + subject + simple past tense. . ., , OR, when + subject + simple past tense + subject + past progressive. . ., , Jerry was painting a picture when we arrived at his house., OR, When we arrived at his house, Jerry was painting a picture., Alfred, Ann and I were playing cards when the lights went out., OR, When the lights went out, Alfred, Ann and I were playing cards., , , , The following formula is used when two actions occur at the same time in the past., subject + past continuous + while + subject + past continuous. . ., , OR, while + subject + past continuous + subject + past continuous. . ., , My mother was gardening while my father was mowing the lawn., OR, While my father was mowing the lawn, my mother was gardening., The children were crying while the clowns were performing., OR, While the clowns were performing, the children were crying., NOTE: The following sentence structure is also possible, but is not commonly used., subject + simple past + while + subject + past continuous. . ., , I fed our cat while my sister was taking a nap., , 38 gmatclub, , 21
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , , , Past continuous can also be used by itself to indicate that something was occurring at a, specific time in the past., was, were, , subject +, , + verb + ing . . ., , The moon was shining brightly last night., The girls were laughing at his joke yesterday in class., , Past Perfect, The past perfect tense links an action which was started and finished before another past action, occurred., Study the following formula and timeline for past perfect:, subject + had + verb in past participle. . ., , The past perfect tense uses the past conjugated form of the auxiliary verb to have with the past, participle form of the action verb., Past Perfect Timeline, , X, eat, Past, , Jack had eaten by the time I arrived., (Jack started and finished eating by, the time I arrived. Both actions are, in the past.), , X, arrive, Now, , Future, , The past perfect tense is normally used with words such as before, when, after, since, by the time,, etc. Study the following formulas for past perfect used with these words. As in the first example,, sentences for these formulas can begin with the second clause. Just remember to add a comma, between the clauses when doing so., , subject + past perfect +, , before, when, after, since, by the time, , + subject + simple past, , OR, , 22, , gmatclub 39
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , before, when, after, since, by the time, , + subject + simple past + subject + past perfect, , The students had studied before they took the test., OR, Before they took the test, the students had studied., I had finished mowing when the storm came., OR, When the storm came, I had finished mowing., Jerrod left school after he had taken his exams., OR, After he had taken his exams, Jerrod left school., Six years had passed since I last saw her., OR, Since I last saw her, six years had passed., Joan had already performed by the time her parents arrived., OR, By the time her parents arrived, Joan had already performed., , Exercise 7: Using the Past Tense Forms of Verbs, Fill in the blanks with the correct past tense form of the verb in parentheses. NOTE: You may, need to consult the irregular verb list at the end of the book., 1. She ___________________ (talk) on the phone when the doorbell rang., 2. Yesterday, I ___________________ (catch) a big fish on our camping trip., 3. Our group ___________________ (hike) the full length of the Inca Trail last week., 4. The bear ___________________ (climb) a tree before the dogs got there., 5. The sky diver __________________ (fall) very fast when the parachute opened., 6. My grandparents __________________ (arrive) before I returned from school., 7. I ___________________ (read) that story last year in literature class., 8. Mary __________________ (watch) a movie when her aunt called from New York., 9. Jason __________________ (fish) in the pond when he saw a big snake., 10. The plumber __________________ (find) the source of the water leak., , 40 gmatclub, , 23
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Future Simple, The future simple tense is an action which occurs at one particular time in the future., The future simple tense uses the modal auxiliary verb will with the infinitive form of the action, verb., Future Simple Timeline, , It will snow tomorrow., , X, Past, , Now, , Future, , Examples of future simple tense:, 1. I will go to the store after lunch., 2. Randy will travel to Europe this summer., 3. Many birds will migrate south for the winter., , Future Continuous (Progressive), The future continuous tense is an action that will have already started by the time another action, occurs and will probably continue after., The future continuous tense is normally used with words such as before, when, after, since, by, the time, etc., The future continuous tense uses the modal auxiliary verb will + the verb be + the “ing” form of, the action verb., Future Continuous Timeline, , X, Past, , Now, , Jack will be eating when I arrive., (Jack will start to eat before I, arrive and will probably continue, eating afterwards. Both actions are, in the future.), , X, Future, , Examples of future continuous tense:, 1. It will be raining when our plane lands in London., 2. Madonna will be signing autographs after the concert., 3. Joe will be participating in the competition this summer., , 24, , gmatclub 41
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Future Perfect, The future perfect tense is a future action that has started and finished before another future, action occurs., The future perfect tense is normally used with words such as before, when, after, since, by the, time, etc., The future perfect tense uses modal auxiliary verb will + the verb be + the past participle form of, the action verb., Future Perfect Timeline, , X, X, eats arrives, Past, , Now, , Sally will have eaten when Sue arrives., (Sally starts and finishes eating by the, time Sue arrives. Both actions are in, the future.), , Future, , Examples of the future perfect tense:, 1. The pirates will have buried the treasure by the time the ships arrive., 2. John will have scored 40 points by the end of the game., 3. My parents will have had three children after this baby is born., , Exercise 8: Using the Future Tense of Verbs, Fill in the blanks with the correct future tense form of the verb in parentheses. NOTE: You may, need to consult the irregular verb list at the end of the book., 1. Steve, Lucy and I _________________ (go) to Harvard University this fall., 2. I ___________________ (start) classes by the time Rachel returns from Europe., 3. Rachel ___________________ (join) me in class when she returns., 4. I __________________ (think) about Rachel until she returns safely., 5. My cat ___________________ (cry) when I get home because she is hungry., 6. Our dog, Rufus, __________________ (travel) with us this summer., 7. My letter ___________________ (arrive) to Rita by the time I get there., 8. The pilot said that it ___________________ (rain) when we arrive in Brazil., 9. My sister ___________________ (marry) this coming June., 10. Tom ___________________ (eat) three hamburgers when he finishes this one., , 42 gmatclub, , 25
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , The Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense, The perfect continuous tense are used to express the duration between two actions or events., Often, an expression of time is used with perfect continuous tenses., Study the conjugation chart below. NOTE: Changes in the verb forms are in bold., Present, , Past, , Future, , I, , have been studying, , had been studying, , will have been studying, , he, she, it, , has been studying, , had been studying, , will have been studying, , we, they, , have been studying, , had been studying, , will have been studying, , Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive), The present perfect continuous tense is an event in progress, which started in the past and, continues to the present. It will probably continue into the future., Study the following formula and timeline for present perfect continuous (progressive):, subject +, , has, have, , + been + verb + ing. . ., , Present Perfect Continuous Timeline, , X, Past, , Sue has been studying for two hours., (Sue started studying and continues to, study up to the present. She will, probably continue to study.), , X, , 2 hours, Now, , Future, , NOTE: The present perfect continuous tense is normally used with words such as before, when,, after, since, by the time, etc., Examples of present perfect continuous tense:, 1. I have been working on the car engine since this morning., 2. Ruth has been babysitting the neighbor’s kids for six hours., 3. The carnival employees have been working since 5 a.m. this morning., , 26, , gmatclub 43
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive), The past perfect continuous tense is an event that was in progress when another past event, occurred., Study the following formula and timeline for past perfect continuous (progressive):, subject + had + been + verb + ing. . ., , Past Perfect Continuous Timeline, , X, , Sue had been studying for two hours, before her friend arrived., (Sue had started and finished studying, before her friend arrived.), , X, , 2 hours, Past, , Now, , Future, , NOTE: The past perfect continuous tense is normally used with words such as before, when,, after, since, by the time, etc., Examples of past perfect continuous tense:, 1. He had been drinking when the accident occurred., 2. Sarah had been exercising before the surgery., 3. The horses had been ridden many times before the ranch was sold., , Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive), The future perfect continuous tense reflects an event that will have happened before another, future event occurs., Study the following formula and timeline for future perfect continuous (progressive):, subject + will + have + been + verb + ing…, , Future Perfect Continuous Timeline, , X, Past, , Now, , X, , 2 hours, Future, , Sue will have been studying for two, hours when her friend arrives., (Sue starts and finishes studying, before her friend arrives. Both actions, are in the future.), , NOTE: The future perfect continuous tense is normally used with words such as before, when,, after, since, by the time, etc., , 44 gmatclub, , 27
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Examples of future perfect continuous tense:, 1. Larry will have been exercising for two hours before we go to dinner., 2. My kids will have been playing outside all afternoon by the time night falls., 3. We will have been walking for three hours before the first break., , Exercise 9: Using the Perfect Continuous Tense of Verbs, Fill in the blanks with the correct perfect continuous tense form of the verb in parentheses., 1. John _____________________ (hunt) for six hours when the sun goes down., 2. Sally and Mary _____________________ (play) together for three hours., 3. Our fans _____________________ (cheer) until the other team scored., 4. Ralph and I _____________________ (shop) all day., 5. The truck _____________________ (make) bad noises until we got it fixed., 6. All the turkey _____________________ (eat) by the time we arrive., , 28, , gmatclub 45
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 4. LINKING VERBS, A verb that can be immediately followed by an adjective is called a linking verb. The adjective, that follows the verb describes the subject of the sentence. The verb “links” the adjective to the, subject it describes., Common verbs which are followed by an adjective are given below., be*, feel, look, smell, sound, taste, appear, seem, become (also the verbs get, turn, and grow when they mean “become”), , *NOTE: The verb be can also be used as an auxiliary (is watching), to link a noun with the main, subject (Jack is a professional), or to link a prepositional phrase to the main subject (Jack is at, the office). It is only considered a linking verb when it is used to link an adjective to the main, subject (Jack is intelligent)., Examples of linking verbs:, This pie tastes delicious., Jeff became frightened when he saw the snake., The weather turned cold overnight., Ellen feels confident about the competition., Grandma’s breakfast smells delicious., , 46 gmatclub, , 29
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 5. CONTINUOUS VERSUS NON-CONTINUOUS VERBS, As we have seen, the continuous (progressive) tense is used to describe an action that is, occurring at a particular point in time; it is an action in progress. However, there are some, exceptions of when to use the continuous tense with certain verbs., , Non-Continuous Verbs, The following verbs are used in a non-continuous form. There are several categories in which, these verbs are categorized., , Mental and Emotional States, believe, dislike, doubt, imagine, know, , like, love, hate, prefer, realize, , recognize, remember, suppose, understand, want, , Examples:, CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , He doubts she is sincere., He is doubting she is sincere., , CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , Sarah hates her new hair style., Sarah is hating her new hair style., , CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , Jonathon understands the assignment., Jonathon is understanding the assignment., , Sense, appear, hear, see, , seem, smell, sound, , taste, , Examples:, CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , The answer appears correct., The answer is appearing correct., , CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , The roast smells good., The roast is smelling good., , CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , The band sounds great., The band is sounding great., , 30, , gmatclub 47
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Communication, agree, astonish, deny, disagree, impress, , mean, please, promise, satisfy, surprise, , Examples:, CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , Margaret agrees with Michael., Margaret is agreeing with Michael., , CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , The boy impresses his coach., The boy is impressing his coach., , CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , George promises to finish his homework., George is promising to finish his homework., , Other States, belong, concern, consist, contain, cost, depend, , deserve, fit, include, involve, lack, , matter, need, owe, own, possess, , Examples:, CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , He said it depends on how late he works., He said it is depending on how late he works., , CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , The project involves a lot of work., The project is involving a lot of work., , CORRECT:, INCORRECT:, , The length of the show doesn’t matter., The length of the show isn’t mattering., , 48 gmatclub, , 31
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Mixed Verb Forms, There are also some verbs which can be used, both in a continuous and non-continuous form. It, depends on the meaning of the verb as to which form is used. Following are some of the most, important verbs to consider:, Continuous Meanings, Feel = “to physically feel” – I’m feeling tired today., See = “to visit” – Joe is seeing his doctor., Think = “to use the brain” – We are thinking deeply about the question., Appear = “to be on stage/perform” – Madonna is appearing at the Waldorf stadium tonight., Look = “to stare at” – She is looking at me intently., Taste = “to use the mouth” – I’m tasting my mom’s apple pie., Non-continuous Meanings, Feel = “to have an opinion” – Mary feels she should be able to go on the trip also., See = “to understand” – I see what you’re saying., Think = “to have an opinion” – I think you should visit your parents., Appear = “to look like” – The project appears to be difficult., Look = “to seem” – This contest looks easy., Taste = “to have a taste” – Her muffins taste great!, , 32, , gmatclub 49
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 6. COMMON DISTINGUISHMENTS, There + Be, When using the combination of there + be, there is called an “expletive”. It has no meaning as a, vocabulary word. It simply introduces the idea that something exists in a particular place. When, beginning a sentence with this combination, the subject follows the verb. NOTE: There is never, considered the subject of the sentence., There + be + subject + expression of place, , There is, , a clean towel, , in the linen closet., , Verb, , subject, , expression of place, , There are, Verb, , six kittens, subject, , under my bed., expression of place, , There has been, Verb, , a fire, subject, , at the warehouse., expression of place, , Sometimes the expression of place is omitted when the meaning is clear., There are seven continents. (The implied expression of place is clearly in the world.), , Beginning a Sentence with Here or There, When a sentence begins with here or there, the subject is located after the verb., NOTE: Here or there is NEVER considered the subject of the sentence., Examples:, Here was the accident., verb subject, There are the girls., verb subject, Here is the definition of the word., There was a loud explosion., , 50 gmatclub, , 33
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Say / Tell, Say and tell both mean to communicate verbally with someone, but they are usually used, differently. Normally, you say something and you tell someone something., You say something, , You tell someone something, , Jeff said that he was tired., Jennifer says you have a new job., Patricia said, “I love you.”, , Jeff told Sam that he was tired., Jennifer tells me you have a new job., Patricia told John that she loves him., , Tell uses an object directly following., Bob told the boss that he wasn’t working tomorrow., Janice told me that she loves John., Say uses the word “to” or “that” before the object., Bob said to the boss that he wasn’t working tomorrow., Janice said to me that she loves John., Bob said that he wasn’t working tomorrow., Janice said that she loves John., When using direct speech, say is normally used., Amanda said, “Sweetheart, I’m going to work now.”, “John, that’s a beautiful car!” George said., Sometimes tell is used in direct speech if it is an instruction, or information. (Notice the object, directly after tell as described above.), Rebecca told her assistant, “Open the door for the caterer.”, He told me, “This is the key to the front door.”, Say and tell cannot be used with reported questions. Ask, or a similar verb, must be used., Roy asked if I had ever been to Miami., Mary’s mother asked what I wanted to eat., The policeman asked me where I lived., He asked if she wanted to leave., Tell + object + infinitive is used to give orders, or advice., The teacher told the child to sit down., She told me to wait in the lobby., Tell Bill to have a great trip to Europe., , 34, , gmatclub 51
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Exercise 10: Using Say and Tell, Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb say or tell., 1. Jason _____________ his friend to shut up., 2. Jane _____________ that she is feeling sick., 3. My English teacher ______________ I’m learning quickly., 4. The driver _____________, “I’ll pick you up at the airport.”, 5. Please, ______________ me where to find the washing detergent., 6. The angry mother ____________, “I ___________ you not to do that!”, 7. I heard Peter _____________ that he was going out with Becky tonight., 8. The security guard ______________ me to get off the stage., 9. _______________ me the story again!, 10. Will you ______________ John to meet me after work?, , Know / Know How, The verb know, when used by itself, is usually followed by a noun, a prepositional phrase, or a, sentence., She knew the answer., Everyone knows about gravity., Jason knew that he was going to be in trouble., Know how is used to indicate a skill, or ability to do something. This form is followed by the, infinitive form of a verb., Jim knows how to make cool inventions., Monkeys know how to use primitive tools., Do you know how to make fudge brownies?, , Exercise 11: Using Know and Know How, Fill in the blanks with the correct form of know or know how., 1. The boys ____________________ to catch rabbits with snares., 2. Do you ____________________ to get to the airport from here?, 3. I didn’t ____________________ that Jenny was pregnant., 4. I am amazed that Jack ____________________ where to go from here., 5. Some primitive tribes ____________________ to perform surgery long ago., , 52 gmatclub, , 35
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Need / In Need Of, Usually, when the subject of a sentence is an animate object, the verb need is followed by an, infinitive verb., Hector needs to get a haircut., We need to leave now., My dog needs to learn new tricks., Usually, when the subject of a sentence is an inanimate object, the verb need is followed by, either a gerund (or “ing” verb), or the verb to be followed by the past participle of the action, verb., The grass needs cutting., The motorcycle needs repairing., The guest list needs writing., , OR, OR, OR, , The grass needs to be cut., The motorcycle needs to be repaired., The guest list needs to be written., , Be aware that there are some exceptions to these rules. Sometimes, animate objects follow the, second rule., My dog needs to be fed., The baby needs burping., , OR, , The baby needs to be burped., , Sometimes, inanimate objects follow the first rule., The buzzer needs to ring before we can leave class., The grass needs to grow more before I can cut it., The expression in need of can be used in some cases in place of using the verb need. However,, because the word need is not a verb in the phrase in need of, it must be preceded by the verb be., Darren is in need of a haircut., The car was in need of new tires., The girls were in need of prom dresses., , (Darren needs a haircut.), (The car needed new tires.), (The girls needed prom dresses.), , 36, , gmatclub 53
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Exercise 12: Using Need, Fill in the correct form of the verb in parentheses after the verb need., 1. I need ___________________ finish) my homework., 2. The bus needs to be ___________________ (fill) with gas., 3. Mary’s garden needs ___________________ (water)., 4. The thief needs to be ___________________ (punish)., 5. Harold will need _____________________ (make) extra cash for his trip., 6. This problem needs _____________________ (solve)., 7. Nancy needs _____________________ (wash) the dishes soon., 8. The crops need to be ______________________ (harvest) before it rains., 9. Stacy and I need _____________________ (move) to another apartment., 10. That hole in the road needs ______________________ (fill)., , Like / As, The word like is very often misused in conversational English. In written English, like is, traditionally used as a preposition (different from like the verb), while as is a conjunction (clause, connector)., Like is used to compare only nouns (i.e. use like to say two things are similar, and let the clause, that follows tell how they are similar)., The earth, like other planets, spins on an axis., Like other planets, the earth spins on an axis., , As is used to compare clauses (i.e. use as if two actions are similar)., A globe spins around an axis, as does the Earth itself., , A few rules of thumb:, 1. You should have two verbs in a sentence with an As comparison, one verb in a sentence with a, Like comparison., 2. Like comparisons work the same way as noun modifiers-make sure the right nouns are, touching!, 3. The GMAT tends to use like mostly at the beginning of sentences. It is tough to put like at the, end of a sentence and get the meaning right., , 54 gmatclub, , 37
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , A simple rule to follow, which will assist in using these two words correctly, is that the word like, is not closely followed by a verb (there is no verb in a prepositional phrase), while as is followed, by a clause which contains a verb., Example:, The new boy acts like a clown., In this sentence, like is correctly used as a, preposition. The prepositional phrase does not contain a verb., The new boy acts as if he were a clown., In this sentence, as is correctly used as a conjunction, (connector) between two clauses. Both clauses contain a verb., More examples:, My sister sings like Mariah Carey., My sister sings as though she were Mariah Carey., My neighbor’s house is like a zoo., My neighbor’s house is as if it were a zoo., NOTE: There is no difference of meaning between as if and as though; they can be used, interchangeably. Refer to Comparisons for more uses of the connector as., , Exercise 13: Using Like / As, Complete the following sentences with like, or as if / as though., 1. My little brother cries _________________ a baby., 2. My stomach felt ___________________ a train had run through it., 3. Darren appeared ___________________ he needed help on the exam., 4. The Olympic sprinter can run ___________________ the wind during competition., 5. The actor plays the part ___________________ he were the actual character., 6. Margie’s computer is so old that it runs _________________ a turtle., 7. George’s mom is short and fat _________________ my mom., 8. Mr. Brown spoke ___________________ he knew about quantum physics., 9. The winning fans responded ___________________ their team was the greatest., 10. The winning fans responded ___________________ a bunch of crazed maniacs., , For more exercises on using Like/As, please see:, http://gmatclub.com/forum/as-like-98308.html, , 38, , gmatclub 55
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Between / Among, The word between is always used when talking about a distinct relationship of two individual, items, groups, or people., Examples:, Sally had to choose between the red and white dresses., Let’s keep this secret between you and me., However, between can also be used when talking about a distinct relationship of more than two, individual items, groups, or people, Examples:, Johnny had to decide between going to Europe, buying a new car, or staying in college., Business negotiations between the governments of the United States, China and South America, are going well despite cultural differences., The word among is used when talking about items, groups, or people in general., Examples:, Disease spread among the earthquake survivors., The economic collapse caused panic among investors., Terry was quite popular among his classmates., She was relieved to find a friend among strangers., Business negotiations among governments are going well despite cultural differences. (Compare, this to the above example with between, here there is a group of governments rather than a, distinct group.), There is also a difference when using between and among for location., Example:, The children played between the fields., The children played among the fields., The word between in the first sentence gives the idea that the children were playing in a location, in the middle of two fields or in a central area which is surrounded by fields., The word among in the second sentence gives the idea that the children were playing inside and, throughout two or more fields., , 56 gmatclub, , 39
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 14: Using Between / Among, Complete the following sentences using either between or among., 1. Can you tell the difference __________________ this photo and the other one?, 2. Joanne found her wallet __________________ the bed and dresser., 3. Walter looked for his dog __________________ the houses of his neighborhood., 4. Charles and Sandra took a romantic walk ________________ the park fountains., 5. John felt at home __________________ his classmates at the school reunion., 6. The children couldn’t decide _________________ chocolate or vanilla ice cream., 7. Ms. Jennings was the most appreciated teacher ________________ her colleagues., 8. Our group was the noisiest ________________ all the fans that cheered at the game., 9. Walking ________________ the veterans’ graves made my grandfather very sad., 10. Could you get my keys laying on the table ________________ the couch and chair?, , 40, , gmatclub 57
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 7. PROPER USE OF PROBLEM VERBS, It can be quite confusing to distinguish which correct verb to use when it comes to raise/rise,, set/sit, or lay/lie. Raise, set and lay are transitive verbs and are followed by an object. Rise, sit, and lie are intransitive verbs and are NOT followed by an object., Study the chart below to understand the correct conjugation and use of these verbs., Transitive, , Intransitive, , raise, raised, raised, Tony raised his hand, , rise, rose, risen, Tony rises early, , set, set, set, Julie set the book on my desk, , sit, sat, sat, I sit in the third row, , lay, laid, laid, Julie is laying the book on my desk, , lie, lay, lain, John is lying on the floor. (Notice the changed, spelling of lie when “ing” is added.), NOTE: The verb lie, which means “not to tell the, truth”, is a regular verb, , Exercise 15: Using Raise/Rise, Set/Sit and Lay/Lie, Underline the correct word in parentheses in the following sentences., 1. Hens (lay, lie) eggs., 2. Janice (set, sat) the table for dinner., 3. Janice (set, sat) at the table for dinner., 4. Mrs. Smith (raises, rises) a garden every year., 5. I (laid, lay) my wallet on top of the dresser., 6. The ability to succeed (lies, lays) within you., 7. The old lady (set, sat) on the bench because she was tired., 8. Hot air (raises, rises)., 9. When I get tired, I (lay, lie) down and take a nap., 10. Jennifer (raised, rose) from her seat to pick up her test paper., , 58 gmatclub, , 41
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 8. SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT & PLACEMENT, It is important that the subject and verb in a sentence agree in person and number. If the subject, is singular then the verb is also usually singular. If the subject is plural then the verb is also, usually plural (although some exceptions do exist)., The professional demonstrates the idea well., singular, singular, The professionals demonstrate the idea well., plural, plural, Quite often, the verb is separated from the subject, which makes them very difficult to identify., Many times the subject and the verb will be separated by a prepositional phrase, which has no, effect on the verb., The danger, singular subject, , with many products, , is, that they harm children., singular verb, , Several polls on this particular problem have been taken., plural subject, plural verb, The war, between the opposing forces has caused many people to flee the city., singular subject, singular verb, The answers to these various questions, are, final., plural subject, plural verb, Sometimes, other phrases are used to separate the subject from the verb besides prepositional, phrases. These phrases do not affect the verb., Here are some examples:, accompanied by, , along with, , together with, , as well as, , Angelina Jolie, together with her husband Brad Pitt, is arriving to the fund raiser., Singular subject, singular verb, However, if the conjunction and is used instead of the phrase then the verb would be plural., Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt, plural subject, , are arriving, plural verb, , to the fund raiser., , 42, , gmatclub 59
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Exercise 16: Subject/Verb Agreement, Underline the correct form of the verb in parentheses in the following sentences., 1. The daughter of my best friend (has/have) won the spelling competition., 2. The geese that fly south for the winter (is/are) nesting around the lake., 3. The mayor, together with his wife, (is/are) attending the inaugural ball., 4. John and his wife Mary will (has/have) been married seven year tomorrow., 5. Police cars, which are old and outdated, (is/are) being auctioned off today., 6. Earthquakes around the ring of fire (has/have) been more frequent lately., 7. Joan of Arc, who led many Frenchmen in revolution, (was/were) the subject of my report., 8. The jury, which has been deliberating the Johnson trial, (has/have) been ordered to make, a decision soon., 9. The grandson of the late Mr. Hopkins (has/have) inherited the billionaire’s estate., 10. Michele, along with Sam and Justin, (is/are) coming for my birthday party., , For more exercises on Subject/Verb Agreement, please see:, http://gmatclub.com/forum/search.php?search_id=tag&tag_id=131, , 60 gmatclub, , 43
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 9. PRONOUNS, Five forms of pronouns exist in English. These are subject pronouns, complement (object), pronouns, possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives and reflexive pronouns., , Subject Pronouns, Subject pronouns are used in place of subject nouns. A singular pronoun is used to refer to a, singular noun and a plural pronoun is used to refer to a plural noun., Subject Pronouns, Singular, , Plural, , I, You, He, She, It, , We, You, They, , Examples of subject pronoun use:, I, am late for work., Subject, He owns six dogs and three cats., Subject, You and I are traveling to Las Vegas this weekend., Subject, They were worried about making the trip in bad weather., Subject, A subject pronoun can also be used after the verb be in certain circumstances, such as:, It was, , I who threw the ball at you., , (Notice that I is the subject of “threw the ball”), , The pronoun we, you and us can be directly followed by a noun in order to make it clearer to, whom is being referred., We parents are very concerned about our children., , 44, , gmatclub 61
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Comparative (Object) Pronouns, Comparative, or object, pronouns are used in place of the object of the verb. Again, a singular, comparative pronoun is used for a singular comparative noun and a plural comparative pronoun, is used for a plural comparative noun., , Comparative Pronouns, Singular, , Plural, , Me, , Us, You, , You, , Them, , Him, Her, It, , Examples of comparative (object) pronouns:, Sally emailed, , me., complement, , The merchant offered, I wanted to find, Jerry told, , him, a good deal., complement, , you, so we could go to the movies., complement, , them, that he wasn’t playing in the game tomorrow., complement, , A sentence can also contain variations in structure, such as containing prepositions and, conjunctions followed by clauses. Identifying these various parts of speech will help in, determining the correct usage of pronouns., Alex arrived at the house, , before, her., preposition complement pronoun, , Alex arrived at the house, , before, she, left work., conjunction subject verb, clause, , NOTE: A clause is a full sentence that has been connected to the first sentence by a conjunction, (connector) and, therefore, also has a subject and verb., , 62 gmatclub, , 45
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Possessive Pronouns, Possessive pronouns show possession of something by someone. They are not followed by, nouns, but stand alone. Possessive pronouns replace a noun that is understood by context., NOTE: You do NOT use apostrophes with possessive pronouns. The pronoun its is different, from the word it’s, which is a contraction of it is. (For information on the correct use of, apostrophes, see the punctuation section.), , Possessive Pronouns, Singular, , Plural, , Mine, , Ours, Yours, , Your, , Theirs, , His, Hers, Its, , Examples of possessive pronouns:, That is my money., John’s car is slow and my car is fast., Our class is boring., Their dresses are too short., , That is mine. OR That money is mine., His is slow and mine is fast., Ours is boring., Theirs are too short., , Possessive Adjectives, Possessive adjectives are pronouns which are used as adjectives and are located directly before, another noun. They do not replace a noun, but modify it., , Possessive Adjectives, Singular, , Plural, , My, , Our, Your, , Your, , Their, , His, Her, Its, , Examples of possessive adjectives:, Carol is reading her book., The bird is grooming its wings., He received his award this morning., My homework is due next Monday., Their names were not called in class., , 46, , gmatclub 63
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Reflective Pronouns, Reflective pronouns indicate that the subject of a sentence is both giving and receiving the action, of the verb. They are normally located after the verb., , Reflective Pronouns, Singular, , Plural, , Myself, , Ourselves, Yourselves, , Yourself, , Themselves, , Himself, Herself, Itself, , NOTE: English never uses the forms hisself or thierselves. These forms are always incorrect., Notice the difference between the comparative (object) pronoun and the reflective pronoun in the, following sentences., Mary bought her a birthday gift., Mary bought herself a birthday gift., , (her = another person), (herself = Mary), , Examples of reflective pronouns:, The bird bathed itself in the water hole., I hurt myself playing soccer., The boys treated themselves to ice cream after school., We convinced ourselves not to be scared at the haunted house., Protect yourself from the rain by taking an umbrella., Reflexive pronouns can also be used to give emphasis, showing that the subject did the action, alone (you can actually substitute the word alone for the pronoun in this case). When used this, way, it usually follows the subject, but not always. It can also be placed at the end of the, sentence, often used with the word by (by himself)., I myself believe in ghosts., You yourself must choose what you will believe., Robert completed the complex puzzle by himself., The girls themselves made all the plans for the party., We ourselves think the new voting law is unfair., You will have to do the work on your car yourself., , 64 gmatclub, , 47
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 17: Using Pronouns, Underline the correct form of the pronoun or possessive adjective in the following sentences., 1. I think (he, his, him) is a great teacher., 2. Jason had to get (he, him, himself) ready for school today., 3. That yellow cat over there is (me, mine, my)., 4. The snake bit (we, us, our) horse on (it, it’s, its) leg., 5. Joanne and (I, me) don’t want to go to (him, his, he) party., 6. I can’t believe that (you, your) mother doesn’t like (our, ours)., 7. John thought that (he, his, him) could do the job by (hisself, himself)., 8. The cute boy speaks to (she, her) every morning as (they, them, themselves) walk to, school., 9. All of (we, us) boy scouts are going camping this weekend., 10. (She, Her) scolded (she, her) dog for ruining (it, its, it’s) new toy., , For more exercises on Pronouns, please see:, http://gmatclub.com/forum/search.php?search_id=tag&tag_id=134, , 48, , gmatclub 65
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Pronouns in Apposition, An appositive is a word, phrase, or clause in apposition – that is, it is a word placed next to, another word so that the second explains the first., Martha, my sister, and her boyfriend, Doug, are in town for the weekend., In this sentence, my sister is in apposition to Martha and Doug is in apposition to her boyfriend., In each case, the second word or phrase gives more information about the first word or phrase., Martha = my sister and her boyfriend = Doug, A pronoun of apposition must take the form of the noun it is in apposition with, whether a, subject noun, or a comparative (object) noun., The weightlifters, John, George and, I , are ready for the competition., subject, pronoun in apposition, In the above sentence, the pronoun I is in apposition with the subject noun weightlifters,, therefore a subject pronoun is used. (, I, am one of the weightlifters.), subject, The labor party chose three officers, Sandra, Paul and, me, ., object, pronoun in apposition, In the above sentence, the pronoun me is in apposition with the object of the verb officers,, therefore a complement, or object pronoun, is used. (The labor party chose me as one of their, officers.), object, , Indefinite Pronouns, An indefinite pronoun refers to something that is not definite, specific, or exact. Most indefinite, pronouns are considered singular and require singular verbs, but some require plural verbs and, some can be used with either singular or plural verbs depending on the noun., Refer to the following lists of indefinite pronouns for proper verb selection. (Note: examples, begin with indefinite pronouns to show best which verb form to use.), Singular Indefinite Pronouns, The following indefinite pronouns are considered singular and must be followed by singular, verbs., Another – Another bus is coming soon., Anybody – Anybody knows the answer to that question., Anyone – Anyone has the ability to do this job., Anything – Anything is possible if you believe., Each – Each of the kittens is different., Either - Either route has a gas station., Everybody – Everybody is happy today., Everyone – Everyone is going on the fieldtrip., Everything – Everything has been ruined by the flood., 66 gmatclub, , 49
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Less – Less is known about this period of history., Little – Little has been considered about this problem., Much – Much was discussed at the meeting., Neither - Neither person was selected for the position., No one – No one has the keys to the gym., Nobody – Nobody was at the library., Nothing – Nothing is going to stop me., One – One of the clients is unhappy with our work., Somebody – Somebody needs to call a doctor., Someone – Someone is stealing money from the register., Something – Something has gone wrong at work., The following indefinite pronouns are considered plural and must be followed by plural verbs., Both – Both are guilty., Few – Few were happy with the outcome., Fewer – Fewer are eating healthy in this time., Many – Many were selected to play in the tournament., Others – Others can do the job much better., Several – Several were capable of getting the job done., The following indefinite pronouns can take either a singular or plural verb depending on the, noun used., All – All the boys are tired of playing., Any – Any choices are good., More – More colors are good., Most – Most of the fires are quenched., None – None of the pies have been sold., Some – Some of my friends are coming., , OR, OR, OR, OR, OR, OR, , 50, , All the time has gone., Any choice is good., More color is good., Most of the fire is out., None of the pie has been eaten., Some of my family is coming., , gmatclub 67
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 10. QUESTIONS, When forming questions, the auxiliary, or be, verb is placed before the subject. If one of these is, not used then a correct form of the verb do should be used. The tense and person are shown only, by the auxiliary and not by the main verb., , Yes/No Questions, Some questions can only be answered with either yes, or no. They use this formula:, auxiliary, be, do, does, did, , + subject + verb, , Is Mark coming with us to the mall?, Was Darrell at work yesterday?, Have you ever been skydiving?, Will Mr. Johnson announce the contest winner today?, Do you know if math homework is due tomorrow?, Does Lisa like roses?, Did Carlton receive his priority package?, , Informative Questions, These are questions that require more detailed answers than simply yes or no. More information, is being requested. There are three different types of informative questions., , , Who or what questions are requesting information concerning the subject. The subject is, unknown., , Who has a question?, What came in the mail today?, , , (Someone has a question.), (Something came in the mail today.), , Whom and what are considered complement questions. The complement is unknown and, information on it is being requested., , NOTE: Who is often misused in spoken English to ask a complement question. However, whom, is the correct form in written English to indicate that the question is requesting information on, the complement position., Whom does Jackie see from the office?, What are you doing Friday night?, , , (Jackie sees someone from the office.), (You are doing something Friday night.), , When, where, why and how questions are similar to complement questions as they are, seeking more information about the action of the subject., , When did Erin receive her letter jacket?, Where do you go to get assistance?, Why does Kathy have such a big dog?, How can you make my car go faster?, 6, , 51
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Embedded Questions, An embedded question is included in a sentence or another question. The word order is different, from that in a typical question, except for subject questions. There must NOT be an auxiliary, between the question word and the subject in an embedded question., Normal Question:, Embedded Question:, , When will the court hearing begin?, They haven’t determined when the court hearing will begin., , Normal Question:, Embedded Question:, , Why did John hit that girl?, I don’t understand why John hit that girl., , Question words within a sentence can be single words, or phrases. Phrases include: whose +, noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what time and what kind., Betty didn’t know how many cupcakes to make for the Girl Scout troop., I asked Doug how often he jogs every week., The girls asked the ranger how far it was to the next camping point., We wanted to know what kind of fruit was in this delicious ice cream., The boss wanted to know whose break time it was., When there is an embedded question within a question, the embedded question is seeking the, actual information., Do you know what time it is?, Could you tell me how to get to the post office?, , 52, , The questioner is requesting the time., The questioner is asking directions., , gmatclub 69
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Exercise 18: Creating Embedded Questions, Complete the following sentences to create embedded questions from the given question., Example: Why is she angry? I don’t know why she’s angry., 1. Who has seen the new vampire movie?, I’d like to know _______________________________., 2. How do you do this algebra homework?, Could you tell me ______________________________?, 3. Where can I find that new fantasy book?, Tell me ______________________________________., 4. When will the train arrive?, The travel updates ______________________________., 5. Why is Sally crying?, Do you have any idea ___________________________?, , Tag Questions, A tag question is placed at the end of a sentence clause which the speaker is uncertain about. The, tag question is separated from the main clause by a comma and ends in a question mark., Follow these guidelines for using tag questions:, , , , , , , , , If the main clause is negative then the tag is affirmative. If the main clause is affirmative, then the tag is negative., Negative forms are usually contracted (She was happy, wasn’t she?), Use the same auxiliary verb in the tag as in the main clause. If an auxiliary is not used, then use do, does, or did., Don’t change the tense of the verb from the main clause to the tag., Use the same subject that is in the main clause for the tag. Always use a subject pronoun, for the tag., Sentence forms that use there is, there are and it is will have the same use of there, or it,, in the tag. (There is enough for everyone, isn’t there?), The verb have can be used as the main verb (I have a headache), or as an auxiliary verb, (Jenny has received her diploma). When have functions as the main verb, a form of do,, does, or did must be used (You have a headache, don’t you?), , Examples of tag questions:, Eric is in gym class now, isn’t he?, Julie isn’t in gym class now, is she?, The train will be arriving soon, won’t it?, There aren’t any potato chips left, are there?, You have a new car, don’t you?, , 70 gmatclub, , 53
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 19: Creating Tag Questions, Complete the following sentences by adding a tag question with the correct form of the verb and, subject pronoun., 1. You’re learning English quickly, _________________?, 2. Tommy is going to the party with us, __________________?, 3. Tom and Andy will be coming to the movies with us, __________________?, 4. It’s a great time of the year for a vacation, ___________________?, 5. There isn’t any pizza left from last night, ___________________?, 6. We’ve already taken that test, ______________________?, 7. Yvette is going to Peru this year, _______________________?, 8. There’s plenty of room left in the bus, ______________________?, 9. They shouldn’t be playing around that area, ______________________?, 10. You have been to Washington D.C., ______________________?, , 54, , gmatclub 71
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 11., , ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS, Adjectives, , Adjectives are used to describe, or modify, nouns. They give additional descriptive information, to a noun: hungry child, beautiful flowers, French doors, old man., An adjective is considered neither singular nor plural. A final plural –s is never added to an, adjective., I saw some beautiful models at the show. NOT: I saw some beautifuls models at the show., Adjectives only modify nouns, pronouns and linking verbs (see Linking Verbs section for more, information on linking verbs). Adjectives normally come before the nouns they modify, or, follow linking verbs. If more than one adjective is used, a comma is placed between to separate, them., The giant, green monster chased the tiny, frightened astronauts., adjectives noun, adjectives, noun, Adjectives that modify a singular countable noun are usually preceded by a, an, or the which is, determined by the vowel sound of the adjective, not the noun., a delicious apple, , an ugly duckling, , the scary story, , Adverbs, Adverbs are used to describe, or modify, verbs (except linking verbs), adjectives, or other, adverbs., Adverbs are often formed by adding –ly to an adjective., Adjective: rapid, , Adverb: rapidly, , Adverbs are often used to modify, give additional information to, adjectives., She is extremely nervous., adverb adjective, The following words are also adverbs: almost, fast, often, so, too, well. An adverb can be, identified because it answers the question: How?, She is extremely nervous., We almost won., The bird flew fast., Steven eats too much candy., Stacy plays violin well., , 72 gmatclub, , (How nervous is she?), (How did we win?), (How did the bird fly?), (How much candy does Steven eat?), (How does Stacy play violin?), , 55
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Adverbs can be placed in several positions, depending on the sentence., , , Adverbs are often placed at the beginning of a sentence. It is followed by a comma in this, instance., Usually, the girls go to the mall on the weekend., , , , Adverbs can also be placed at the end of a sentence., The girls go to the mall on the weekend usually., , , , Adverbs can be placed before simple present and simple past verbs (except be)., The girls usually go to the mall on the weekend., The girls usually went to the mall on the weekend., , , , Adverbs follow the verb be in its simple and past forms., Joan is normally in the competition., , , , Cows were frequently in the field., , Adverbs are placed between an auxiliary verb and a main verb., He has always gone to work early., , , , In a question, an adverb is placed directly after the subject., Does the bus always come on time?, , 56, , gmatclub 73
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Exercise 20: Using Adjectives and Adverbs, Underline the correct adjective or adverb in parentheses. Then write AJ for adjective, or AV for, adverb, in the blank at the end of the sentence to determine in what capacity the chosen word is, used., Example:, , He likes (sad, sadly) movies., , __AJ__, , 1. They sing (good, well)., , _______, , 2. Ellen’s chocolate cake is (delicious, deliciously)., , _______, , 3. The students speak (fluent, fluently) English., , _______, , 4. The students speak English (fluent, fluently)., , _______, , 5. This is an (awesome, awesomely) painting., , _______, , 6. The lady at the opera sang (beautiful, beautifully)., , _______, , 7. (Incredible, Incredibly), the baby survived the plane crash., , _______, , 8. That is a (considerable, considerably) fee to enter the game., , _______, , 9. The fee is (considerable, considerably) more than I expected., , _______, , 10. He needs to swim (fast, fastly) in order to beat the champion., , _______, , For more exercises on using Adjectives and Adverbs, please see:, http://gmatclub.com/forum/search.php?search_id=tag&tag_id=137, , 74 gmatclub, , 57
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 12., , COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: PART I, , Coordinating conjunctions are words which link, or coordinate, two or more similar words,, phrases, or clauses together into one fluid idea. Words that are considered coordinating, conjunctions are and, but, or and nor., , Parallel Structure, Parallel structure is when conjunctions are used to connect words or phrases that have the same, grammatical function in a sentence. There are several ways to create parallel structure., , , Two nouns are connected by a conjunction., Laura and her sister are coming to the party., Roger or Beth will win the election., , , , Two verbs are connected by a conjunction., Michael raised his hand and asked a question., Denise hesitated but continued the race anyway., When both verbs contain the same auxiliary verb, the second auxiliary is usually omitted., Terry is doing his homework and (is) listening to the radio., When two infinitive verbs are connected, the second to is usually omitted., The reporter wants to go and (to) interview the celebrity in person., We want to attend the theater or (to) play a board game tonight., , , , Two adjectives are connected by a conjunction., The singer’s voice was tender but strong., The cake was tasty and sweet., , , , Two adverbs are connected by a conjunction., The thief walked softly and quietly., The plane was flying fast but low., , A parallel structure can contain more than two parts. When a series of items are connected,, commas are used to separate each unit. A comma can be used or omitted before the connecter,, but the same pattern should be used throughout the text. (See more on comma usage later in the, book.), Paul, John, George, and Ringo formed the Beatles band., Charlie entered the boat, took to the water, and began fishing., Our school colors are black, gold, and green., Paul didn’t react peacefully, correctly, or intelligently., , 58, , Connected nouns, Connected verbs, Connected adjectives, Connected adverbs, , gmatclub 75
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Exercise 21: Using Conjunctions in Parallel Structure, In the following sentences, circle the conjunction, underline the two words it connects and write, what the words are in the blank to the right (nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs)., Example: The old lady was extremely kind, , gentle. ______adjectives______, , and, , 1. Sally and Randy went to the dance together., , ____________________, , 2. The children played lively and energetically., , ____________________, , 3. Johnny is jumping and bouncing on the trampoline. ____________________, 4. Margaret has lost her earrings but not her bracelet. ____________________, 5. That color isn’t really brown, orange, or red., , ____________________, , For more exercises on Parallel Structure, please see:, http://gmatclub.com/forum/search.php?search_id=tag&tag_id=141, , 76 gmatclub, , 59
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 13., , PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, , Prepositional phrases are an important part of the English language. A prepositional phrase, begins with a preposition. Often, the preposition shows direction, or placement, such as in, at,, under, around, through, to, over, etc., but not always, such as about, of, since, till, until, etc. The, preposition includes an object of the preposition, which is a noun or pronoun. (See a list of, commonly used prepositions.), prepositional phrase = on the horse, , preposition = on, , The man rode on, the horse ., prep. noun phrase, , OR, , object of preposition = the horse, The man rode on, it, ., prep. pronoun, , Prepositional phrases can contain adjectives that modify the noun, or object., The man rode on the brown horse., There can also be multiple prepositional phrases used in order to give more information. Each, additional phrase provides more information to the main idea of the sentence., The man rode on the horse across the prairie in the rain., prep. phrase prep. phrase, prep. phrase, Sometimes, a prepositional phrase can be at the beginning of a sentence. If this is the case, it is, followed by a comma (see more about comma usage in the punctuation section)., In the first inning, he scored a goal., , Exercise 22: Identifying Prepositions and Objects of Prepositions, Underline each prepositional phrase in the sentences below and write “P” underneath the, preposition and “OP” under the object of the preposition. NOTE: Some sentences may have, more than one prepositional phrase., Example:, , The lion roared from the jungle., P, OP, , 1. The dragon blew fire at the knight., 2. Yesterday, I saw Kathy at the store around the corner., 3. The scared rabbit ran under the porch., 4. In the beginning, John was nervous about the test., 5. The eggs were broken in the carton., 6. Sally hurt her knee on the ice from the fall., 7. Children love to play in the snow., 8. The band played passionately to the fans at the stadium., 9. The medics rushed the patient down the hall into the emergency room., 10. Carla and Amy love to go to the movies on Saturday night., 60, , gmatclub 77
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 14., , COMPARISONS, , Comparisons use adjectives and adverbs to indicate degrees of difference, which can be equal or, unequal., , Equal Comparisons, An equal comparison shows that two entities are exactly the same, if positive, or not the same, if, negative. The word as is used on either side of the adjective or adverb., Mary is as tall as her sister., , OR, , Mary is not as tall as her sister., , Sometimes, the word so is used in the first position of a negative comparison., Mary is not so tall as her sister., NOTE: In correct English, a subject pronoun is always used after the comparison phrase. This is, often misused in speech., Mary is as tall as she., , You are not as old as I., , Examples of equal comparisons:, My brother is as big as an ox., Robert is as intelligent as Jane., That sprinter runs as fast as a cheetah., Our choir sings as well as yours., , (adjective), (adjective), (adverb), (adverb), , Sometimes, nouns can be used in comparative phrases of equality by using the same in front of, it., My car runs the same speed as yours., Their party ran the same length as the concert., , My car runs as fast as yours., Their party ran as long as the concert., , NOTE: The opposite of the same as is different from. You should never use different than., My ice cream is different from yours., Their uniforms are different from ours., , 78 gmatclub, , 61
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Unequal Comparisons, Unequal comparatives show that there is a greater or lesser degree of difference., The word than is always used at the end of the comparative, unless the object has already been, established and is known., My brother is bigger than your brother., , OR, , My brother is bigger. (object known), , The following rules generally apply to this type of comparative., , , Add –er to the adjective or adverb base of most one and two syllable words. (fast = faster;, tall = taller; smart = smarter), , , , When the adjective or adverb has three or more syllables then you add the word more, without changing the adjective or adverb. (more important; more gorgeous; more, intelligent), , , , Also, use more with words ending in these suffixes: -ed, -ing, -ful, -ous, -ish. (more, enraged, more careful, more caring, more porous, more bullish), , , , With one-syllable words that end in a single consonant and are preceded by a single, vowel, the consonant is doubled before adding –er (with the exception of w, x and z)., (hot = hotter; big = bigger; red = redder), , , , When a word ends in a consonant + y, change the y to I and add –er. (clumsy = clumsier,, funny = funnier, dry = drier), , NOTE: The suffix –er means the same as more. It is incorrect to use them together. You can, NOT say:, more nicer, more uglier, more faster, Using much or far before the unequal comparative intensifies the meaning even more., Your outfit is far more fashionable than mine., A jet is much faster than a plane., Silver is much less desirable than gold., Nouns can also be used in comparisons, but the correct determiners must be used with countable, or uncountable nouns., Countable nouns use more, fewer, less + noun + than, He has more comics than me., Non-countable nouns use many, much, little, less + noun + as, They have as much food as we., Examples of countable and non-countable nouns used in comparatives:, Emily has as little money as I., I have fewer coins than Emily., My friend doesn’t have as much work as Sam., I have more classes than my friend., , 62, , (non-countable), (countable), (non-countable), (countable), , gmatclub 79
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Positives, Comparatives and Superlatives, Most adjectives have three forms: the positive (sad), the comparative (sadder) and the, superlative (saddest)., If the adjective has three or more syllables then it will usually begin with more or less, or most or, least, without changing the adjective. Study the following chart., , Positive, , Comparative, , Superlative, , large, pretty, intelligent, beautiful, , larger, prettier, less intelligent, more beautiful, , largest, prettiest, least intelligent, most beautiful, , Adverbs are also sometimes used as comparatives and superlatives. Usually, adverbs have three, or more syllables. If so, they are used with more or less for the comparative and most or least for, the superlative., She worked more painstakingly than Ralph., He behaved more comically than all the other clowns., That bull acts the most chaotic of all., That kid cries the most pitifully of all the rest., , (comparative), (comparative), (superlative), (superlative), , The positive doesn’t show any comparison, but simply describes the quality of a person, group,, or thing., The girl is pretty., The doctor is smart., The comparative shows a greater, or lesser, degree of difference between two people, groups, or, things. The word than is used if the object of comparison is mentioned. It is not needed if the, object of comparison is understood., His dad is taller than yours., This disease is more contagious than that one., Martin is less dynamic than his brother., OR, , OR, His dad is taller., OR, This disease is more contagious., Martin is less dynamic., , The superlative compares three or more people, groups, or things and shows which one is, superior, or inferior, to the others., Sally is the nicest girl in our class., Ralph is the most successful graduate of our school., This computer is the least expensive of all of them., The phrase “one of the” is commonly used with superlative form to show that one person, group,, or thing out of a number of people, groups, or things is the most, or least. When this phrase is, used, the “group” noun is plural while the verb is singular., One of the fastest planes in the world is the Concord., Mohammad Ali is one of the greatest boxers in the world., , 80 gmatclub, , 63
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives, A few adjectives and superlatives used in comparative and superlative phrases are irregular., Study the examples in the chart below., , Adjective or Adverb, , Comparative, , Superlative, , far, , farther, further, , farthest, furthest, , little, , less, , least, , much or many, , more, , most, , good or well, , better, , best, , bad or badly, , worse, , worst, , Examples of irregular comparatives and superlatives:, Sally’s cooking is much better than Mary’s., My car is running worse now than it did yesterday., I live farther away than you., Why do these shoes cost less than those?, , Numbered Comparatives, Numbered comparatives can include such words or phrases as: half, twice, three times, four, times, etc. The phrase as much as is used for non-countable nouns and as many as is used for, countable nouns. The phrase more than is NOT used with numbered comparatives. It is incorrect, to say four times more than, etc., This rock weighs twice as much as that one., Ronald has four times as much money as Paul., The cat had half as many kittens as before., , Double Comparatives, When a sentence begins with a comparative structure then the second clause must also begin, with a comparative., The harder you study, the easier the class will be., The sooner you get to work, the earlier you can go home., The more you resist, the harder it will be., The more he studied, the better he got at Math., , No Sooner, If the phrase no sooner begins a sentence, the word than must begin the second clause. Also,, notice that the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject in this sentence structure., No sooner had Lisa hung out the laundry than it began to rain., No sooner will I receive my check than it will all be spent on bills., No sooner had he began the competition than he felt a tear in his leg muscle., 64, , gmatclub 81
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Exercise 23: Using Comparisons, Fill in the blank with the correct form of the adjectives and adverbs in parentheses. Supply any, other words that may be necessary. Pay attention to the words as and than for guidance., 1. This bowl of soup is __________________ (hot) than the last bowl., 2. She acts ___________________ (well) as Sandra Bullock., 3. Jerry’s pet is ____________________ (exotic) than Sue’s., 4. Your graduation gift is ____________________ (good) than mine., 5. My job is ______________________ (serious) as yours., 6. He was ______________________ (determined) than Joe to win the race., 7. Charlie has grown __________________________ (tall) as his brother., 8. She was ________________________ (shock) as I to see the test results., 9. Johnny was ________________________ (truthful) than before in telling his story., 10. I feel _________________________(bad) today than yesterday., , For more exercise on Using Comparisons, please see:, http://gmatclub.com/forum/search.php?search_id=tag&tag_id=140, Exercise 24: Using Comparisons: Than, As, From, Fill in the blank with the correct comparative word of than, as, or from., 1. A cat is much quicker ______________ a mouse., 2. The dolphins swam as fast _______________ our boat., 3. Jennifer was much more certain of the answer ______________ Julie., 4. My twin cousin is indistinguishable ______________ the other., 5. Unmanned rockets can now travel much further _____________ the moon., 6. John’s speech was much different _______________ mine., 7. The ball game continued much longer ______________ expected., 8. Our cheerleaders were as good _______________ theirs., 9. Nathan was stronger ______________ Michael, so he won the match., 10. I think crumpets are much tastier ______________ crepes., , 82 gmatclub, , 65
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 15., , COMMANDS, , A command is an order given to another person. It can be preceded by please in order to make it, more polite. The simple form of the verb is used and you is the understood subject., Make your bed., Please open the door for me., , Clean your room., Be quiet., , Negative Commands, A negative command adds the word don’t before the simple verb., Don’t get in my way., Please don’t do that again., , Don’t miss the bus., Don’t put that there., , Indirect Commands, Indirect commands will normally use the verbs ask, tell, order, or say. They are followed by the, infinitive of the verb (to + verb)., The judge ordered him to pay what he owed., The professor asked the class to open their books., Please tell Paul to return the library book., He told me to wait in the hall., , Negative Indirect Commands, Add the word not before the infinitive verb to make an indirect command negative., I told Rachel not to walk that way to school., Abigail ordered Jerry not to pull her hair., Please ask the kids not to make so much noise., Sue asked the hairdresser not to shorten her hair length., , 66, , gmatclub 83
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 16., , NEGATION – PART I - USING NOT, , In order to make a sentence negative, use the word not after the auxiliary verb, or verb be., NOTE: When adding not to the auxiliary can, the word is written as one word – cannot., Robert is happy., George has done his homework., Stephanie has arrived., You can climb the wall., , Robert is not happy., George has not done his homework., Stephanie has not arrived., You cannot climb the wall., , If there is no auxiliary or be verb then add the correct form of do (do, does, did) and place the, word not after that., Examples of sentences which do not contain an auxiliary verb and must be used with do, does, or, did., Mark likes to swim., Stacy went to the dentist., We want to travel to Europe., , Mark does not like to swim., Stacy did not go to the dentist., We do not want to travel to Europe., , None / No, None is used with either a plural count or non-count noun. It CANNOT be used with a single, count noun. The verb form will depend on the noun used., None of the girls have played soccer before., None of the water has leaked into the basement., , plural count noun = girls, Non-count noun = water, , No can be used with all nouns. The verb form will depend on the noun used., No boy is going to date my daughter., No cars are completely energy efficient., No water is safe to drink from that county., , Single count noun = boy, Plural count noun = cars, Non-count noun = water, , Some / Any, Some is used before the complement in a positive/affirmative sentence, while any is used before, the complement in a negative sentence., I want some coffee., Daniel has some pizza., Debby had some homework., , I don’t want any coffee., Daniel doesn’t have any pizza., Debby didn’t have any homework., , It is also possible to make a sentence negative by adding the word no before the complement, noun. When this occurs, the verb CANNOT be negative (see Double Negatives next)., Daniel has no pizza., , 84 gmatclub, , Debby has no homework., , 67
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Either / Neither, Either is used as an indication of selection between two choices, while neither is used to indicate, that none of the two choices is viable., NOTE: When either or neither are used as the subject, they always use a singular verb., Either of the jackets is a good choice for the banquette., Neither of the cars is fast enough to win the race., Also, when indicating the two choices individually, either uses the word or between choices, while neither uses the word nor between choices., Either Sue or Helen has your keys., Neither Sue nor Helen has your keys., , 17. DOUBLE NEGATIVES, In English, double negatives must be avoided. It is incorrect to use two negatives in the same, sentence clause., Study the examples below:, INCORRECT, , CORRECT, , I don’t have no money., We didn’t want no ice., He doesn’t like nobody., She can’t never come out., , I don’t have any money., We didn’t want any ice., He doesn’t like anybody., She can’t ever come out., , OR, I have no money., We wanted no ice., He likes nobody., She can’t come out., , Exercise 25: Avoiding Double Negatives, Correct the following sentences, all of which contain double negatives., Jimmy doesn’t have any manners., , Example: Jimmy doesn’t have no manners., 1. Kathy didn’t do nothing., 2. There isn’t no milk in the refrigerator., 3. I can’t never understand him., , 4. We couldn’t see nothing but people at the concert., 5. They didn’t trust nobody., , 68, , gmatclub 85
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Practice Test 1, Basic Level, , Choose the best answer for each of the underlined sections of the following sentences based on, the material covered in this section., , 1. The Lake Titicaca has the most volume of the water of any lake in South America,, making it the largest lake on that continent., a) The Lake Titicaca has the most volume of the water of any lake in South America, b) Lake Titicaca has the most volume of water of any lake in South America, c) Lake Titicaca has the most volume of a water of each lake in South America, d) The Lake Titicaca has the most volume of water of any lake in South America, e) Lake Titicaca has the most volume of water of some lakes in South America, , 2. The courts ruled that have there being safety protocols initiated, the accident would not, have occurred., a) The courts ruled that have there being safety protocols initiated, b) The courts ruled that had there being safety protocols initiated, c) The courts rule that had there been safety protocols initiated, d) The courts ruled that had there been safety protocols initiated, e) The courts ruled that have there been safety protocols initiated, , 8, , 69
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 3. Because they were eye witnesses to the crime, Amy, Sue and Jack were called to testify, at the robbery hearing., a) Amy, Sue and Jack were called to testify at the robbery hearing, b) Amy, Sue and Jack they were called to testify at the robbery hearing, c) Amy, Sue and Jack was called to testify at the robbery hearing, d) Amy, Sue and Jack were calling to testify at the robbery hearing, e) Amy, Sue and Jack were called to testifying at the robbery hearing, , 4. Terry is a great pianist who plays gooder than anyone in our city and has even become, famouser than anyone in our state., a) who plays gooder than anyone in our city and has even become famouser than, anyone, b) whom plays better than anyone in our city and has even become more famous of, anyone, c) who plays better of anyone in our city and has even become famouser than anyone, d) who plays gooder than anyone in our city and has even become more famous than, anyone, e) who plays better than anyone in our city and has even become more famous than, anyone, , 5. Due to traffic being backed up, by the time I arrived at my parent’s house the reunion was, over for hours and all my relatives have gone., a) was over for hours and all my relatives have gone, b) had been over for hours and all my relatives had gone, c) were over for hours and all my relatives had gone, d) has been over for hours and all my relatives was gone, e) had been over for hours and all my relatives had been gone, , 70, , gmatclub 87
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 6. When Mary rises in the morning, she already has her clothes layed out to wear to work in, order to save time so she isn’t late., a) rises in the morning, she already has her clothes layed out, b) raises in the morning, she already has her clothes lain out, c) rises in the morning, she already has her clothes lain out, d) rose in the morning, she already has her clothes laid out, e) rises in the morning, she already has her clothes laid out, , 7. The jury have been in deliberation since very early this morning over this case., a) The jury have been in deliberation, b) The jury has been in deliberation, c) The jury it has been in deliberation, d) The jurys have been in deliberation, e) The jury has been for deliberation, , 8. After history class, my wife asked me to stop and pick up three meat, two sticks of butter, and a carton of milk from the store., a) three meat, two sticks of butter and a carton of milk, b) three meat, two butter and a milk, c) three cuts of meat, two butter and a carton of milk, d) three cuts of meat, two sticks of butter and a carton of milk, e) three meats, two butters and a milk, , 88 gmatclub, , 71
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 9. When John returned from Thai Land, he said the people were intellegenter and more, small than what he imagined., a) were intelligenter and more small than what he imagined, b) was more intelligent and more small than he imagined, c) were more intelligent and smaller than he had imagined, d) were intelligenter and smaller than he had imagined, e) was more intelligent and smaller than he was imagining, , 10. Mr. Schuler had finished repairing my computer by the time I arrived at his shop even, though I was early., a) by the time I arrived at his shop even though I was early, b) when I arrived at his shop a bit early, c) because I was early to arrive at his shop, d) by the time I arrived at his shop because I was early, e) in case I arrived at his shop early, , 11. Jimmy likes to play basketball as he were Michael Jordan, flying through the air and, dunking the ball., a) as he were Michael Jordan, b) as though he were Michael Jordan, c) like he were Michael Jordan, d) as though he was like Michael Jordan, e) as if he was like Michael Jordan, , 72, , gmatclub 89
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 12. Alice doesn’t really like to eat vegetables, but she ate a little peas, some carrots and both, corn at her grandmother’s for dinner., a) she ate a little peas, some carrots and both corn, b) she ate some peas, much carrots and a couple corn, c) she ate some peas, a lot of carrots and a couple ears of corn, d) she ate a little peas, a little carrots and lots of corn, e) she ate some peas, a lot of carrots and a much ears of corn, , 13. After being frightened, the mouses ran so fast the children couldn’t see their feets., a) the mouses ran so fast the children couldn’t see their feets, b) the mice ran so fast the children couldn’t see their feet, c) the mice ran so fast the childs couldn’t see their feet, d) the mouses ran so fast the children couldn’t see their feet, e) the mice ran so fast the children couldn’t see their feets, , 14. The girls didn’t have a good time at the dance last night because no boys ask them to, dance., a) because no boys ask them to dance, b) because none of the boys they liked ask them to dance, c) therefore no boys did ask them to dance, d) so none of the boys asked none of the girls to dance, e) because none of the boys asked them to dance, , 90 gmatclub, , 73
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 15. Jonathon didn’t believe in UFOs until he saw one hover above his house and take off like, a streak across the sky., a) didn’t believe in UFOs until he saw one, b) don’t believe in UFOs until he saw one, c) believed not in UFOs until he seen one, d) hasn’t believed in UFOs until he sees one, e) didn’t never believe in UFOs until he saw one, , 16. The suit made superbly by the tailor, causing the cowardly, old man feel like a fierce,, young lion., a) The suit made superbly by the tailor, causing, b) The suit was altered superbly by the tailor, causing, c) When the suit can be made superbly by the tailor, it caused, d) The suit was altered superbly by the tailor, making, e) The altered suit is made superbly by the tailor, causing, , 17. Ralph is hating Jessica’s new dress even though he loves her deeply., a) is hating Jessica’s new dress even though he loves, b) hates Jessica’s new dress even though he will be loving, c) will be hating Jessica’s new dress even though he is loving, d) hates Jessica’s new dress even though he is loving, e) hates Jessica’s new dress even though he loves, , 74, , gmatclub 91
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 18. The fanatical, young group of girls have been waiting in the concert line all night by the, time the tickets go on sale., a) have been waiting in the concert line all night, b) will have been waiting in the concert line each night, c) will have been waiting in the concert line the entire night, d) had been waiting in the concert line all night, e) has been waiting in the concert line the whole night, , 19. Perplexing questions there are in quantum mechanics because of how things change in, their behavior on a subatomic level., a) Perplexing questions there are in quantum mechanics, b) There is in quantum mechanics many perplexing questions, c) There is lots of perplexing questions when it comes to quantum mechanics, d) Perplexing questions there is in the field of quantum mechanics, e) There are some very perplexing questions in quantum mechanics, , 20. Molly said her friend that Jeff told that he was going to ask her to marry him at the party, tonight., a) Molly said her friend that Jeff told that, b) Molly told her friend that Jeff said that, c) The friend was telling by Molly that Jeff told everyone that, d) Molly was telling to her friend that Jeff said that, e) Molly told her friend that Jeff was telling that, , 92 gmatclub, , 75
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 21. Mr. Worthington, accompanied by his wife, are receiving the Teacher’s Excellence, Award tonight at the university auditorium., a) Mr. Worthington, accompanied by his wife, are receiving, b) Mr. Worthington, and his wife who is accompanying him, are receiving, c) Mr. Worthington, accompanied by his wife, is receiving, d) Mr. Worthington and his wife is receiving, e) Mr. Worthington is receiving, who is accompanied by his wife,, , 22. My sister, Lucy, still hasn’t decided the country where she wants to travel after she, graduates from university., a) still hasn’t decided the country where she wants to travel, b) which country she wants to visit still doesn’t know it, c) is undecided about the country where she wants to travel, d) hasn’t decided which country where she is traveling, e) still hasn’t decided what country she wants to visit, , 23. The Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in Paris, standing as tall as an 81-story building,, and is built as the entrance arch to the 1889 World’s Fair., a) standing as tall as an 81-story building, and is built, b) standing taller as an 81-story building, and was built, c) standing as tall as an 81-story building, and was built, d) standing as tall as a 81-story building, and was being built, e) stood as tall as an 81-story building, and would be built, , 76, , gmatclub 93
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 24. My teacher used to always say that the harder you study, the easier any subject would be, to master., a) the harder you study, the easier any subject would be, b) the more hard you study, the easier any subject would be, c) the harder you study, the easiest any subject would be, d) the harder you study, the more easy any subject would be, e) the more hard you study, the more easy any subject would be, , 25. Marjorie don’t want to go to the amusement park with the kids and they no want to go to, the beach with her., a) don’t want to go to the amusement park with the kids and they no want, b) don’t want to go to the amusement park with the kids and they don’t want, c) no wants to go to the amusement park with the kids and they no want, d) doesn’t want to go to the amusement park with the kids and they don’t want, e) wants to not go to the amusement park with the kids and they want not, , 26. Forensic experts caught a break in the disappearance of the woman when they found a, cloth from her jacket on iron post and her shoe in an lake., a) a cloth from her jacket on iron post and her shoe in an lake, b) some cloth from her jacket on a iron post and her shoe in a lake, c) an piece of cloth from her jacket on an iron post and her shoe in an lake, d) a piece of cloth from her jacket on an iron post and her shoe in a lake, e) cloth from her jacket on iron post and her shoe in a area of the lake, , 94 gmatclub, , 77
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 27. The boys were really hungry so they ordered two pizzas, ate the first one, finished the, other one and then ordered other., a) finished the other one and then ordered other, b) finished the other one and then ordered another, c) finished another and then ordered other pizza, d) finished the other pizza and then ordered other, e) finished other and then ordered another one, , 28. Two-thirds the students voted to visit the zoo and other one-third voted to go the, amusement park, so the class went to the zoo., a) Two-thirds the students voted to visit the zoo and other one-third, b) Two-thirds of students voted to visit the zoo while another one-third, c) Since two-thirds of the students voted to visit the zoo, leaving a one-third that, d) More than two-thirds of the students voted to visit the zoo and another one-third, e) Two-thirds of the students voted to visit the zoo and another one-third, , 29. Three people from work had to be going to prison because they had stealed money from, the company., a) had to be going to prison because they had stealed, b) were having gone to prison because they stealed, c) went to prison because they had stolen, d) are gone to prison because they had to be stealing, e) went to prison because they are stealing, , 78, , gmatclub 95
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 30. The army is focusing on specialized training in order to be better prepared to combat, terrorism., a) is focusing on specialized training in order to be better prepared to combat, b) are focusing on specialized training so they are better prepared to combat, c) are focusing on specialized training in order of being better prepared to combat, d) is focusing on specialized training for to be better prepared combating, e) are to focus on specialized training so they can be better prepared at combating, , 31. Although a trend in the stock market have shown investor confidence may finally be, rising, the current economic recovery continues to fluctuate sporadically which keeps, hopes in check., a) have shown investor confidence may finally be rising, b) has shown investor confidence is to be finally rising, c) is to show that consumer confidence may be rising, d) has shown investor confidence may finally be rising, e) may be showing a raising in investor confidence, , 32. The 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln was borned the second child to, Nancy and Thomas Lincoln, February 12th, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky., a) was borned the second child to, b) was born the second child to, c) could have been born the second child for, d) born as a second child for, e) has been born the second child to, , 96 gmatclub, , 79
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 33. The Fountain of Time sculpture is a monument to the first 100 years of peace between the, United States and Great Britain because it is located in Washington Park in Chicago’s, South Side., a) because it is located in Washington Park in Chicago’s South Side, b) at the Washington Park in Chicago’s South Side location, c) and is located within Washington Park in Chicago’s South Side, d) which locates within Washington Park at Chicago’s South Side, e) of the location at Chicago’s South Side within Washington Park, , 34. In August 2010, a report was published on stone projectile points dating back 64,000, years excavating from layers of ancient sediment in Sibudu Cave, South Africa., a) was published on stone projectile points dating back 64,000 years excavating from, layers, b) were published on stone projectile points dating back 64,000 years layers, excavated, c) published about stone projectile points dating back 64,000 years excavated from, layers, d) was published on stone projectile points dating back 64,000 years excavated from, layers, e) on stone projectile points dating back 64,000 years was published about layers, , 35. William Basse, a British poet, is best known for his Epitaph on Shakespeare, which is a, poem in the form of a sonnet., a) for his Epitaph on Shakespeare, which is a poem in the form of a sonnet, b) because of his Epitaph on Shakespeare, which is a sonnet poem, c) by the way of his Epitaph on Shakespeare sonnet poem, d) his poem being Epitaph on Shakespeare, a sonnet, e) for his Epitaph on Shakespeare, it is a poem in the form of a sonnet, , 80, , gmatclub 97
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 36. John and Eric wanted to go on the class trip to Europe, but either of them had money, sufficient to go., a) but either of them had money sufficient to go, b) however neither of them had too much money to go, c) but both of them didn’t have enough money for going, d) but either of them had enough money to go, e) but neither of them had sufficient money to go, , 37. When it came down to who would be chosen as team captain, Joe, Charlie and me were, the final candidates., a) Joe, Charlie and me were the final candidates, b) Joe, Charlie and me are those of us who are the final candidates, c) Joe, Charlie and I were the final candidates, d) we were the final candidates, Joe, Charlie and me, e) the best choice being Joe, Charlie and I, , 38. My boss was quite angry with him because it took over a hour to prepare for the audit., a) with him because it took over a hour, b) with himself because it took over an hour, c) because it took himself over an hour, d) with hisself because it took over an hour, e) with himself because it took over a hour, , 98 gmatclub, , 81
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 39. The Soviet Red Army formed at least 42 divisions during the Second World War which, had substantial ethnic majorities in their composition., a) formed at least 42 divisions during the Second World War which had, b) was formed at least 42 divisions during the Second World War that had, c) was comprised of at least 42 divisions throughout World War II who has, d) formed at least 42 divisions during the Second World War which have had, e) created some 42 divisions for World War II wherein, , 40. Bob won the fishing competition because he caught three pounds greater than his closest, rival George., a) caught three pounds greater than, b) has caught three pounds better than, c) would have caught three pounds more than, d) caught better than three pounds greater to, e) had caught three pounds more than, , 41. Mr. Gordons comic book collection grew extensively with it’s addition of Korean, Manhwa comics., a) Mr. Gordons comic book collection grew extensively with it’s, b) Mr. Gordon’s comic book collection it grew extensively with the, c) Mr. Gordons collection of comic books grew extensively with its, d) Mr. Gordon’s comic book collection grew extensively with its, e) The collection of Mr. Gordon’s comics grew extensively because of it’s, , 82, , gmatclub 99
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 42. John Glenn, Jr., which was the first American to orbit the earth, was both an astronaut, and a United States Senator., a) which was the first American to orbit the earth, b) which was orbiting the earth as the first American, c) who was the first American astronaut for which to orbit the earth, d) who was the first American to orbit the earth, e) the first American of who orbited the earth, , 43. The eerie, bluely Northern Lights were an awesome spectacle for the kids on their first, trip to Alaska., a) The eerie, bluely Northern Lights were an awesome, b) The blue Northern Lights of eeriness were an awesome, c) The eerie, blue Northern Lights were a awesome, d) The bluely and eerily Northern Lights was an awesome, e) The eerie, blue Northern Lights were an awesome, , 44. Our trip to Australia will be very long due that it will take 14 hours to arrive there by, plane., a) due that it will take, b) as it could possibly be taking, c) since it takes, d) for it to take, e) that it will take, , 100 gmatclub, , 83
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 45. The X-Files was a popular television series which explored the popular theory of a, government plot to cover up anything pertaining to the existence of extraterrestrial life., a) which explored the popular theory of a government plot to cover up, b) that explores the theoretical plot of popular cover up of, c) which explored the popular plot of the government that should hide, d) who explored the plot theory of the government’s attempt to hide, e) which theoretically explored the popular government cover up for, , 46. The freshly baked pie is smelling so good that the kids couldn’t wait to eat it., a) is smelling so good, b) was smelling so good, c) smelled too good, d) smelled so good, e) was so well smelling, , 47. Johnny was so feeling bad that he couldn’t go to school and had to go to the doctor, instead., a) was so feeling bad, b) was feeling so bad, c) was feeling too bad, d) could have been feeling so bad, e) felt so bad enough, , 84, , gmatclub 101
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 48. Hurling is a team sport created by the ancient Gaelic people who is played by using sticks, and a ball to score a goal., a) who is played by using sticks and a ball to score a goal, b) that is played by using sticks and a ball to score a goal, c) which plays by the use of sticks and a ball to score a goal, d) that, using sticks and a ball, someone scores a goal, e) who scores a goal by the use of sticks and a ball, , 49. There are a group of kids in our neighborhood who like to get together on the weekends, and help less fortunate children., a) There are a group of kids in our neighborhood who like to get together on the, weekends and help, b) Getting together on the weekends are a group of kids which like helping, c) A group of kids on the weekend getting together in our neighborhood like the, helping of, d) There is a group of kids in our neighborhood who like to get together on the, weekends and help, e) In our neighborhood, there is a group of kids who likes to get together on the, weekends and helping, , 50. I arrived at the event early so that I could set close to the celebrities and have a vantage, point to sit up my camera to take good photos., a) could set close to the celebrities and have a vantage point to sit up my camera to, take, b) had a good seat to set close to the celebrities and have a vantage point to set up, my camera to take, c) could sit close to the celebrities and have a vantage point of setting up my camera, of taking, d) should be able to sit close to the celebrities for having a vantage point to set up, my camera in taking, e) could sit close to the celebrities and have a vantage point to set up my camera to, take, , 102 gmatclub, , 85
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , PART II: INTERMEDIATE, , 86, , gmatclub 103
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 18., , COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: PART II, , Coordinating conjunctions are words which link, or coordinate, two or more similar words,, phrases, or clauses together into one fluid idea. Words that are considered coordinating, conjunctions are and, but, or and nor., , Correlative (Paired) Conjunctions, Correlative conjunctions (also called paired conjunctions) are as follows: both…and; not, only…but also; either…or; neither…nor., When using the both…and conjunctions with two subjects, the plural form of the verb is used, because you are speaking of the two subjects together., Both my shirt and my pants are brand new., When two subjects are connected by not only…but also; either…or, or neither…nor, the subject, which is closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural., Not only Susie but also her friend is coming to dinner., Not only Susie but also her friends are coming to dinner., Neither Susie nor her friend is coming to dinner., Neither Susie nor her friends are coming to dinner., Examples of correlative conjunctions that occur after the subject:, The trip will require both a visa and tickets., Yesterday, it not only rained but also snowed., The soup in the cafeteria is either too hot or too cold., The band played neither harmoniously nor rhythmically., , connected nouns, connected verbs, connected adjectives, connected adverbs, , Combining Independent Clauses with Coordinating Conjunctions, Two or more independent clauses (ie. complete sentences) can be combined by using a, coordinating conjunction. If the combined sentences are long, a comma is normally used before, the conjunction. However, the comma is usually omitted if the combined sentence is short. (See, more about comma usage in the punctuation section.), The sun was shining. The birds were singing., The sun was shining and the birds were singing., Sometimes, in informal writing, a conjunction can begin a sentence., The sun was shining. And the birds were singing., The conjunctions so (meaning “therefore”, “as a result of”), for (meaning “because”) and yet, (meaning “but”, “nevertheless”) are also used to connect independent clauses. A comma is, almost always used before these words when they are used as coordinating conjunctions., She was angry, so she yelled at her brother., Brad was excited, for he had won the contest., The basketball player was tall, yet quick., 104 gmatclub, , 87
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , However, take care in identifying these words as they have other meanings in other structures., So is also used in comparisons (She is not so old as her sister.), or as an adjective that means, “very” (Angela is so sweet!)., For is also used as a preposition (She waited for her friend.)., Yet is also used as an adverb, meaning “up to this time” (Her friend hasn’t arrived yet.)., , Subordinating Conjunctions (Which Connect Adverb Clauses), Subordinating conjunctions are words that are used to introduce adverb clauses. Adverb clauses, provide more information to the initial verb action relative to time, cause and effect, contrast,, direct contrast, or condition. In the below sentence, because he was sleepy is the cause of John, going to bed., John went to bed because he was sleepy., An adverb clause will often begin a sentence. When this occurs, a comma is used to separate it, from the main clause. (See more about comma use in the punctuation section.), Because he was sleepy, John went to bed., Adverb clauses are dependent clauses and cannot stand alone as a complete sentence., INCORRECT: John went to bed. Because he was sleepy., Below is a list of subordinating conjunctions used to introduce adverb clauses., , Time, after, before, when, while, , as, as soon as, since, until, , once, as/so long as, whenever, by the time (that), , 88, , every time (that), the first time (that), the last time (that), the next time (that), , gmatclub 105
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 19. RELATIVE CLAUSES, A relative clause is used to combine two separate sentences into one complete sentence. Any, sentence that utilizes a relative clause can be separated into two complete sentences as the, relative pronoun combines the two ideas together by replacing a duplicate noun phrase., The ancient stone contains strange symbols. The symbols are from a forgotten language., The ancient stone contains strange symbols that are from a forgotten language., , Relative Pronouns, Relative pronouns that are used in relative clauses to replace duplicate noun phrases are listed, below., Pronoun, , Use in English, , That, Which, Who, Whom, Whose, , Things, Things, People, People, Usually people, , Dr. Won is the teacher. Dr. Won will accompany us., ACCEPTABLE INFORMAL: Dr. Won is the teacher that (or who) will accompany us., ACCEPTABLE FORMAL:, Dr. Won is the teacher who will accompany us., NOTE: The relative pronoun which is NEVER used with people in English., UNACCEPTABLE:, , Dr. Won is the teacher which will accompany us., , A regular pronoun CANNOT be used with a relative pronoun., INCORRECT:, CORRECT:, , 106 gmatclub, , This is the dress that I will wear it at the dance., This is the dress that I will wear at the dance., , 89
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Who / Whom / Whose, When the subject noun phrase of a sentence is being replaced, use relative pronoun who. This, pronoun will be followed by a verb. When the complement noun phrase of a sentence is being, replaced, use the relative pronoun whom. This pronoun will be followed by a noun., Study the following sentences:, Who replaces the subject noun/phrase and is followed by a verb. (Note: The subject that who is, replacing is the same.), The students are going to Europe. The students have good grades., The students who have good grades are going to Europe., verb, The girls are intelligent., The girls like computer class., The girls who like computer class are intelligent., verb, Whom replaces the object noun/phrase and is followed by a noun/phrase. (Note: There is a, subject AND an object being linked when whom is used.), The girl is pretty., Jerry likes the girl., The girl whom Jerry likes is pretty., noun, Robin Williams is funny., The world adores Robin Williams., Robin Williams, whom the world adores, is funny., noun, The form whom can also be used with a preposition. Whom will always follow the preposition, when used in this way., Ben Franklin was an interesting man., The book was written about Ben Franklin., Ben Franklin, about whom the book was written, was an interesting man., prep., The football players are handsome., Charlene is talking to the football players., The football players to whom Charlene is talking are handsome., prep., Whose is a relative pronoun that indicates possession. Study the following examples of how to, use whose., John doesn’t like publicity., John’s wife is famous., John, whose wife is famous, doesn’t like publicity., I have a new pet dog., The dog’s eyes are albino red., I have a new pet dog whose eyes are albino red., , 90, , gmatclub 107
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses, A relative clause is considered to be either restrictive or nonrestrictive. A restrictive clause, cannot be omitted from the sentence without disrupting the meaning. A nonrestrictive clause is, one that contains additional information and can be removed without disrupting the original, meaning of the sentence., A nonrestrictive clause is separated from the original sentence by commas and a restrictive, clause is not. (See more information about the use of commas in the punctuation section.) The, relative pronouns who, whom, whose and which can be used in either restrictive or nonrestrictive, clauses. However, that can ONLY be used in restrictive clauses., Restrictive Clause:, The man who lives in the old, spooky house is always walking around at night., If the relative clause “who lives in the old, spooky house” is removed, it would change the, meaning of the sentence because we are only talking about the man who lives in that particular, house, not just any man., The tomatoes that are ripe should be harvested today before they spoil., The relative clause “that are ripe” cannot be removed because we are talking about particular, tomatoes which need to be harvested, those that are ripe., Examples of restrictive clauses:, The mechanic who is on duty will attend to your vehicle., Spiders that are poisonous are being studied in class today., The woman to whom I spoke was very rude., Nonrestrictive Clause:, Dr. Thompson, who has received a prestigious science award, is my science teacher., The relative clause can be removed from this sentence without changing the original meaning, that “Dr. Thompson is my science teacher”. That he has received a prestigious science award is, extra information that has been added., The store’s entire furniture inventory, which consisted of rare antiques, was destroyed in the, storm., The relative clause “which consisted of rare antiques” can be removed without disrupting the, main idea of the sentence which is that all the furniture was destroyed in the storm. The relative, clause is added information which is not necessary to the main idea of the sentence., Examples of nonrestrictive clauses:, Albert Einstein, who created the theory of relativity, was considered to be a genius., All the lions in the zoo, which are large and ferocious, escaped into the surrounding area., I comforted the lost boy, whom was shivering and cold, before the authorities arrived., , 108 gmatclub, , 91
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Subject, An adjective clause is added to an independent clause to modify the subject of the independent, clause. However, the noun directly before the relative pronoun usually indicates whether the verb, of the second clause is singular or plural, not the subject of the independent clause., Examples:, Regina is the reporter who writes for our school paper., She is one of the writers who present quality material., , (reporter = writes – singular), (writers = present – plural), , John is a person who likes to work hard., He is one of our workers who like to excel., , (person = likes – singular), (workers = like – plural), , Exercise 26: Creating Relative Clauses, In each sentence below, combine the two individual sentences into one sentence using a relative, clause. Indicate whether the relative clause is restrictive or nonrestrictive by placing an “R” or, “NR” in the blank at the end of the sentence. NOTE: Be sure to add commas before and after a, nonrestrictive relative clause., Example: John runs very fast., , John won the state sprinting title., , John, who won the state sprinting title, runs very fast., 1. The cat is in my yard again., , NR, , The cat has a broken leg., , ______________________________________________________, 2. I am going to see the doctor., , _____, , The doctor delivered me when I was born., , ______________________________________________________, 3. Jim Carey autographed my shirt., , Jim Carey is the funniest man ever., , ______________________________________________________, 4. Once, I met a man., , 6. Dragons breathe columns of fire., , _____, , Dragons fly through the night sky., , ______________________________________________________, , _____, , Free Willy was a story about freedom., , ______________________________________________________, 8. Chester came to my party., , _____, , The chain keeps the bear from escaping., , ______________________________________________________, , 7. Free Willy was a cute move., , _____, , The man’s teeth were all gold., , ______________________________________________________, 5. The chain broke., , _____, , _____, , Chester was an amazing guitar player., , ______________________________________________________, 92, , _____, gmatclub 109
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 9. The baby was rushed to the hospital., , The baby’s arm was broken., , ______________________________________________________, 10. Jessica met a new friend., , Jessica liked her friend very much., , ______________________________________________________, , 110 gmatclub, , _____, , 93, , _____
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 20., , GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, , A gerund is the “ing” form of a verb that is used as a noun in the subject or object (complement), position., Fishing is fun., subject verb, , Here, the “ing” form of the verb to fish is the subject., , He enjoys fishing., subject verb object, , Here, the gerund fishing is the object (complement)., , He’s excited about fishing., prep. object, , Here, fishing is the object of the preposition., , An infinitive is the simple, base form of the verb preceded by to (to + verb) as in to fish., , Gerunds as Subjects, If a sentence begins with a gerund then the verb must be singular., Telling a lie got him into a great deal of trouble., Surfing is a popular sport along coastal areas., Taking good photos is a good way to make extra money., Eating during depressed periods makes her feel better., , Noun + Preposition Followed by a Gerund, Certain nouns, when followed by certain prepositions, are always followed by a gerund., Consider the following samples in the chart below., choice of, excuse for, , intention of, method for (of), , possibility of, reason for, , He was given the choice of staying after school or being expelled., Stacey had no intention of doing her homework., Walter has developed a special method of cleaning clothes., There was absolutely no reason for skipping class., Our class considered the possibility of getting out early., Whenever a preposition is followed directly by a verb, the verb will be in gerund form., Molly felt very sick after eating at the new restaurant., Before leaving the house, Mark had to feed the animals., , 94, , gmatclub 111
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Verbs Always Followed by a Gerund, Some verbs are always followed by a gerund. Following is a list of the most common., admit, , discuss, , miss, , resent, , appreciate, , enjoy, , postpone, , resist, , avoid, , finish, , practice, , resume, , consider, , keep, , quit, , risk, , delay, , mention, , recall (remember), , suggest, , deny, , mind, , report, , The thief has admitted stealing the jewelry from the store., You should delay travelling until the weather clears up., Did Jack mention picking up the dry cleaning after work?, I don’t recall telling her that., John suggested feeding the homeless on the weekends., , Adjective + Preposition Followed by a Gerund, The adjectives + prepositions in the box below are commonly followed by a gerund., accustomed to, , capable of, , intent on, , successful in, , afraid of, , fond of, , interested in, , tired of, , Darrell is accustomed to going to the gym each day after class., Both of my sisters are afraid of being alone in the dark., You are capable of playing guitar much better., Maggie is quite fond of eating chocolate., The climbing team was intent on reaching the top of the mountain., They were interested in seeing the test results., Susie was successful in finding her hidden friends., My dad is tired of working such long hours., , 112 gmatclub, , 95
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Pronouns before a Gerund or Infinitive, Sometimes, the infinitive is used as a complement after certain verbs. An indirect object pronoun, is required before the infinitive in these sentences., pronoun, + to + verb (infinitive). . ., noun, , subject + verb + complement form +, , Verbs commonly followed by an infinitive which usually require an indirect object are listed in, the chart below., allow, ask, beg, convince, , expect, instruct, invite, order, , permit, persuade, prepare, promise, , remind, urge, want, , Jennifer begged them to take her to the movies too., The teacher expected them to act differently., Julie’s mother prepared her to compete in the talent show., Terry wanted her to go to the dance with him., However, when a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, it must be in the possessive form in formal, English. Informal English usually does not use the possessive form before a gerund., , subject + verb +, , Possessive noun form, Possessive adjective, , + verb + ing (gerund). . ., , They resented his not telling the truth., They resented him not telling the truth., , FORMAL, INFORMAL, , Our neighbors complained about our playing loud music., Our neighbors complained about us playing loud music., , FORMAL, INFORMAL, , She couldn’t understand his not wanting to dance with her., She couldn’t understand him not wanting to dance with her., , FORMAL, INFORMAL, , The policeman didn’t like Michael’s arguing with him., The policeman didn’t like Michael arguing with him., , FORMAL, INFORMAL, , We resented the man’s telling us to leave the store., We resented the man telling us to leave the store., , FORMAL, INFORMAL, , 96, , gmatclub 113
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Verbs Always Followed by an Infinitive, Some verbs are always followed by an infinitive. Following is a list of some of the most, common., agree to, , desire to, , hope to, , seem to, , attempt to, , expect to, , intend to, , strive to, , claim to, , fail to, , learn to, , tend to, , decide to, , forget to, , pretend to, , want to, , demand to, , hesitate to, , refuse to, , wish to, , Jordan claims to be a relative of George Washington., My parents expect to retire this year., Don’t hesitate to throw the ball next time!, My little brother pretends to fight dangerous dragons., Mary strives to receive straight A’s in school., , Adjectives Followed by an Infinitive, Following is a list of adjectives which can be immediately followed by an infinitive form of the, verb., amazed to, , eager to, , motivated to, , sad to, , anxious to, , fortunate to, , pleased to, , sorry to, , ashamed to, , glad to, , prepared to, , strange to, , astonished to, , happy to, , proud to, , surprised to, , certain to, , hard to, , ready to, , (un) usual to, , dangerous to, , hesitant to, , relieved to, , upset to, , delighted to, , lucky to, , reluctant to, , willing to, , George was anxious to begin the project., Monica was glad to discover she had passed the exam., The children were hesitant to enter the haunted house., Betty’s parents were relieved to learn that she wasn’t hurt in the accident., I am willing to help with feeding the poor on the weekends., NOTE: Able means the same as capable in most cases. However, able is always followed by an, infinitive while capable is followed by of + gerund., Shelly is able to play the violin much better than Andy., Shelly is capable of playing the violin much better than Andy., , 1, , 97
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 27: Using Gerunds and Infinitives, Correctly fill in the blanks in the following sentences with either the gerund or infinitive form of, the verb in parentheses., 1. She isn’t accustomed to (drink) _______________________ water with her meals., 2. I’m prepared (answer) _______________________ any question that might be required, during my interview., 3. John was (hope) _____________________ to receive a scholarship for his efforts., 4. They agreed (cooperate) ______________________ with the investigation., 5. Kelly opened the window (let) ______________________ in some fresh air., 6. (Live) _______________________ in a large city can be stressful., 7. I’ll help you as soon as I finish (mow) ______________________ the lawn., 8. Did you remember (deliver) _________________________ the package before going to, work?, 9. Ivan took a deep breath (relax) _______________________ himself before taking the, stage., 10. The policeman couldn’t tolerate his (run) _______________________ away., , 98, , gmatclub 115
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 21. CAUSATIVE VERBS, Causative verbs are used to indicate that one person causes another person to do something for, them. The true causative verbs are: have, get and make. NOTE: Causative verbs are normally, used with people, although things can sometimes be “made to do something” also., , Have / Get, The clause following have or get can be either active or passive. Study the following examples., (See Passive Voice chapter for more information on passive voice.), ACTIVE, Have, , subject + have + complement + verb in simple form . . ., , I had my brother feed the dog all week., , ACTIVE, Get, , (My brother fed the dog.), , subject + get + complement + verb in infinitive . . ., , I got my brother to feed the dog all week., , PASSIVE, Have/ Get, , subject +, , I had the dog fed., OR, I got the dog fed, , (My brother fed the dog.), , have, get, , + complement + verb in past participle . . ., , (The dog was fed by somebody.), , Examples of active causative clauses:, Gary is getting his girlfriend to pick up the dry cleaning., The president had the reporters wait outside the conference room., Martha is having her friend help with her assignment., The doctor got his patient to take the bitter medicine., Examples of passive causative clauses:, Robert has his stories published each month., My sister had her dress altered for the wedding by my aunt., I can’t believe she is getting her hair colored like mine!, My son is having his eyes tested this week., We all had our heads shaved before the big game., , 116 gmatclub, , 99
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Make, The causative verb make can only be followed by a clause in the active voice. Make is a much, stronger command than have or get and means to force someone to do something., subject + make + complement + verb in simple form . . ., , The judge made me give him my driver’s license., NOTE: Even though make means the same as force, if force is used then the infinitive of the verb, is used., subject + force + complement + verb in infinitive form . . ., , The judge forced me to give him my driver’s license., Examples of sentences using the causative verb make:, My boss makes me finish the daily report each day before I go home., I made my little sister give me half of her candy., Our teacher is making us bring our homework to him tomorrow., Ralph had made us promise not to tell what he did before he entered the forbidden zone., , 100, , gmatclub 117
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Let / Help – Verbs often considered Causative, Let and help are often considered to be causative verbs, but they are actually not. These words, request permission or assistance from another person., Let means allow or permit. When let is used, the simple form of the verb is used with it., subject + let + complement + verb in simple form . . ., , However, if allow or permit is used then the infinitive of the verb must be used with them., subject +, , allow, + complement + verb in infinitive form . . ., permit, , Examples:, Mark’s dad let him play in the baseball game., Mark’s dad allowed him to play in the baseball game., Mark’s dad permitted him to play in the baseball game., My boss let me leave early from work., They are going to let me enter the ancient text archives to do research., Jamie always lets her kids have slumber parties on the weekends., Ralph is letting his son go to the concert., , Help, which means assist, is also usually followed by the simple form of the verb, but can be, followed by the infinitive in some cases., subject + help + complement +, , verb in simple form, verb in infinitive form, , Examples:, Lisa helped her mom fold the clothes., The librarian helped me find the reference book I needed., Her stories always help him to sleep better., , 118 gmatclub, , 101
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 28: Using Causative Verbs, Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in the following sentences., 1. Johnny’s mom made him ____________________ (clean) his room., 2. I am having the seamstress ____________________ (alter) my dress., 3. My parents got me _____________________ (visit) my aunt before leaving town., 4. Our boss let us _____________________ (leave) the meeting early., 5. We should help Jennifer _____________________ (study) for her final exam., 6. They will have to get the judge ____________________ (sign) the form before they can, proceed., 7. The Johnson’s always have us ____________________ (feed) their dog for them during, their summer vacation., 8. Ralph is getting Julia ____________________ (write) his essay for him., 9. The dog made the cat ____________________ (climb) the tree quickly., 10. I got the mechanic ____________________ (fix) my car before he went to lunch., , 102, , gmatclub 119
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 22. AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT (SO / TOO), We use the word so or too when indicating that one person or thing does the same thing as, another person or thing. Also, the conjunction and is used to avoid repetition of the affirmative, statement and the simple statement containing either so or too. The order of the simple statement, will depend on which word, so or too, is used., Study the following formulas for using affirmative agreement statements after various verb, forms., , , When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense must be used in the, following simple statement., subject + verb (be) + too, affirmative statement + and +, so + verb (be) + subject, (verb be), , She is smart and you are too., She is smart and so are you., , , When a compound verb (auxiliary + verb) is used in the main clause, the auxiliary verb is, used in the simple statement. The subject and verb of the simple statement must also, agree., subject + auxiliary verb + too, affirmative statement + and +, so + auxiliary verb + subject, (compound verb), , She should finish her homework and you should too., She should finish her homework and so should you., Mark has eaten all his dinner and Shirley has too., Mark has eaten all his dinner and so has Shirley., , , When any other verb (except be) appears without an auxiliary in the main clause, the, auxiliary do, does, or did is used in the simple statement. Again, the subject and verb, must agree and the same tense must be used., subject + do, does, or did + too, affirmative statement + and +, so + do, does, or did + subject, (single verb except be), , I walk to school and my friends do too., I walk to school and so do my friends., , 120 gmatclub, , 103
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Other examples of affirmative agreement sentences:, Jeff will be in Toronto and Elaine will too., Jeff will be in Toronto and so will Elaine., My sister was valedictorian of her class and my brother was too., My sister was valedictorian of her class and so was my brother., Their parents are going to the conference and ours are too., Their parents are going to the conference and so are ours., , Exercise 29: Using Affirmative Agreement, Fill in the blanks of the simple statements below with the correct form of the appropriate verb., 1. Randall wants to go to Europe and I __________________ too., 2. Their parents are attending the benefit dinner and so __________________ mine., 3. My English teacher likes to go dancing and so __________________ I., 4. Ellen needs to go to the dentist and her husband __________________ too., 5. I need to finish my homework and you ___________________ too., 6. My car should have its tires replaced and so ____________________ yours., 7. Sally wrote her congressman and Robert ___________________ too., 8. They like to play board games and so ___________________ we., 9. George is very tall and so ____________________ his sister., 10. Mary is flying to France today and Mark ___________________ too., , 104, , gmatclub 121
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 23. NEGATION – PART II, , Hardly, Barely, Rarely, Seldom, Etc., Remember that it is incorrect to use two negatives together in English grammar. This is called a, double negative and is unacceptable. The words in the chart below have negative meaning, therefore they must be used with a positive verb., INCORRECT, There is hardly no bread left., She doesn’t seldom sleep well., , CORRECT, There is hardly any bread left., She seldom sleeps well., , hardly, barely, scarcely, , means almost nothing, or almost not at all, , rarely, seldom, hardly ever, , means almost never, , Martha hardly slept last night because of all the construction noise., The kids barely arrived to the movie on time., Anna scarcely thinks about her old boyfriend., Our children rarely come to visit us these days., Scott seldom gets headaches since taking the new medicine., We hardly ever go bowling in the summer., , 122 gmatclub, , 105
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 24. MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS, Modal auxiliary verbs and verb phrases are used to indicate that something is necessary,, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable. The following chart shows the modal verbs and, verb phrases in their present/future and past uses., Auxiliary, will, , Uses, , Present/Future, , (1) 100% certainty, (2) willingness, (3) polite request, , Joe will arrive at 3:00, I will pay for lunch, Will you please come too?, , I would like to come too, Would you like to come too?, , would, , (1) desire, (2) polite request, (3) repeated past action, , may, , (1) polite request, (2) formal permission, (3( uncertainty, , might, , (1) uncertainty, (2) polite request, (uncommon), , can, , (1) permissible, (2) polite request, (3) possibility, , could, , (1) conditional, (2) polite request, , shall, , Joe shall arrive at 3:00, (same as will, only formal and, I shall pay for lunch, uncommonly used), , should, , (1) advisability, (2) uncertainty/ expectation, , ought to, , (1) advisability, (2) uncertainty/ expectation, , I ought to study tonight, I ought to do well on the test, , (1) advisability with threat or, bad result, , You had better tell the truth,, or you will get into trouble, , had better, , Past, , When I worked there, I, would get free meals, , May I borrow ten dollars?, You may leave class early, Joe may be at the office, Joe might be at the office, Might I borrow ten dollars?, , I would have gone,, but I was busy, , Joe may have been at, the office, , Joe might have been, at the office, , I can carry that for you, Can you carry this for me?, I can win this game, , I could carry that for you if, you’d like, Could you carry this for me?, , I should study for the test, I should do well on the test, , I could have won the, game if I’d have, trained harder, , I should have studied, for the test, I should have done, well on the test, I ought to have, studied tonight, but I, didn’t, I ought to have done, well on the test, , NOTE: Most modals are followed by the simple form of the verb (without “to”). Ought is an, exception (see above), as well as some modal verb phrases. The modals above should never be, followed directly by a verb + ing, verb + s, past tense verb, or an infinitive (except for ought)., 106, , gmatclub 123
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Negation of Modals, In order to make a modal sentence negative, the particle not is added after the modal., I would like to go to Europe., You should play with that toy., , I would not like to go to Europe., You should not play with that toy., , Forming Questions with Modals, The modal begins a sentence when forming questions from sentences with modals., Would you like to go to Europe?, Should you play with that toy?, , Exercise 30: Using Modals, Fill in the correct form of the modal to complete the sentences. NOTE: Some sentences can use, more than one modal. See the Answers to Exercises section for other alternatives., 1. If I finish this large pot of stew before lunchtime, I ________________ take it to the, homeless shelter., 2. Had Jonathon not fallen down the stairs, he ________________ be playing in the game, tonight., 3. You _________________ get that cough checked if you don’t want to end up in the, hospital., 4. Mike ________________ have won the competition if he had studied harder., 5. Sally ________________ be able to go with us if she finishes her errands., 6. _________________ you please tell me where the museum is located?, 7. If he grows any bigger, he __________________ fit into any of his clothes., 8. You __________________ do that if you don’t want to get into trouble., , 124 gmatclub, , 107
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Conditional Sentences, Conditional sentences include the modals will, would, can and could, usually with the word if., There are two types of conditional sentences: the real, which are based on factual and habitual, situations, and the unreal, which are based on untrue or hypothetical situations., The real conditional is used when an action or situation is expressed which normally will occur, if the circumstances in the main clause are met. The real conditional is sometimes referred to as, the “future possible” because it refers to a possible future outcome., Situation: I am not planning on doing anything this weekend. Someone asks me if I want to go to, the concert with them. I say:, I will go to the concert if it is possible., The sentence is true because: I will go to the concert unless it is impossible., We can have a party if my dad leaves., The sentence is true because: We will have a party unless my dad is here., The unreal conditional conveys a situation that would take place, or would have taken place, if, the circumstances were, or had been, different. It can refer to past, present, or future situations., Situation: It is impossible for me to go, but I want to go. I say:, I would go to the concert if it were possible., This sentence is untrue because: I know that I cannot go to the concert., John could buy that car if he had the money., This sentence is untrue because: John doesn’t have the money and cannot buy the car., The if clause can also come at the beginning of the sentence without changing the meaning., However, when the if clause begins the sentence, a comma is used to separate it from the main, clause., I could go to the ball game if I didn’t have to work., OR, If I didn’t have to work, I could go to the ball game., The word if is usually not followed directly by the modal., if + subject + conjugated verb . . . + modal . . ., , subject + modal . . . + if . . .+ conjugated verb . . ., , NOTE: In the unreal condition, the past tense form of the verb be is always were. It can NEVER, be was., , 108, , gmatclub 125
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , If I were, If you were, If he were, If she were, If it were, , If we were, If you were, If they were, , If the verb in the unreal conditional sentence is negative, the meaning is actually positive. If the, verb is positive, the meaning is actually negative., If he were taller, he could play professional basketball., (He’s not tall.) (He cannot play professional basketball.), I could record an album, if I were a better singer,, (I cannot record an album.) (I am not a better singer.), BUT, If the taxi driver hadn’t been speeding, he wouldn’t have been in an accident., (The taxi driver was speeding.), (He was in an accident.), They would have received tickets if they hadn’t been late., (They didn’t receive tickets.), (They were late.), , 126 gmatclub, , 109
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Real Conditions (Possibly True), Following are the formulas for conditional sentences which have the possibility of being true., Remember: The formula can be reversed, placing the if clause in the middle of the sentence., Also, when placing the if clause first, a comma is used after it., , Future, , if + subject + simple present tense +, , will, can, may, must, , + verb in simple form, , If I raise enough money, I will start my own business., Our team will win if they play well., , Habitual, if + subject + simple present tense. . . + simple present tense. . ., , NOTE: A modal is not used in the habitual conditional form of a sentence., If the traffic is heavy, I am late for work., Margaret sings in the church choir if she has free time., , Command, if + subject + simple present tense. . . + command (simple verb form), , If you go to the store after work, please buy bread., Contact me if we win the project bid., , 110, , gmatclub 127
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Unreal Conditions (Not True), Following are the formulas for conditional sentences which are not true., Remember: Unreal conditionals use the opposite verb tense then what is being relayed., Present or Future, if + subject + simple past tense +, , would, could, might, , + verb in simple form, , If John knew math better, he could help you with your homework., (John doesn’t know math better) (He can’t help you with your homework.), I would drive you to town if I had a car., (I won’t drive you to town.) (I don’t have a car.), If you didn’t have to work, we could go to the party., (You have to work.), (We cannot go to the party.), Past, would, if + subject + past perfect + could, might, , + have + verb in past participle, , If she had taken that bus, she would have been in the accident., (She didn’t take that bus.) (She wasn’t in the accident.), They might have arrived on time if they hadn’t taken that bus., (They didn’t arrive on time.), (They took that bus.), If Rob hadn’t gone to the party, he wouldn’t have lost his job., (Rob went to the party.), (He lost his job.), The unreal condition can also be expressed without using if. In this situation, the auxiliary verb, had is placed before the subject instead of after it. This clause normally comes first in the, sentence., Past, Had + subject + past perfect +, , would, could, might, , + have + verb in past participle, , Had he heard the news sooner, he would have prepared a better speech., Had they flown to Italy last week, they would have encountered the horrible storm., , 128 gmatclub, , 111
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 31: Using Real and Unreal Conditionals, Provide the correct form of the verb in parentheses for each of the following sentences., 1. Had Bob known it was his cousins birthday he would ___________________ (take) the, day off., 2. You could __________________ (move) in today if they offered the place to you., 3. Sue might __________________ (accept) your offer if she thought it was fair., 4. The repairmen would fix your problem if you ___________________ (contact) them., 5. If you __________________ (go) when I told you, you wouldn’t have missed him., 6. If I __________________ (talk) slower, do you think you could understand me?, 7. We wouldn’t be lost if we ___________________ (take) better instructions., 8. If I can go to the concert, I ____________________ (call) you later., 9. Mary can go swimming if she ____________________ (have) extra time., 10. I would help you with the equation if I _____________________ (know) more about, physics., , Whether / If, Basically, the difference between the words whether and if is that whether indicates a choice, between two possibilities, whereas if is based on a condition of something happening or not., Sometimes, whether or if can be used interchangeably. In the following sentences, both indicate, that Alex may or may not call Shelly tonight., Shelly didn’t know whether Alex would call her tonight., Shelly didn’t know if Alex would call her tonight., However, if the sentence gives two distinct possibilities then whether should be used., Shelly didn’t know whether Alex would call her tonight or tomorrow night., Using the word if in the above sentence would change the meaning., Example:, Shelly didn’t know if Alex would call her tonight or tomorrow night., Now this sentence indicates that Alex may call Shelly tonight, tomorrow night, or not at all., Therefore, always use whether when two clear choices are given and use if for conditional, sentences., , 112, , gmatclub 129
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 25. CAUSE CONNECTORS, Cause connectors are words which give a reason of why something happened., , Because / Because Of, The cause connector because, when by itself, must always be followed by a clause. Remember, that a clause which stands alone is a complete sentence, containing a subject and a verb. The, cause connector because of if followed by a noun or noun phrase and does NOT have a verb., . . . because +, , subject + verb, , + subject, , . . . because of + noun (phrase), , NOTE: The phrase because of can also be expressed with the phrase due to., Ralph missed class because the bus broke down., subject verb, Ralph missed class because of, , the bus., noun phrase, , Christy was crying because there were spiders., verb subject, Christy was crying because of the spiders., noun phrase, The cause clause can also begin the sentence. When this occurs, a comma is used to separate it, from the main clause., Because of the spiders, Christy was crying., , 130 gmatclub, , 113
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 32: Using Because /Because Of, Fill in the blank with the appropriate form of because or because of., 1. Jack couldn’t go to the game _____________________ he had homework., 2. The writer wasn’t able to concentrate _______________________ all the noise., 3. Nancy had to go to the doctor’s ______________________ her throat hurt., 4. I love to play golf ______________________ it relaxes me., 5. John couldn’t play golf with me _______________________ his bad back., 6. They went to that restaurant ____________________ the recommendation., 7. ____________________ he was arrogant, Sally didn’t like the new boy., 8. We ended up going another way ____________________ the road was blocked., 9. The storm was extra strong ____________________ the weather conditions., 10. I am learning English quickly ____________________ I am studying a lot., , Purpose and Result (So That), Clauses which show purpose are followed by the conjunction so that. A result clause containing, a subject and a verb then follows the conjunction. The result clause must occur after the main, clause in relation to time., subject + verb + so that + subject + verb, , NOTE: The word that is often left out of these types of sentences in spoken English. However, it, should always be included in formal written English., The actors are practicing very hard so that they will be ready for the opening of the play., We left early so that we wouldn’t be late to the conference., George studied all night so that he would pass the exam., She wrote detailed instructions so that we could complete the project correctly., I exercise daily so that I feel good throughout the day., , 114, , gmatclub 131
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Cause and Effect (So, Such), Cause and effect relationships are constructed using the following formula., subject + verb + so +, , adjective, + that + subject + verb, adverb, , He was so hungry that he ate the entire pizza., The hill was so steep that Mario couldn’t climb it., John needed money so badly that he sold his baseball card collection., The children are playing so intently that they don’t notice it’s raining., That fire is so hot that it could easily burn you if you get too close., Intensive modifiers are commonly added to provide extra emphasis. Study the following rules for, using intensive modifiers with plural count and non-count nouns., subject + verb + so +, , many, few, , + plural count noun + that + subject + verb, , Eric had so many puppies that he gave some away to friends., My aunt’s health food store had so few customers that she had to close it., subject + verb + so +, , much, little, , + non-count noun + that + subject + verb, , She put so much sugar in her coffee that she couldn’t drink it., Jason spent so little time on the project that it wasn’t ready for the meeting., Other forms which are commonly used are such a and such that., subject + verb + such + a + adjective + singular count noun + that. . ., , Ricky had such a bad attitude that he was expelled from school., Charlotte was such an intelligent student that she was offered a valuable scholarship., subject + verb such + adjective + plural count noun + that + subject + verb, , Tommy has such outstanding, , skills, that he could play professional baseball., plural count noun, , The referees made such bad, , calls, that the fans were very angry., plural count noun, , She had such tarnished, , silver, that she was embarrassed to use it for the reunion., non-count noun, , The burning building had such thick, , 132 gmatclub, , smoke, that the firemen had difficulty seeing., non-count noun, 115
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 33: Using So / Such, Fill in the blank with the appropriate form of so or such, using the above formulas., 1. Bill was _____________ happy about the promotion that he bought everyone lunch., 2. We had _____________ expectations for going that we cancelled all appointments., 3. Larry was _____________ a good friend that he loaned me his car., 4. The artwork was _____________ amazing that it won every prize., 5. The earthquake happened at ______________ an hour that we weren’t expecting it., 6. There were _______________ many ants on the cake that we had to throw it away., 7. Sally prepared ______________ thoroughly that she easily won the competition., 8. The Henderson’s were _______________ happy people that we visited them often., 9. The comedian was ________________ entertaining that we lost track of time., 10. Ronny was ________________ disappointed that he missed the party., , 116, , gmatclub 133
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Practice Test 2, Intermediate Level, 1. Robert didn’t have either no money or a ride to the party so he stayed home, invited some, neighborhood friends over and played board games., a) didn’t have either no money or a ride to the party, b) had neither money nor a ride to the party, c) didn’t have neither money or a ride to the party, d) had no money nor a ride to the party, e) had either no money or no ride to the party, , 2. Mrs. Baker is the lady which has the annoying dog who likes to jump up on people and, lick their faces., a) which has the annoying dog who likes to jump up on people, b) who has the annoying dog who likes to jump up on people, c) that has the annoying dog who likes to jump up on people, d) who has the annoying dog that likes to jump up on people, e) which has the annoying dog that likes to jump up on people, , 3. Natalie had no intention of to go to the ceremony to receive her award to swimming, because she had won by default and felt as if she didn’t deserve it., a) no intention of to go to the ceremony to receive her award to swimming, b) no intention of going to the ceremony for receiving her award to swim, c) no intention of to go to the ceremony to receive her award for swimming, d) no intention of going to the ceremony to receive her award for swimming, e) no intention of going to the ceremony to receive her award to swim, , 134 gmatclub, , 117
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 4. Because he was angry with the team, Aaron failed to play his best during the game and, everyone knew he was capable to play better., a) failed to play his best during the game and everyone knew he was capable to play, better, b) failed playing his best during the game and everyone knew he was capable of, playing better, c) failed playing his best during the game and everyone knew he was capable to play, better, d) failed to play his best during the game and everyone knew he was capable of, playing better, e) failed to playing his best during the game and everyone knew he was capable of, playing better, , 5. Charlotte and Annie shopped so long that they barely had no time left for to arrive at the, concert before it started., a) they barely had no time left for to arrive, b) they barely had any time left to arrive, c) they barely have any time left to arrive, d) they barely had no time left arriving, e) they barely have any time left which to arrive, , 6. Had Mr. Michaels taken the earlier train, he could have avoided the lengthy delay due to, the severe storm that flooded the crossing., a) taken the earlier train, he could have avoided, b) took the earlier train, he could had avoided, c) had took the earlier train, he could have avoided, d) taken the earlier train, he could have to avoid, e) taken the earlier train, he could had avoided, , 118, , gmatclub 135
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 7. Mr. Tuttle, along with five other teachers, are driving to the convention themselves, instead of taking the bus like most of the others., a) are driving to the convention themselves, b) is driving to the convention himself, c) are driving to the convention himself, d) is driving to the convention themselves, e) are going driving to the convention by themselves, , 8. Johnny has been practicing very hard to compete in the band solo competition and of that, Mark has been practicing too., a) of that Mark has been practicing too, b) practices very hard is Mark also, c) also Mark is practicing too, d) Mark has been practicing hard also, e) Mark too was practicing so hard, , 9. Located on the North Sea coast of Scotland, Lauriston Castle was the stronghold of, Gregory the Great which was the last one of the Pictish kings., a) which was the last one of the Pictish kings, b) who was the last one of the Pictish kings, c) who was one of the last Pictish kings, d) who was a Pictish king being the last, e) which was one of the last Pictish kings, , 136 gmatclub, , 119
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 10. Monday’s test was said to be very difficult, so not only Matt but too his friends had to, study all weekend instead of hanging out., a) so not only Matt but too his friends had to study, b) so not only Matt but also his friends have to study, c) so too Matt and also his friends they needed studying, d) so not only Matt but also his friends had to study, e) therefore Matt and also his friends they have to study, , 11. It is well known that if the South had used better military tactics, they could had won the, war with the North., a) had used better military tactics, they could had won, b) have used better military tactics, they could have won, c) could have used better military tactics, they could have won, d) had used better military tactics, they could win, e) had used better military tactics, they could have won, , 12. The sport of freestyle Frisbee in the early to mid 1970s emerged then to feature fastpaced trick throws and catches with a plastic disc., a) in the early to mid 1970s emerged then to feature, b) emerged in the early to mid 1970s and featured, c) came to be the early to mid 1970s and was featured as, d) did emerge in the early to mid 1970s and had, e) was a early to mid 1970s emergence that featured, , 120, , gmatclub 137
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 13. Mr. Myers was very angry that he missed the meeting with the international clients, because of the bus broke down., a) because of the bus broke down, b) because the breaking down of the bus, c) for the reasoning that the bus broke down, d) because the bus had broken down, e) due to the bus had broke down, , 14. The gymnastic team had put so much time into practice it was heartbreaking when they, found out they couldn’t participate in the competition., a) so much time into practice it was heartbreaking, b) lots of extra time into practice so it was quite depressing, c) so much time into practice that it was heartbreaking, d) too much time into practice that it was heartbreaking, e) incredible effort into practice that it was a let down, , 15. If my new job interview works out just right, I might be able to afford that nice apartment, by the park., a) I might be able to afford that nice apartment by the park, b) I could be able to rent the really nice apartment overlooking the park, c) the chances are I can be affording the apartment in the park, d) perhaps that nice apartment by the park should be affordable, e) I think I can be able to afford that nice apartment by the park, , 138 gmatclub, , 121
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 16. Because when Gene Roddenberry created the fictional transporter for the Star Trek series, which aired in the 1960s, scientists today are discovering the very real possibilities of, particle transference., a) Because when Gene Roddenberry created the fictional transporter, b) Although the fictional transporter who by Gene Roddenberry was created, c) Even though Gene Roddenberry created the fictional transporter, d) When the fictional transporter was created by Gene Roddenberry, e) It’s clear that Gene Roddenberry created the fictional transporter, , 17. Referring to the dangerous cliffs that were located near to the back of their new home, the, boys’ mother advised that they not ought to play close to them., a) advised that they not ought to play, b) was advising that they ought to not play, c) advised they might not ought to play, d) said advisably that they ought not playing, e) advised that they ought not to play, , 18. Due to his high metabolism rate, Jeff can eat anything he wants and he barely gain any, weight at all., a) barely gain any weight at all, b) barely gains any weight at all, c) hardly at all gains any weight, d) can barely gain some whenever, e) scarcely can gain much weight, , 122, , gmatclub 139
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 19. The community turned out to help the Jones family who’s house was destroyed by fire, over the weekend., a) who’s house was destroyed by fire, b) because a fire destroyed a house, c) whereby a fire destroyed much of the house, d) whose house was destroyed by fire, e) when a raging fire destroys their house, , 20. Brad wanted to go to fish with his dad, but they had to wait because it was a dreary and, rainy day., a) wanted to go to fish with his dad, but they had to wait, b) and his dad were wanting to go to fish, but they were waiting, c) wanted to go fishing with his dad, but they had to wait, d) wanted to go fishing, but they were waiting, e) planned on going fishing with his dad, but it needed waiting, , 21. After returning home from school, Alison got her little brother to make feeding for the, dog., a) Alison got her little brother to make feeding for the dog, b) Alison’s little brother she got to feed the dog, c) her little brother was made to feed the dog by Alison, d) Alison got her little brother to feed the dog, e) Alison made her little brother feeding him the dog, , 140 gmatclub, , 123
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 22. Since all flights were being cancelled because of the blizzard, Eric has to be taking the, train if he wants to get home for Christmas., a) Eric has to be taking the train if he wanted to get, b) the train was what Eric must have to take for getting, c) taking a train was that which Eric had to consider for getting, d) the option was of Eric having to take a train to get, e) Eric had to take a train if he wanted to get, , 23. Because of her excellent grades in school, Jessica’s parents permitted her to go visit her, best friend who lived in California., a) permitted her to go visit her best friend who lived in California, b) allowed her going to visit California where her best friend lived, c) said she could go visiting her best friend in California, d) allowed her to go to visit her best friend which lived in California, e) had permitted her going visiting her best friend in California, , 24. The old fisherman who had a wooden leg that made an eerie sound scaring the children, with it as he walked., a) that made an eerie sound scaring the children with it as he walked, b) that made an eerie sound which scaring the children as he walked, c) it made an eerie sound scaring the children when he was walking, d) that it made a scary sound for the children while he walks, e) which made an eerie sound as he walked which scared the children, , 124, , gmatclub 141
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 25. Ms. Whittaker having such a horrible headache she couldn’t teach her second period class, and she asked a temporary teacher to take her place., a) having such a horrible headache, b) had such a horrible headache that, c) was having such a horrible headache so, d) being inflicted with a horrible headache that, e) had such an awful headache which, , 26. Our archeological team which consisted of 30 specialists traveled to the Amazon to, search for advanced civilizations that were thought to have thrived in the thick jungle., a) team which consisted of 30 specialists traveled, b) team, consisting of 30 specialists, were traveling, c) team, which consisted of 30 specialists, traveled, d) team which were consisting of 30 specialists are traveling, e) team of 30 specialists which were to travel, , 27. Mohammed Ali is a former American boxer and three-time World Heavyweight, Champion who, as it can be said, was well known for his fighting style described as, “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee”, a) as it can be said, was well known, b) coincidently, is to be well known, c) as it is a fact, was quite famous, d) incidentally, is quite well known, e) being a true fact, is heralded, , 1, , 125
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 28. Aaron’s report on the “Persian Immortals” told how a powerful army acted as both, Imperial Guard and standing army during the expansion of the Persian Empire in the, fourth and fifth century B.C., a) told how a powerful army acted as both, b) said much how a powerful army filled the ranks of both, c) determined that a powerful army acted as such, d) was saying that of a great army which acted as each a, e) did tell how a powerful army carried out the responsibilities of a, , 29. Ivan was so excited about to travel to Japan that he almost forgot to take his passport., a) was so excited about to travel to Japan that, b) so much was excited about traveling to Japan, c) was so excited about traveling to Japan that, d) had so much excitement about to travel to Japan that, e) was being excited about traveling to Japan so, , 30. When the volunteers arrived at the concert, they were given the choice of to either work, in concessions or cleaning up after the event., a) they were given the choice of to either work, b) a choice was given them of either working, c) they had the choice of to work, d) giving them the choice of either to work, e) they had the choice of either working, , 126, , gmatclub 143
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 31. Susie was running so late that barely did she have the time to eat lunch before going to, the meeting., a) that barely did she have the time to eat lunch before, b) that she barely had enough time to eat lunch before, c) she barely had enough time to eat lunch and then, d) she had barely time enough eating lunch before, e) she herself barely had time enough to eat her lunch before, , 32. The reporter knew that the actress was very busy, but he wanted to know if he could ask, her a few questions., a) wanted to know if he could ask, b) would like to know if it’s ok asking, c) requested if he can ask, d) requested to know if he could maybe ask, e) would know if he could be asking, , 33. The chef’s soufflé was much so a mess he had to throw it away and start over., a) was so much a mess he had to throw it away, b) was so a mess that he threw it away, c) was such a mess that he had to throw it away, d) was so much messy that he needed to begin again, e) turned out such a mess he must throw it way, , 144 gmatclub, , 127
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 34. Jessie is looking for you and wants to know if you will like to go to her birthday party, next weekend., a) wants to know if you will like to go, b) would like knowing if you can go, c) is wanting to know if you like going, d) wants to know if you would like to go, e) is wondering if you would be interested to go, , 35. Bigfoot, also knowing as Sasquatch, is supposedly an ape-like creature that inhabits, forests, mainly in the forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America., a) also knowing as Sasquatch, b) being known too as Sasquatch, c) Sasquatch which it too is known as, d) that is also is known as, e) also known as Sasquatch, , 36. The citizen didn’t have no hesitation about apprehending the thief that stole the old lady’s, purse., a) The citizen didn’t have no hesitation about, b) There was no hesitation of the citizen for, c) No hesitation was of the citizen about, d) The citizen didn’t hesitate when, e) None hesitation was shown by the citizen for, , 128, , gmatclub 145
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 37. Just before the test began, Alexander asked his classmate if he might be borrowing an, extra sheet of paper., a) if he might be borrowing an extra sheet of paper, b) if he would be borrowing an extra sheet of paper, c) if he might be able to borrow an extra sheet of paper, d) if an extra sheet of paper might be borrowed, e) perhaps if he could borrow an additional piece of paper, , 38. My brother was fired from his job at the aerospace company because he don’t pass the, random drug test., a) he don’t pass the random drug test, b) the random drug test wasn’t passed by him, c) he wasn’t passing the random drug test, d) he didn’t pass the random drug test, e) he didn’t barely pass the random drug test, , 39. Gary’s brother told him that he would attend the graduation ceremony if it would be, possible., a) would attend the graduation ceremony if it would be possible, b) will attend the graduation ceremony if it is possible, c) might be able to attend the graduation ceremony if it could be a possibility, d) should be able to attend the graduation ceremony if it might be a possibility, e) will attend the graduation ceremony if it was possible, , 146 gmatclub, , 129
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 40. Due to the generous invitation by the host, Jeremy, along with five of his best friends, is, attending the grand opening of the new night club., a) Jeremy, along with five of his best friends, is attending, b) Jeremy and five of his best friends is attending, c) Jeremy himself, along with five of his best friends, is attending, d) Jeremy, along with a group of his best friends, are attending, e) Jeremy, his best friends which are also invited, are attending, , 41. The professor assumed that Michelle probably have stayed up late last night since she fell, asleep in class., a) Michelle probably have stayed up, b) for a fact Michelle was staying up too, c) Michelle must have stayed up, d) Michelle probably must had stayed up, e) it was possible of Michelle staying up, , 42. Jerrod was advised by his lawyer that he should have better told the truth or he could go, to jail for a long time., a) he should have better told the truth or he could go, b) telling the truth should be done since he could go, c) Jerrod might ought to tell the truth for not going, d) the truth have better be told or he should go, e) Jerrod had better tell the truth or he could go, , 130, , gmatclub 147
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 43. The newly released 3D Disney movie was supposed to be the best of all time and Joe’s, little sister begged for taking her to see it., a) begged for taking, b) cried and begged him to take, c) pestered him greatly for taking, d) persistently begged him to take, e) insisted him taking, , 44. Since we didn’t know where Bobby lives, we will have to ask around for someone to give, us his address., a) Since we didn’t know where Bobby lives, b) Therefore we don’t know where Bobby lives at, c) Because we don’t know where Bobby lives, d) Because where Bobby lives isn’t in our knowledge, e) In that we know not to where Bobby resides, , 45. The music for which we heard last night at the concert was exceptionally good., a) for which we heard last night at the concert, b) to which we listened at the concert last night, c) last night at the concert that we listened, d) of last night’s concert who we heard, e) which we listened last night at the concert, , 1, , 131
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 46. The brave men at the Alamo decided to stay and fight even though they were greatly, outnumbered by Santa Ana’s Mexican forces., a) decided to stay and fight even though, b) made a decision for staying and fighting although, c) all came to a decision for to stay and fight in the end that, d) deciding to stay and fight because, e) who decided unanimously to staying and fighting even though, , 47. Multitudes of slaves in Egypt was made to bear immense stones up the slopes of the, pyramids to build them., a) was made to bear immense stones, b) had to carry up huge stones of, c) were made to carry gigantic stones up, d) were got to lift heavy stones and carry them up, e) had forcibly to carry very large stones up, , 48. Jane told Marcos that in spite to him being small, he would still be a great asset to the, team because of his athletic abilities., a) that in spite to him being small, he would still, b) in spite of his being of small stature, he possibly might, c) that despite he is small, he could yet, d) that in spite of him being small, he would definitely, e) because he was being small, despite that, he could still, , 132, , gmatclub 149
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 49. Margaret, accompanied by her entire family, are arriving to give an acceptance speech at, the Best Writers Guild Award Ceremony., a) Margaret, accompanied by her entire family, are arriving to give, b) Margaret’s entire family along with herself is arriving to give, c) The entire family of Margaret will arrive for giving, d) Herself, along with all the family of Margaret, will be giving, e) Margaret, accompanied by her supportive family, is arriving soon to give, , 50. Can you be telling me the best route to take from here to Providence, Rhode Island?, a) Can you be telling me the best route to take, b) Could you possibly tell me the best route to take, c) Might you of told me the goodest route to be taking, d) May you tell me the most direct route to take, e) Can you of told me which is the best route for taking, , 150 gmatclub, , 133
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , PART III: ADVANCED, , 134, , gmatclub 151
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 26. MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS – PART II, Must, The modal must is used to indicate total obligation. Stronger than the word should, which offers, the person some choice, must carries with it the idea that the person has no choice., You must disarm the security system before entering the house., Sherry must call and cancel her appointment before leaving on vacation today., The game warden must tranquilize the bear in order to relocate it., When applying for this job, you must take a series of tests., Must is also used to indicate a logical conclusion. Even though the situation isn’t completely, verifiable, a determined outcome is assumed based on the available facts., Alice isn’t answering her phone. She must not be home., (We assume that Alice isn’t home because she isn’t answering her phone.), I can’t find my blue sweater. It must be in the laundry., (I assume that my blue sweater is in the laundry because I can’t find it.), , Have To, The phrase have to means the same as must (total obligation), therefore it is often considered to, be a modal., Greg has to go to school today if he wants to go on the field trip., Our star quarterback has to play in the game tonight if we expect to win., However, had to can be used to indicate a past obligation, but must CANNOT be used for a past, obligation., Greg had to go to school yesterday if he wanted to go on the field trip., Our star quarterback had to play in the game last night for us to win., , 1, , 135
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Used To, The modal phrase used to has two grammar rules. Study the following rules for difference in, usage and meaning. With the first rule, used to has the same meaning as would. NOTE: This, phrase can never be expressed as use to. It must always be used to., subject + used to + verb in simple form. . ., , Margaret used to always take off her shoes when she was a child., (This represents a past habit.), This second rule uses a form of the verb be or get in order to show that someone either is, accustomed to something, or became accustomed to something., subject +, , be, get, , + used to + verb + ing, , I am used to taking a shower every morning before work., (I am accustomed to taking a shower every morning before work.), I got used to taking a shower every morning before work., (I became accustomed to taking a shower every morning before work.), , Exercise 34: Using Used To, Based on the formulas above, complete the following sentences with either the simple or ing, form of the verb in parentheses., 1. Eric was used to ___________________ (go) to the movies every Friday night., 2. Mary and Phillip used to ___________________ (date) back in high school., 3. When I had extra time and money, I used to ___________________ (travel) a lot., 4. I got used to ___________________ (eat) llama when I lived in South America., 5. My parents are used to ___________________ (fly) to Paris for their anniversary., 6. William used to ____________________ (be) a faster runner than his brother., 7. The actors got used to ____________________ (rehearse) long hours for that production., 8. Do you ever get used to _____________________ (perform) in front of an audience?, 9. Jessica used to ____________________ (visit) her grandmother every afternoon when, she was sick., 10. Jonathon isn’t used to ____________________ (sleep) alone so he still sleeps with his, parents., , 136, , gmatclub 153
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Would Like, The expression would like is used when inviting someone to do something. It means the same as, want., subject + would like + infinitive (to + verb). . ., , Would you like to have lunch with me?, Susie would like to date Jason., I would like to see the new James Bond movie., Jack would like to go to Harvard University., Would John like to come with us?, , Would Rather, The phrase would rather has the same meaning as prefer. However, would rather must always be, followed by a verb, whereas prefer may or may not be followed by a verb. Also, when two, things are being compared, would rather is followed by than while prefer is followed by to., Beth would rather study at the library than go to parties., Beth prefers studying at the library to going to parties., OR, Beth prefers studying to partying., Several rules apply to would rather, depending on the form of the sentence. Study the following, rules and examples., Present Tense, subject + would rather + verb in simple form. . ., , Elizabeth would rather go swimming than camping., , Past Tense, subject + would rather + have +, , verb in past participle, (present perfect tense), , Elizabeth would rather have gone swimming than camping., Would rather that is followed by the simple form of the verb when it has a subjunctive meaning,, or by the past tense form of the verb when the meaning of the sentence is contrary to fact (as, discussed under Conditional Sentences)., 154 gmatclub, , 137
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Present Subjunctive, subject + would rather that + subject + verb in simple form. . ., , She would rather that the plane leave early in the morning., My parents would rather that I drive slowly., Present Contrary to Fact, subject + would rather that + subject + verb in simple past tense. . ., , Debby would rather that her boyfriend spent Friday nights with her., (Debby’s boyfriend does not spend Friday nights with her.), We would rather that our play was successful., (Our play is not successful.), The following rule is used when the sentence with would rather that contains two subjects and, the time is past tense. When this occurs, the meaning is always contrary to fact., Past Contrary to Fact, subject + would rather that + subject + verb in past perfect. . ., , Doug would rather that his dad had bought him the red car., (Doug’s dad did not buy him the red car.), In order to make a sentence negative which has one subject and is in present subjunctive form,, simply add not before the verb., Eric would rather not go to the conference tomorrow., Eric would rather not have gone to the conference yesterday., Eric would rather that you not go with him to the conference tomorrow., Eric would rather that you not had gone to the conference with him yesterday., For the present contrary to fact sentences, use didn’t + verb in simple form. For the past contrary, to fact sentences, use hadn’t + verb in past participle., Sally would rather that her cousin didn’t wear the same clothes as her., (Her cousin does wear the same clothes as Sally.), Robert would rather that Jennifer hadn’t told his secret., (She did tell his secret.), , 138, , gmatclub 155
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Exercise 35: Using Would Rather, Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in the following, sentences., 1. Debby would rather ____________________ (go) to the movies with her friends tonight., 2. Ralph would rather ____________________ (go) to the ball game yesterday., 3. Our teacher would rather that we _____________________ (study) for the exam than go, to the pep rally., 4. Harold would rather ____________________ (work; negative) tomorrow., 5. The politician would rather that we ____________________ (vote) for him in the, upcoming election., 6. I would rather ____________________ (play) soccer than volleyball., 7. Mark’s parents would rather that he ___________________ (go; negative) to that school, last semester., 8. Mary would rather they _____________________ (serve) seafood than pizza at the, convention last night., 9. Bill would rather _____________________ (take) his exam tomorrow than today., 10. John’s sister would rather that he _____________________ (embarrass; negative) her in, front of her friends all the time., , 156 gmatclub, , 139
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , As If / As Though, As if and as though are similar to conditional sentences in that they indicate something that is, unreal or contrary to fact. The verb following these conjunctions must be in the past or past, perfect tense., NOTE: Remember that the past tense of the verb be must always be were and never was in a, contrary to fact sentence., subject + verb in present +, , as if, as though, , + subject + verb in past . . ., , That boy acts as if he were stupid, but he is really smart., (The boy is not stupid.), Aaron drives as though he were a racecar driver., (He is not a racecar driver.), Jane dances as though she practiced all her life., (She has not practiced all her life.), subject + verb in past +, , as if, as though, , + subject + verb in past perfect . . ., , Barry told the story as if he had been there., (He wasn’t there.), The prisoner appeared as if he had won the case., (He hadn’t won the case.), Martha responded as though she had studied her homework., (She hadn’t studied.), Sometimes a sentence indicates a contrary to fact meaning, but the use of as if or as though, means perhaps something has occurred. In this case, another form of the verb is used., The boy looked as though he was going home., (Perhaps he was going home.), She looks as if she has won the election., (Perhaps she has won the election.), , 140, , gmatclub 157
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Hope / Wish, These two verbs are similar in meaning, but are different in their grammatical usage. The verb, hope indicates that something possibly happened or will possibly happen. The verb wish, indicates that something definitely did not happen or definitely will not happen. Also, the verb, hope can be followed by any verb tense, while the verb wish must NEVER be followed by a, present tense verb or auxiliary verb. Study the following sentences., I hope that I will arrive on time., (I don’t know if I will arrive on time.), I wish that I could arrive on time., (I am not going to arrive on time.), We hope that no one died in the storm., (We don’t know if anyone died in the storm.), We wish that no one had died in the storm., (Someone did die in the storm.), Keep in mind that wish is very similar to a contrary to fact or unreal condition., Present unreal condition and wish:, If I were famous, I would help the poor., I wish I were famous., (In both sentences, I am not famous.), Past unreal condition and wish:, If they had arrived earlier, they would have gone with us., I wish they had arrived earlier., (In both sentences, they didn’t arrive early.), Study the following formulas for using wish in past, present and future conditions., NOTE: The word that can be added or omitted. The sentence is correct either way., Past Wish, subject + wish + (that) +, , past perfect, could have + verb in past participle, , I wish that I had eaten earlier., (I didn’t eat earlier.), George wishes that he could have played in the championship game., (He couldn’t play in the game.), We wish that we had had more opportunities to advance in the competition., (We didn’t have more opportunities.), , 1, , 141
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Present Wish, subject + wish + (that) + subject + simple past tense. . ., , John wishes that he had the money to go on the trip., (He doesn’t have the money.), I wish that I were qualified enough to be an astronaut., (I am not qualified enough.), We wish that we didn’t have to take the exam today., (We have to take the exam.), Future Wish, could + verb, subject + wish + (that) + subject + would + verb, were + verb, , I wish that you could go to Italy with me this summer., (You can’t go to Italy this summer.), Mike wishes that his sister would write his essay for him., (She won’t write his essay for him.), The farmer wishes that his crops were producing more., (They are not producing more.), , Exercise 36: Using Wish / Hope, Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in the following sentences., Some sentences could have more than one option., 1. Mary wishes that John _________________________ (go) with her to the prom next, weekend., 2. I hope that my plane ________________________ (crash; negative)!, 3. The defeated warriors wish they _________________________ (won) the battle., 4. We wish that John ______________________ (play) in the championship game last, night., 5. Darren hopes that his grandparents ____________________ (come) to his graduation., 6. Natalie wishes that she _____________________ (have) enough time to visit her cousin., 7. The government wishes that it _____________________ (do) more to help the economy., 8. I wish that Freddie ________________________ (arrive) on time., 9. They hope that the movie _______________________ (start; negative) yet., 10. The boy wishes that his sister ________________________ (feel) better tomorrow., 142, , gmatclub 159
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 27. MODAL + PRESENT PERFECT (PERFECTIVE), The modal – present perfect (perfective) is usually used to indicate past time., NOTE: Remember that a modal is always followed by the simple form of the verb. Example:, have can never be has or had., modal + have + verb in past participle. . ., , Could / May / Might + Present Perfect (Perfective), These modals indicate a past possibility. They can also mean a possibility in the present., Our team could have won the game., Alex may have passed the test, but he’s not sure., My parents might have stopped at the grocery store., , Should + Present Perfect (Perfective), The modal should is used to indicate an obligation that was supposed to have occurred in the, past, but didn’t., The bus should have arrived by now., (It hasn’t arrived.), I shouldn’t have eaten so much for dinner., (I did eat too much.), Jeff should have finished his report for class today., (He didn’t finish his report.), NOTE: The expression was/were supposed to + verb in simple form is similar in meaning to this., Jeff was supposed to finish his report for class today., (He didn’t finish his report.), They were supposed to stop at the doctor’s office before coming home., (They didn’t stop at the doctor’s office.), , Must + Past Perfect (Perfective), The modal must is not used to indicate a past obligation. Must + past perfect (perfective) is used, only to indicate a logical conclusion in the past., Jack’s car is in the driveway., , He must have stayed home today., (He probably stayed home.), , Alex is still in bed., , She must have had a good time at the party., (She probably had a good time.), , They haven’t arrived yet., , They must have got caught in traffic., (They probably got caught in traffic.), , 160 gmatclub, , 143
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 37: Using Should / Must, Correctly fill in the blank with should + past perfect, or must + past perfect in the following, sentences., 1. The girls were forbidden to reenter the cinema. They ________________________, (keep) their ticket stubs., 2. Eric began vomiting in class. He __________________________ (eat) something bad for, lunch., 3. Julie was crying in the hallway. Her boyfriend _________________________ (say), something to hurt her., 4. My little brother was thrown from the horse. I ________________________ (allow;, negative) him to ride it., 5. It was very late. We _________________________ (leave) much earlier., 6. The teacher is very angry. His class _________________________ (do) something, wrong., 7. Ralph failed his English exam. He _________________________ (pay) more attention in, class., 8. My boss looks very upset. He __________________________(have) a bad meeting., 9. Mary won’t talk to Mike. He __________________________ (say; negative) those bad, things to her., 10. Henry’s cat hasn’t returned. He _________________________ (let) it out of the house., , 144, , gmatclub 161
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 28. PASSIVE VOICE, A sentence can be expressed in either active or passive voice., Active Voice, , , The subject (or actor) is placed at the beginning of the sentence and performs the action., , , , The verb agrees with the actor (subject)., , , , The object (or complement) follows the verb and receives the action., , The hero rescued the damsel., actor action object, Passive Voice, , , The subject (or actor) performing the action is either unknown (not mentioned in the, sentence), or is of less importance (located after the verb and separated with the, preposition by)., , , , The object (or complement) begins the sentence., , , , The verb agrees with the object., , The damsel was rescued., action, (The actor is missing. We don’t know who rescued the damsel.), OR, The damsel was rescued by the hero., action, actor, (The actor is less important, located at the end of the sentence and separated with by.), Study the following verb formulas and examples for use with passive voice sentences., Simple Present or Simple Past, am, is, are, was, were, , 162 gmatclub, , + verb in past participle, , 145
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , ACTIVE:, , Massachusetts Bay Colony founded Harvard University in 1636., actor, action, object, , PASSIVE:, , Harvard University was, founded, in 1636., object, be past participle, , In this example, the actor is unknown in the passive voice., ACTIVE:, , Our company sells millions of computer chips each year., actor, action, object, , PASSIVE:, , Millions of computer chips are, sold, by our company each year., object, be past participle, actor, , In this example, the actor is less important and placed at the end of the sentence, separated with, the preposition by in the passive voice., Present Progressive or Past Progressive, am, is, are, was, , + being + verb in past participle, , were, , ACTIVE:, , Mr. Stanford is painting our house in the morning., , PASSIVE:, , Our house is being painted in the morning., , OR, , Our house is being painted by Mr. Stanford in the morning., , ACTIVE:, , The scientist was researching electron atoms., , PASSIVE:, , Electron atoms were being researched., , OR, , Electron atoms were being researched by the scientist., , NOTE: Notice that the verb changes from a singular subject in the active (the scientist was, researching) to a plural object in the passive (electron atoms were being researched)., , 146, , gmatclub 163
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Present Perfect, has, have, had, , + been + verb in past participle, , ACTIVE:, , The pizza man has delivered our pizza on time., , PASSIVE:, , Our pizza has been delivered on time., , OR, , Our pizza has been delivered by the pizza man on time., , ACTIVE:, , The owner had hired many people before the economy collapsed., , PASSIVE:, , Many people had been hired before the economy collapsed., , OR, , Many people had been hired by the owner before the economy collapsed., Modals, modal + be + verb in past participle, , ACTIVE:, , The chef should prepare the meal., , PASSIVE:, , The meal should be prepared., , OR, , The meal should be prepared by the chef., Modal + Perfect Tense, modal + have + been + verb in past participle, , ACTIVE:, , Margaret should have billed the patients yesterday., , PASSIVE:, , The patients should have been billed yesterday., , OR, , The patients should have been billed by Margaret yesterday., , 164 gmatclub, , 147
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 38: Passive Voice, Change the following sentences from active to passive voice., 1. The doctor treats patients every day., 2. Allen is treating the visitors to lunch., 3. The teacher should score the tests today., 4. Somebody left a baby at the church doors., 5. Teresa has chosen ten team members to help with the campaign., 6. The driver was delivering a package when the accident occurred., 7. The judge has delivered the verdict., 8. The staff has finished the tasks for the day., 9. Renaldo will have deciphered the code by the weekend., 10. My parents should have received the tickets yesterday., , 148, , gmatclub 165
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 29. OTHER USES OF THAT, Optional That, The word that can be used in several ways besides introducing relative clauses. Sometimes, it is, used as a conjunction. When that is used as a conjunction, it is can be either optional or, obligatory, depending on the sentence., The word that is usually optional when it comes after the following verbs., say, , tell, , think, , believe, , Erica said that she was coming over after work., OR, Erica said she was coming over after work., Michael thought that the new girl was pretty., OR, Michael thought the new girl was pretty., , Obligatory That, The word that is usually obligatory after the following verbs when introducing another clause., mention, , declare, , report, , state, , The president stated that he would introduce new legislation before recess., Alice mentioned that she was going to the prom with Bob., The newspaper reported that the strike was ending today., , That with Noun Phrase Clauses, Often, when that introduces a noun clause which also contains a verb, the sentence can be, reversed., It is a fact that the earth revolves around the sun., OR, That the earth revolves around the sun is a fact., It was noted that the witness wasn’t quite sure., OR, That the witness wasn’t quite sure was noted., It was noticed by several people that an explosion occurred before the fire., OR, That an explosion occurred before the fire was noticed by several people., , 1, , 149
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 30. ENOUGH WITH NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND AVERBS, The modifier enough is used before nouns and after adjectives and adverbs., enough + noun, , Examples of enough preceding a noun:, There isn’t enough gas in the car to make the entire trip., Ronny has enough strength to lift twice his weight., The girls don’t have enough time to go to the mall after the movie., Do you have enough money to eat at the restaurant later?, If the noun which enough is modifying is understood, the noun can be eliminated., I ran out of money. Do you have enough?, Yes, I have enough., adjective, adverb, , + enough, , Is the game exciting enough for you?, Ronald speaks English well enough to work at the embassy., It isn’t raining hard enough to take an umbrella., The boy isn’t old enough to enter the amusement ride., , Exercise 39: Using Enough, Choose the correct option from the parentheses in the following sentences., 1. Mary didn’t have (time enough / enough time) to go to Mark’s game., 2. Do you have (sugar enough / enough sugar) to make brownies?, 3. The teacher’s voice was (loud enough / enough loud) to be heard down the hall., 4. This board isn’t (long enough / enough long) to finish the project., 5. Jimmy didn’t have (jam enough / enough jam) for his toast., 6. Mr. Jenkins didn’t get up (early enough / enough early) to make the meeting., 7. Martin found (coins enough / enough coins) to buy a comic book., 8. Our youth group raised (money enough / enough money) to go on the mission trip., 9. The train couldn’t produce (steam enough / enough steam) to climb the mountain., 10. Johnny wasn’t (good enough / enough good) to go on the field trip., , 150, , gmatclub 167
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 31. SUBJUNCTIVE, The subjunctive is used to indicate that one person wants another person to do something. The, simple form of the verb is used after certain other verbs and that is always used. If that is omitted, then it changes the structure of the second verb to the infinitive., We require that he come to the office., We require him to come to the office., The following verbs in the below list are used in a subjunctive sentence., advise, ask, command, decree, , demand, insist, move, order, , prefer, propose, recommend, request, , require, stipulate, suggest, urge, , NOTE: The verb want is not included in the above list. Want is not used in a subjunctive, sentence., In the following formula, substitute one of the verbs from the list (in any tense)., subject + verb + that + subject + verb in simple form. . ., , The pilot requested that everyone fasten their seatbelts., My mother insists that I practice piano for an hour every day after school., The general commanded that his men charge up the hill., I propose that you do odd jobs to earn enough money for the trip., The powerful king decreed that his birthday be a national holiday., Impersonal expressions which have the same meaning as the verbs above use a form of the verb, be followed by certain adjectives. This form of the subjunctive also uses a simple form of the, verb following it., advised, important, mandatory, , necessary, obligatory, proposed, , recommended, required, suggested, , urgent, imperative, , In the following formula, substitute one of the adjectives from the list above. The verb be can be, in any singular tense (which agrees with the subject it)., ., it + be + adjective + that + subject + verb in simple form. . ., , It was advised that we wear our lifejackets because of the bad weather., It is obligatory that you present your passport at the airport., It is important that they catch the first train., It has been suggested that we arrive early for the ceremony., It was proposed that the mayor attend the meeting at city hall., 1, , 151
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Exercise 40: Using Subjunctives, Find and correct the errors in the following sentences. If there are no errors, write correct at the, end of the sentence., 1. The professor insisted that Shelly turned in her paper., 2. It was imperative that they stopped the bleeding immediately., 3. It have been suggested that Shaun give the ceremonial speech., 4. She is to propose that the meeting end early for the holiday., 5. The president ordered that Congress takes an action on the bill soon., 6. The officer demanded that the suspect should stop running., 7. It was urged that they leave the island before nightfall., 8. Johnny prefers that the girls cheer when he scores., 9. The teacher asked that the students not stood in the middle of the hall., 10. It was recommended that we arrive at the theater early., , For more exercises on Subjunctive, please see:, http://gmatclub.com/forum/search.php?search_id=tag&tag_id=214, , 152, , gmatclub 169
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 32. INCLUSIVES, An inclusive (or correlative conjunction) is an expression that means in addition to. When using, an inclusive, the same word form must be used in parallel (noun/noun, adjective/adjective,, adverb/adverb, prepositional phrase/prepositional phrase)., , Not Only. . .But Also, The correlative conjunction not only. . .but also is used to join like entities. The word also is, sometimes omitted, but it is best to include it., noun, adjective, subject + verb + not only +, adverb, prepositional phrase, , + but also +, , noun, adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, , OR, subject + not only + verb + but also + verb, , They customize not only cars but also trucks., noun, noun, Jason is not only, , tall but also athletic., adjective, adjective, , The marine shoots not only rapidly but also accurately., adverb, adverb, Deer are seen not only in the mountains but also in the fields., prep. phrase, prep. phrase, Laura not only sings but also dances., verb, verb, Be careful to place the not only clause immediately before the phrase to which it refers. In the, following samples, notice how the adjective should be placed before the not only clause and not, after it. The adjective good refers to both baseball and soccer., INCORRECT:, CORRECT:, , 170 gmatclub, , Johnny is not only good at baseball but also at soccer., Johnny is good not only at baseball but also at soccer., , 153
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , Both . . .And, The correlative conjunctions both . . .and are used together in a sentence. They follow the same, formula as not only . . .but also above., Jeremy collects both stamps and baseball cards., noun, noun, The vase is both valuable and rare., adjective, adjective, She reacts both boldly and quickly., adverb, adverb, Martha cooks both, , at home and at work., prep. phrase, prep. phrase, , Robert both plays football and receives good grades., verb, verb, , As Well As, Study the following formulas for the conjunction as well as., , subject + verb +, , noun, , noun, , adjective, , adjective, + as well as +, , adverb, prepositional phrase, , adverb, prepositional phrase, , OR, subject + verb + as well as + verb. . ., , I write books as well as eBooks., noun, noun, The new movie is thrilling as well as interesting., adjective, adjective, He speaks English clearly as well as correctly., adverb, adverb, Marcia practices in the gym as well as at her home., prep. phrase, prep. phrase, Mel Gibson acts as well as directs., verb, verb, , 154, , gmatclub 171
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , The conjunction as well as can also be used to indicate a compound subject. When this occurs,, the phrase should be separated by commas. The verb in the sentence will agree with the main, subject and not the noun following the conjunction., Mike, as well as his cousins, is going to the championship game., The teachers, as well as the principal, are invited to the conference., , Exercise 41: Using Inclusives, Fill in the blank with the missing connector in the following sentences., 1. Jonathon plays violin ______________________ guitar., 2. My sister bought _____________________ a new house but also a new car., 3. Our teacher can speak ______________________ English and Spanish., 4. I am learning not only to speak English _______________________ to teach it., 5. Alison was sweating _______________________ vomiting., 6. I can both rub my belly _______________________ pat my head., 7. The new student speaks _______________________ fast but also unclear., 8. Mr. Milton is my football coach _______________________ my baseball coach., 9. Sally is both pretty ________________________ intelligent., 10. Randolph is not only intelligent _______________________ handsome., , 1, , 155
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 33. CLAUSES OF CONCESSION, Clauses of concession provide a contrast between two ideas. These clauses begin with although,, even though, though, despite or in spite of., , Despite / In Spite Of, These are actually prepositions which can be used interchangeably. They have the same meaning, as although, but different grammar rules apply. They can begin a sentence, or be placed in the, middle of a sentence. However, as with any prepositional phrase which begins a sentence, a, comma is used to separate it from the main sentence clause., despite, in spite of, , + noun phrase, , Despite feeling badly, Aaron performed in the theatrical production., In spite of feeling badly, Aaron performed in the theatrical production., Our teacher was on time to class despite the heavy traffic., Our teacher was on time to class in spite of the heavy traffic., , Although / Even Though / Though, These words are subordinate conjunctions which are used to connect two clauses. Notice the, difference in grammar compared to despite and in spite of., although, even though, , + subject + verb + (complement) . . ., , though, , Although Sam was tall for his age, he was too clumsy to play basketball., Alison was very popular at school even though she had a bad attitude., The children wanted to play outside though it was very cold., Further examples of clauses of concession:, Despite his misbehavior, John was allowed to go on the class trip., noun phrase, Denise competed in the race in spite of her ankle injury., noun phrase, Though the doctor told him to quit, Alex continued to smoke., subject + verb, She got on the airplane even though she was afraid of flying., subject + verb, Mr. Henderson continued teaching class although he was sick., subject + verb, 156, , gmatclub 173
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Exercise 42: Using Clauses of Concession, Modify the following sentences to correctly correspond with the words in parentheses., 1. My friend showed me how to do the magic trick despite having promised to keep it a, secret. (though), _____________________________________________________________________, 2. In spite of it being expensive, Jack likes to dine at that fine restaurant. (even though), _____________________________________________________________________, 3. Michael searched hours for his favorite photo even though he never found it. (although), _____________________________________________________________________, 4. Mary went for a long walk though it was raining. (despite), _____________________________________________________________________, 5. He continued to exercise although his back hurt. (in spite of), _____________________________________________________________________, 6. The group enjoyed the concert even though it was noisy. (despite), _____________________________________________________________________, 7. In spite of his bad grades, Greg passed the class. (though), _____________________________________________________________________, 8. Fred asked Susie to the dance even though she didn’t like him. (although), _____________________________________________________________________, 9. Though Roger was much older than Lisa, he looked much younger. (in spite of), _____________________________________________________________________, 10. George joined the army despite his parent’s objections. (even though), _____________________________________________________________________, , 1, , 157
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 34., , VAGUE PRONOUN REFERENCES, , Remember, a pronoun is a word that substitutes for a noun. A vague pronoun reference occurs, when it’s not clear what noun a pronoun refers to. Review the following example:, Ms. Johnson gave Sally her book., In this sentence, we do not know which noun the pronoun her refers to, Ms. Johnson or Sally., A vague pronoun reference occurs in one of two situations:, 1. When a pronoun such as it, this, that and which refers to an implied idea or word rather than, a specific noun., , , He hurt his knee, and this is the reason he didn’t play in the game., , In this example, this refers to an implied idea and, therefore, is not a clear reference. This, sentence could be better phrased as the following:, , , The fact that he hurt his knee explains why he didn’t play in the game., , Another example:, , , Mr. Atkins is an angry man, but he keeps it hidden., , In this example, it refers to “anger”. Although the idea of anger is implied, the word anger is, absent. Thus, the pronoun is referring to a noun which isn’t present in the sentence. This is not, good and could be better phrased as the following:, , , Mr. Atkins is an angry man, but he keeps his anger hidden., , Another example:, , , Steven’s cheat notes got him into trouble., , Here, the pronoun him is assumed to refer to Steven. However, the subject is cheat notes so the, pronoun doesn’t have a noun with which to correctly link. It is better to rephrase the sentence in, another way., , , His cheat notes got Steven into trouble., , 2. The other situation in which a vague pronoun reference occurs is when a pronoun is used to, refer to the object of a prepositional phrase., , , In a large city, it is dangerous to enter dark alleys at night., , In this example, the pronoun it refers to a large city and this is the object of the prepositional, phrase in a large city. It is better to rephrase the sentence another way., , , Large cities have dark alleys that are dangerous to enter at night., , Another example:, , , In the directions, they said to attach the small piece to the top of the large piece., , 158, , gmatclub 175
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Here, the pronoun they refers to the directions. However, directions is the object of the, prepositional phrase in the directions. It is better to rephrase the sentence another way., , , The directions say to attach the small piece to the top of the large piece., , Exercise 43: Identifying Vague Pronoun References, In the following pairs of sentences, one sentence is correct, and the other sentence contains a, vague pronoun reference. Mark the CORRECT sentence., , 1. A_____ Mel Gibson produced Brave Heart at the height of his career and it was a, phenomenal accomplishment., , B_____ Mel Gibson produced Brave Heart at the height of his career and the movie, was a phenomenal accomplishment., , 2. A_____ Gibson received much praise and made a lot of money, but he was very modest, about his achievements., , B_____ Gibson received much praise and made a lot of money, but he was very, modest about it., , 3. A_____ Henry bought a German made car because he read that they make the best, models., , B_____ Henry bought a German made car because he read that the Germans make, the best models., , 4. A_____ Nancy was extremely overweight and it was hard., B_____ Nancy was extremely overweight and her life was hard., , 5. A_____ Derrick’s father wondered if Derrick were good enough to play college ball., B_____ Derrick’s father wondered if he were good enough to play college ball., , 6. A_____ Lowering the puppy into the mother’s cage, Janet felt it bite her., B_____ Lowering the puppy into the mother’s cage, Janet felt the puppy bite her., , 7. A_____ At the local fair, the manager allows children under five to enter free., B_____ At the local fair, they allow children under five to enter free., , 8. A_____ Mary and Allison left their purses at the table, but then they weren’t sure if they, were safe., , B_____ Mary and Allison left their purses at the table, but then they weren’t sure if, their purses were safe., , 9. A_____ My car scraped the farmer’s fence, but the fence wasn’t damaged., B_____ My car scraped the farmer’s fence, but it wasn’t damaged., 176 gmatclub, , 159
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 35., , DANGLING MODIFIERS, , A modifier is a word or phrase that describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about a concept. A, dangling modifier has an unclear or absent concept for which to provide more information., Remember, in English sentences, the doer of the action must be the subject of the main clause, that follows. Dangling modifiers occur when a modifying phrase begins a sentence., INCORRECT:, CORRECT:, , Having finished his dinner, a piece of cake was eaten., Having finished his dinner, Bob ate a piece of cake., , In the first sentence, there is no subject to modify or to link to the pronoun., INCORRECT:, CORRECT:, , Without knowing his name, it was awkward to meet him., Because Susie didn’t know his name, it was awkward to meet him., , In the first sentence, it didn’t know his name. The sentence needs to be revised to add a subject, that who was meeting him., , Exercise 44: Correcting Sentences with Dangling Modifiers, Rewrite the sentences below with dangling modifiers so that they have proper English form., NOTE: There may be various ways to reword these sentences., 1. To teach more thoroughly, the demonstration was given again., ____________________________________________________________________, 2. After reading the original manuscript, the play lacks excitement., ____________________________________________________________________, 3. Leaving the stress of your job, your home should be a place to relax., ____________________________________________________________________, 4. The experiment was a failure, not having listened closely to instructions., ____________________________________________________________________, 5. Having been thrown in the air, the dog caught the stick., _________________________________________________________________, 6. While playing a computer game, the telephone rang., _________________________________________________________________, 7. Running across the floor, the rug slipped and I fell., _________________________________________________________________, 8. Standing on the hotel balcony, the mountainous view was spectacular., _________________________________________________________________, 160, , gmatclub 177
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 9. Being piled up next to the washer, I began doing laundry., _________________________________________________________________, 10. While taking out the trash, the sack broke., _________________________________________________________________, , 178 gmatclub, , 161
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, , Grammar, , 36. SENTENCE FRAGMENTS, Complete sentences are used to convey complete thoughts. A complete sentence consists of a, subject, verb and words to complete the thought. A sentence fragment occurs when one of these, parts is omitted, leaving the receiver of the thought with insufficient or incomplete information, to understand the thought., Example:, I enjoy., Although this sentence contains a subject and a verb, it lacks enough information to express to, the receiver what it is that I enjoy. It is, therefore, a sentence fragment and needs to be, completed., I enjoy coffee in the morning., Most sentence fragments are created when a second phrase which belongs to the first sentence is, placed in a sentence of its own., Example:, INCORRECT: Jennifer likes many activities. Such as playing golf and swimming., CORRECT:, Jennifer likes many activities such as playing golf and swimming., The second sentence of the incorrect example is a sentence fragment because, by itself, it is not a, complete sentence. It expounds on the complement noun activities. This sentence is a, continuation of the first thought and should be combined with that thought., Another example:, INCORRECT: He was a genius. Albert Einstein who was the father of modern physics., CORRECT:, Albert Einstein, who was the father of modern physics, was a genius., This example should be combined into one idea using a nonrestrictive relative clause. The clause, is not a complete sentence by itself, but adds more information about Albert Einstein and should, be combined with that thought., , 162, , gmatclub 179
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , 37. RUN-ON SENTENCES, A run-on sentence occurs when two complete sentences have been blended or fused together, without the correct punctuation or linking word., Example:, Jennifer Lopez is a famous singer, she is also a famous actress., A comma is not strong enough to properly separate these two thoughts, and it is not an, appropriate link. There are several ways to correct this sentence., 1. Create two separate sentences by using a period., Jennifer Lopez is a famous singer. She is also a famous actress, 2. Use a semi-colon to separate the sentences. A semi-colon is not as strong as a period, but, strong enough to separate the two ideas., Jennifer Lopez is a famous singer; she is also a famous actress., 3. Use a comma and a linking word to link the two ideas together. A comma provides a, pause between the thoughts and the linking word continues the thought fluently., Jennifer Lopez is a famous singer, and she is also a famous actress., , 1, , 163
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , PART VI: ANSWERS TO EXERCISES, , 244 gmatclub, , 1
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Exercise 1: Identifying Subject, Verb, Complement and Modifier, 1. Jerry / opened / his present., S, V, C, 2. Mr. Johnson / drinks / coffee / every morning., S, V, C, M, 3. Birds / fly., S, V, 4. The dog / chased / the cat / up the tree., S, V, C, M, 5. The wind / blew / violently., S, V, M, 6. Jimmy / scored / a goal / at the soccer match / last Saturday., S, V, C, M, M, 7. They / ran / inside / quickly., S, V, M, M, 8. Bill, George and Alice / bought / CDs / at the music store / today., S, V, C, M, M, 9. The barrel / rolled / down the hill., S, V, M, 10. Terry / is watching / television., S, V, C, , Exercise 2: Identifying Count and Non-Count Nouns, minute, , C, , clothing, , N, , canyon, , C, , gas, , N, , smoke, , N, , food, , N, , eye, , C, , bus, , C, , spoon, , C, , advice, , N, , milk, , N, , math, , N, , 2, , gmatclub 245
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Exercise 3: Using Articles, 1. John is wearing ___a___ baseball cap today., 2. __The__ chair is ___a___ useful piece of furniture., 3. __The__ chairs in __the__ living room are antiques., 4. She cried when she peeled __the_or_an___ onion. (Depends if onion is being referred to, specifically or generally.), 5. __The_or Ø__ women like to wear ___Ø____ jewelry. (Depends if women are being, referred to specifically or generally.), 6. __The___ jewelry that my sister wears is made of ___Ø___ gold., 7. When you look at __the___ moon, you can see ___a___ face., 8. ___An___ hour ago I saw ___an___ eagle flying overhead., 9. ___Ø___ life can be fun, but sometimes there are ___Ø____ problems., 10. ___The____ last time I saw ____a____ bear, I was travelling in ___Ø___ Europe., , Exercise 4: Using Other / Another, 1. I received two gifts for my birthday. One was from my parents. __The other__ one was, from my brother., 2. This pie is fantastic! Can I have ___another___ piece?, 3. These pants don’t fit well. Let me try ___the other___ ones., 4. I have a large stamp collection. The stamps in this section are from the United States., ___Others___ are from ___other___ places in the world., 5. Joshua likes to wear Nike shoes. He won’t wear any ___other___ brand., 6. I’m almost finished with my homework. I just need ___another___ ten minutes., 7. John, Melissa and I are going to the movies. ___The others___ are going to the Craft, Fair., 8. This house is brand new. ___The other___ house is really old., 9. We like to swim. ___Others____ like to surf, and still ___others___ like to ski., 10. You can buy this shirt and ___another____ one. Which ___other____ would you like?, , 246 gmatclub, , 3
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Exercise 5: Determining Quantity, 1. Joan drank __________ sodas., a., b., c., d., e., f., g., h., i., j., k., l., , 2. Randy drank _________ coffee., , five, a few, hardly any, several, no, a lot of, a great deal of, too much, some, a number of, too many, a little, , a., b., c., d., e., f., g., h., i., j., k., l., , five, a few, hardly any, several, no, a lot of, a great deal of, too much, some, a number of, too many, a little, , Exercise 6: Using the Present Tense Forms of Verbs, 1. John ___is sleeping___ (sleep) on the couch at the moment., 2. My dad always ___sits___ (sit) in that chair., 3. I ___like___ (like) to go to the movies on the weekends., 4. The children ___are playing___ (play) at the neighbor’s house today., 5. The company ___is building___ (build) a new store., 6. Water ___washes___ (wash) away dirt., 7. My little brother ___has eaten___ (eat) all the candy! It’s all gone!, 8. Jane ___is reading___ (read) her favorite book now., 9. Those boys ___have scared___ (scare) that cat many times before., 10. My wife and I ___cry___ (cry) when we watch sad movies., , 4, , gmatclub 247
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Exercise 7: Using the Past Tense Forms of Verbs, 1. She ___was talking___ (talk) on the phone when the door bell rang., 2. Yesterday, I ___caught___ (catch) a big fish on our camping trip., 3. Our group ___hiked___ (hike) the full length of the Inca Trail last week., 4. The bear ___had climbed___ (climb) a tree before the dogs got there., 5. The sky diver ___was falling___ (fall) very fast when the parachute opened., 6. My grandparents ___had arrived___ (arrive) before I returned from school., 7. I ___read___ (read) that story last year in literature class., 8. Mary ___was watching_ _ (watch) a movie when her aunt called from New York., 9. Jason ___was fishing___ (fish) in the pond when he saw a big snake., 10. The plumber ___found___ (find) the source of the water leak., , Exercise 8: Using the Future Tense of Verbs, 1. Steve, Lucy and I __will go__ (go) to Harvard University this fall., 2. I __will have started___ (start) classes by the time Rachel returns from Europe., 3. Rachel __will join___ (join) me in class when she returns., 4. I __will be thinking___ (think) about Rachel until she returns safely., 5. My cat __will be crying__ (cry) when I get home because she is hungry., 6. Our dog, Rufus, __will travel__ (travel) with us this summer., 7. My letter __will have arrived__ (arrive) to Rita by the time I get there., 8. The pilot said that it __will be raining__ (rain) when we arrive in Brazil., 9. My sister __will marry__ (marry) this coming June., 10. Tom __will have eaten__ (eat) three hamburgers when he finishes this one., , 248 gmatclub, , 5
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Exercise 9: Using the Perfect Continuous Tense of Verbs, 1. John __will have been hunting__ (hunt) for six hours when the sun goes down., 2. Sally and Mary __have been playing__ (play) together for three hours., 3. Our fans __had been cheering__ (cheer) until the other team scored., 4. Ralph and I __have been shopping__ (shop) all day., 5. The truck __had been making__ (make) bad noises until we got it fixed., 6. All the turkey __will have been eaten__ (eat) by the time we arrive., , Exercise 10: Using Say and Tell, 1. Jason __told__ his friend to shut up., 2. Jane __said__ that she is feeling sick., 3. My English teacher __said__ that I’m learning quickly., 4. The driver __said__, “I’ll pick you up at the airport.”, 5. Please, __tell__ me where to find the washing detergent., 6. The angry mother __said__, “ I __told__ you not to do that!”, 7. I heard Peter __say__ that he was going out with Becky tonight., 8. The security guard __told__ me to get off the stage., 9. __Tell__ me the story again!, 10. Will you __tell__ John to meet me after work?, , Exercise 11: Using Know and Know How, 1. The boys __know how__ to catch rabbits with snares., 2. Do you __know how__ to get to the airport from here?, 3. I didn’t __know__ that Jenny was pregnant., 4. I am amazed that Jack __knows__ where to go from here., 5. Some primitive tribes __knew how__ to perform surgery long ago., , 6, , gmatclub 249
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Exercise 12: Using Need, 1. I need __to finish__ (finish) my homework., 2. The bus needs to be __filled__ (fill) with gas., 3. Mary’s garden needs __watering__ (water)., 4. The thief needs to be __punished__ (punish)., 5. Harold will need __to make__ (make) extra cash for his trip., 6. This problem needs __solving__ (solve)., 7. Nancy needs __to wash__ (wash) the dishes soon., 8. The crops need to be __harvested__ (harvest) before it rains., 9. Stacy and I need __to move__ (move) to another apartment., 10. That hole in the road needs __filling__ (fill)., , Exercise 13: Using Like/As, 1. My little brother cries _like__ a baby., 2. My stomach felt _as if/as though_ a train had run through it., 3. Darren appeared _as if/as though_ he needed help on the exam., 4. The Olympic sprinter can run _like_ the wind during competition., 5. The actor plays the part _as if/as though_ he were the actual character., 6. Margie’s computer is so old that it runs _like_ a turtle., 7. George’s mom is short and fat _like_ my mom., 8. Mr. Brown spoke _as if/as though_ he knew about quantum physics., 9. The winning fans responded _as if/as though_ their team was the greatest., 10. The winning fans responded _like_ a bunch of crazed maniacs., , 250 gmatclub, , 7
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Exercise 14: Using Between/Among, 1. Can you tell the difference _between_ this photo and the other one?, 2. Joanne found her wallet _between_ the bed and dresser., 3. Walter looked for his dog _among_ the houses of his neighborhood., 4. Charles and Sandra took a romantic walk _among_ the park fountains., 5. John felt at home _among_ his classmates at the school reunion., 6. The children couldn’t decide _between_ chocolate or vanilla ice cream., 7. Ms. Jennings was the most appreciated teacher _among_ her colleagues., 8. Our group was the noisiest _among_ all the fans that cheered at the game., 9. Walking _among_ the veterans’ graves made my grandfather very sad., 10. Could you get my keys laying on the table _between_ the couch and chair?, , Exercise 15: Using Raise/Rise, Set/Sit and Lay/Lie, 1. Hens (lay, lie) eggs., 2. Janice (set, sat) the table for dinner., 3. Janice (set, sat) at the table for dinner., 4. Mrs. Smith (raises, rises) a garden every year., 5. I (laid, lay) my wallet on top of the dresser., 6. The ability to succeed (lies, lays) within you., 7. The old lady (set, sat) on the bench because she was tired., 8. Hot air (raises, rises)., 9. When I get tired, I (lay, lie) down and take a nap., 10. Jennifer (raised, rose) from her seat to pick up her test paper., , 8, , gmatclub 251
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Exercise 16: Subject/Verb Agreement, 1. The daughter of my best friend (has/have) won the spelling competition., 2. The geese that fly south for the winter (is/are) nesting around the lake., 3. The mayor, together with his wife, (is/are) attending the inaugural ball., 4. John and his wife Mary will (has/have) been married seven year tomorrow., 5. Police cars, which are old and outdated, (is/are) being auctioned off today., 6. Earthquakes around the ring of fire (has/have) been more frequent lately., 7. Joan of Arc, who led many Frenchmen in revolution, (was/were) the subject of my report., 8. The jury, which has been deliberating the Johnson trial, (has/have) been ordered to make, a decision soon., 9. The grandson of the late Mr. Hopkins (has/have) inherited the billionaire’s estate., 10. Michele, along with Sam and Justin, (is/are) coming for my birthday party., , Exercise 17: Using Pronouns, 1. I think (he, his, him) is a great teacher., 2. Jason had to get (he, him, himself) ready for school today., 3. That yellow cat over there is (me, mine, my)., 4. The snake bit (we, us, our) horse on (it, it’s, its) leg., 5. Joanne and (I, me) don’t want to go to (him, his, he) party., 6. I can’t believe that (you, your) mother doesn’t like (our, ours)., 7. John thought that (he, his, him) could do the job by (hisself, himself)., 8. The cute boy speaks to (she, her) every morning as (they, them, themselves) walk to, school., 9. All of (we, us) boy scouts are going camping this weekend., 10. (She, Her) scolded (she, her) dog for ruining (it, its, it’s) new toy., , 252 gmatclub, , 9
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Exercise 18: Creating Embedded Questions, 1. Who has seen the new vampire movie?, I’d like to know __who has seen the new vampire movie__., 2. How do you do this algebra homework?, Could you tell me __how to do this algebra homework__?, 3. Where can I find that new fantasy book?, Tell me __where I can find that new fantasy book__., 4. When will the train arrive?, The travel updates __show when the train will arrive__., 5. Why is Sally crying?, Do you have any idea __why Sally is crying__?, , Exercise 19: Creating Tag Questions, 1. You’re learning English quickly, __aren’t you__?, 2. Tommy is going to the party with us, __isn’t he__?, 3. Tom and Andy will be coming to the movies with us, __won’t they__?, 4. It’s a great time of the year for a vacation, __isn’t it__?, 5. There isn’t any pizza left from last night, __is there__?, 6. We’ve already taken that test, __haven’t we__?, 7. Yvette is going to Peru this year, __isn’t she__?, 8. There’s plenty of room left in the bus, __isn’t there__?, 9. They shouldn’t be playing around that area, __should they__?, 10. You have been to Washington D.C., __haven’t you__?, , 10, , gmatclub 253
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Exercise 20: Using Adjectives and Adverbs, 1. They sing (good, well)., , __AV__, , 2. Ellen’s chocolate cake is (delicious, deliciously)., , __AJ__, , 3. The students speak (fluent, fluently) English., , __AJ__, , 4. The students speak English (fluent, fluently)., , __AV__, , 5. This is an (awesome, awesomely) painting., , __AJ__, , 6. The lady at the opera sang (beautiful, beautifully)., , __AV__, , 7. (Incredible, Incredibly), the baby survived the plane crash., , __AV__, , 8. That is a (considerable, considerably) fee to enter the game., , __AJ__, , 9. The fee is (considerable, considerably) more than I expected., , __AV__, , 10. He needs to swim (fast, fastly) in order to beat the champion., , __A V__, , Exercise 21: Using Conjunctions in Parallel Structure, 1. Sally, , an, , Randy went to the dance together., , 2. The children played lively, 3. Johnny is jumping, , an, , energetically., , an, , bouncing on the trampoline., , 4. Margaret has lost her earrings, , bu, , 5. That color isn’t really brown, orange,, , 254 gmatclub, , ______nouns_________, ______adverbs_______, _____ verbs_________, , not her bracelet., , ______nouns________, , red., , ______adjectives_____, , o, , 11
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Exercise 22: Identifying Prepositions and Objects of Prepositions, 1. The dragon blew fire at the knight., P OP, 2. Yesterday, I saw Kathy at the store around the corner., P, OP, P, OP, 3. The scared rabbit ran under the porch., P, OP, 4. In the beginning, John was nervous about the test., P, OP, P, OP, 5. The eggs were broken in the carton., P, OP, 6. Sally hurt her knee on the ice from the fall., P, OP P, OP, 7. Children love to play in the snow., P OP, 8. The band played passionately to the fans at the stadium., P, OP P OP, 9. The medics rushed the patient down the hall into the emergency room., P, OP P, OP, 10. Carla and Amy love to go to the movies on Saturday night., P OP, P, OP, , Exercise 23: Using Comparisons, 1. This bowl of soup is __hotter__ (hot) than the last bowl., 2. She acts __as well as__ (well) as Sandra Bullock., 3. Jerry’s pet is __more exotic__ (exotic) than Sue’s., 4. Your graduation gift is __better__ (good) than mine., 5. My job is __as serious__ (serious) as yours., 6. He was __more determined__ (determined) than Joe to win the race., 7. Charlie has grown __as tall__ (tall) as his brother., 8. She was __as shocked__ (shock) as I to see the test results., 9. Johnny was __more truthful__ (truthful) than before in telling his story., 10. I feel __worse__(bad) today than yesterday., , 12, , gmatclub 255
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Exercise 24: Using Comparisons: Than, As, From, 1. A cat is much quicker __than__ a mouse., 2. The dolphins swam as fast __as__ our boat., 3. Jennifer was much more certain of the answer __than__ Julie., 4. My twin cousin is indistinguishable __from__ the other., 5. Unmanned rockets can now travel much further __than__ the moon., 6. John’s speech was much different __from__ mine., 7. The ball game continued much longer __than__ expected., 8. Our cheerleaders were as good __as__ theirs., 9. Nathan was stronger __than__ Michael, so he won the match., 10. I think crumpets are much tastier __than__ crepes., , Exercise 25: Avoiding Double Negatives, 1. Kathy didn’t do nothing., , Kathy didn’t do anything., , 2. There isn’t no milk in the refrigerator., , There isn’t any milk in the refrigerator., , OR, , There is no milk in the refrigerator., , 3. I can’t never understand him., , I can’t ever understand him., , 4. We couldn’t see nothing at the concert., , We couldn’t see anything at the concert, , 5. They didn’t trust nobody., , They didn’t trust anybody., , 256 gmatclub, , 13
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Practice Test 1, Basic Level, , 1., , b, , 11., , b, , 21., , c, , 31., , d, , 41., , d, , 2., , d, , 12., , c, , 22., , e, , 32., , b, , 42., , d, , 3., , a, , 13., , b, , 23., , c, , 33., , c, , 43., , e, , 4., , e, , 14., , e, , 24., , a, , 34., , d, , 44., , c, , 5., , b, , 15., , a, , 25., , d, , 35., , a, , 45., , a, , 6., , e, , 16., , d, , 26., , d, , 36., , e, , 46., , d, , 7., , b, , 17., , e, , 27., , b, , 37., , c, , 47., , b, , 8., , d, , 18., , c, , 28., , e, , 38., , b, , 48., , b, , 9., , c, , 19., , e, , 29., , c, , 39., , a, , 49., , d, , 10., , a, , 20., , b, , 30., , a, , 40., , e, , 50., , e, , 14, , gmatclub 257
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Part II Intermediate, Exercise 26: Creating Relative Clauses, 1. The cat is in my yard again., , The cat has a broken leg., , The cat, that (or which) has the broken leg, is in my yard again., 2. I am going to see the doctor., , The doctor delivered me when I was born., , I am going to see the doctor who delivered me when I was born., 3. Jim Carey autographed my shirt., , 4. Once, I met a man., , __R__, , Jim Carey is the funniest man ever., , Jim Carey, who is the funniest man ever, autographed my shirt., , _NR_, , The man’s teeth were all gold., , Once, I met a man whose teeth were all gold., 5. The chain broke., , _NR_, , __R__, , The chain keeps the bear from escaping., , The chain that (or which) keeps the bear from escaping broke., , __R__, , OR The chain broke that (or which) keeps the bear from escaping., 6. Dragons breathe columns of fire., , Dragons fly through the night sky., , Dragons that (or which) fly through the night breath columns of fire. __R__, 7. Free Willy was a cute move., , Free Willy was a story about freedom., , Free Willy, that (or which) was a story about freedom, was a cute movie. NR, 8. Chester came to my party., , Chester was an amazing guitar player., , Chester, who was an amazing guitar player, came to my party., 9. The baby was rushed to the hospital., , The baby’s arm was broken., , The baby, whose arm was broken, was rushed to the hospital., 10. Jessica met a new friend., , _NR_, , Jessica liked her friend very much., , Jessica met a new friend whom she liked very much., , 2, , _NR_, , 15, , __R__
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Exercise 27: Using Gerunds and Infinitives, 1. She isn’t accustomed to (drink) __drinking__ water with her meals., 2. I’m prepared (answer) __to answer__ any question that might be required during my, interview., 3. John was (hope) __hoping__ to receive a scholarship for his efforts., 4. They agreed (cooperate) __to cooperate__ with the investigation., 5. Kelly opened the window (let) __to let__ in some fresh air., 6. (Live) __Living__ in a large city can be stressful., 7. I’ll help you as soon as I finish (mow) __mowing__ the lawn., 8. Did you remember (deliver) __to deliver__ the package before going to work?, 9. Ivan took a deep breath (relax) __to relax__ himself before taking the stage., 10. The policeman couldn’t tolerate his (run) __running__ away., , Exercise 28: Using Causative Verbs, 1. Johnny’s mom made him __clean__ (clean) his room., 2. I am having the seamstress __alter__ (alter) my dress., 3. My parents got me __to visit__ (visit) my aunt before leaving town., 4. Our boss let us __leave__ (leave) the meeting early., 5. We should help Jennifer __study__ (study) for her final exam., 6. They will have to get the judge __to sign__ (sign) the form before they can proceed., 7. The Johnson’s always have us __feed__ (feed) their dog for them during their summer, vacation., 8. Ralph is getting Julia __to write__ (write) his essay for him., 9. The dog made the cat __climb__ (climb) the tree quickly., 10. I got the mechanic __to fix__ (fix) my car before he went to lunch., , 16, , gmatclub 259
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Exercise 29: Using Affirmative Agreement, 1. Randall wants to go to Europe and I __do__ too., 2. Their parents are attending the benefit dinner and so __are__ mine., 3. My English teacher likes to go dancing and so __do__ I., 4. Ellen needs to go to the dentist and her husband __does__ too., 5. I need to finish my homework and you __do__ too., 6. My car should have its tires replaced and so __should__ yours., 7. Sally wrote her congressman and Robert __did__ too., 8. They like to play board games and so __do__ we., 9. George is very tall and so __is__ his sister., 10. Mary is flying to France today and Mark __is__ too., , Exercise 30: Using Modals, 1. If I finish this large pot of stew before lunchtime, I __will__ take it to the homeless, shelter., 2. Had Jonathon had not fallen down the stairs, he __would (or could)__ be playing in the, game tonight., 3. You __should (or ought to)__ get that cough checked if you don’t want to end up in the, hospital., 4. Mike __could (or might)__ have won the competition if he had studied harder., 5. Sally __will__ be able to go with us if she finishes her errands., 6. __Can (or Could or Would)__ you please tell me where the museum is located?, 7. If he grows any bigger, he __won’t__ fit into any of his clothes., 8. You __shouldn’t__ do that if you don’t want to get into trouble., , 2, , 17
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Exercise 31: Using Real and Unreal Conditionals, 1. Had Bob known it was his cousins birthday he would __have taken__ (take) the day off., 2. You could __move__ (move) in today if they offered the place to you., 3. Sue might __have accepted__ (accept) your offer if she thought it was fair., 4. The repairmen would fix your problem if you __contacted__ (contact) them., 5. If you __had gone__ (go) when I told you, you wouldn’t have missed him., 6. If I _talk__ (talk) slower, do you think you could understand me?, 7. We wouldn’t be lost if we __had taken__ (take) better instructions., 8. If I can go to the concert, I will __call__ (call) you later., 9. Mary can go swimming if she __has__ (have) extra time., 10. I would help you with the equation if I __knew__ (know) more about physics., , Exercise 32: Using Because / Because Of, 1. Jack couldn’t go to the game __because__ he had homework., 2. The writer wasn’t able to concentrate __because of__ all the noise., 3. Nancy had to go to the doctor’s __because__ her throat hurt., 4. I love to play golf __because__ it relaxes me., 5. John couldn’t play golf with me __because of__ his bad back., 6. They went to that restaurant __because of__ the recommendation., 7. __Because__ he was arrogant, Sally didn’t like the new boy., 8. We ended up going another way __because__ the road was blocked., 9. The storm was extra strong __because of__ the weather conditions., 10. I am learning English quickly __because__ I am studying a lot., , 18, , gmatclub 261
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Exercise 33: Using So / Such, 1. Bill was __so__ happy about the promotion that he bought everyone lunch., 2. We had __such__ expectations for going that we cancelled all appointments., 3. Larry was __such__ a good friend that he loaned me his car., 4. The artwork was __so__ amazing that it won every prize., 5. The earthquake happened at __such__ an hour that we weren’t expecting it., 6. There were __so__ many ants on the cake that we had to throw it away., 7. Sally prepared __so__ thoroughly that she easily won the competition., 8. The Henderson’s were __such__ happy people that we visited them often., 9. The comedian was __so__ entertaining that we lost track of time., 10. Ronny was __so__ sick that he missed the party., , 262 gmatclub, , 19
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Practice Test 2, Intermediate Level, , 1., , b, , 11., , e, , 21., , d, , 31., , b, , 41., , c, , 2., , d, , 12., , b, , 22., , e, , 32., , a, , 42., , e, , 3., , d, , 13., , d, , 23., , a, , 33., , c, , 43., , d, , 4., , d, , 14., , c, , 24., , e, , 34., , d, , 44., , c, , 5., , b, , 15., , a, , 25., , b, , 35., , e, , 45., , b, , 6., , a, , 16., , c, , 26., , c, , 36., , d, , 46., , a, , 7., , b, , 17., , e, , 27., , d, , 37., , c, , 47., , c, , 8., , d, , 18., , b, , 28., , a, , 38., , d, , 48., , d, , 9., , c, , 19., , d, , 29., , c, , 39., , b, , 49., , e, , 10., , d, , 20., , c, , 30., , e, , 40., , a, , 50., , b, , 20, , gmatclub 263
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Part III Advanced, Exercise 34: Using Used To, 1. Eric was used to __going__ to the movies every Friday night., 2. Mary and Phillip used to __date__ back in high school., 3. When I had extra time and money, I used to __travel__ a lot., 4. I got used to __eating__ llama when I lived in South America., 5. My parents are used to __flying__ to Paris for their anniversary., 6. William used to __be__ a faster runner than his brother., 7. The actors got used to __rehearsing__ long hours for that production., 8. Do you ever get used to __performing__ in front of an audience?, 9. Jessica used to __visit__ her grandmother every afternoon when she was sick., 10. Jonathon isn’t used to __sleeping__ alone so he still sleeps with his parents., , Exercise 35: Using Would Rather, 1. Debby would rather __go__ to the movies with her friends tonight., 2. Ralph would rather __have gone__ to the ball game yesterday., 3. Our teacher would rather that we __study__ for the exam than go to the pep rally., 4. Harold would rather __not work__ tomorrow., 5. The politician would rather that we __vote__ for him in the upcoming election., 6. I would rather __play__ soccer than volleyball., 7. Mark’s parents would rather that he __not had gone__ to that school last semester., 8. Mary would rather they __had served__ seafood than pizza at the convention last night., 9. Bill would rather __take__ his exam tomorrow than today., 10. John’s sister would rather that he __not embarrass__ her in front of her friends all the, time., , 264 gmatclub, , 21
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Exercise 36: Using Wish / Hope, 1. Mary wishes that John __would go__ with her to the prom next weekend., 2. I hope that my plane __doesn’t crash__ !, 3. The defeated warriors wish they __had won__ the battle., 4. We wish that John __would/could have played__ in the championship game last night., 5. Darren hopes that his grandparents __can/will come__ to his graduation., 6. Natalie wishes that she __would/could have had__ enough time to visit her cousin., 7. The government wishes that it __could do/could have done__ more to help the, economy., 8. I wish that Freddie __would/could arrive__ on time., 9. They hope that the movie __hasn’t started__ yet., 10. The boy wishes that his sister __will/would feel__ better tomorrow., , Exercise 37: Using Should / Must, 1. The girls were forbidden to reenter the cinema. They __should have kept__ their ticket, stubs., 2. Eric began vomiting in class. He __must have eaten__ something bad for lunch., 3. Julie was crying in the hallway. Her boyfriend __must have said__ something to hurt, her., 4. My little brother was thrown from the horse. I __shouldn’t have allowed__ him to ride, it., 5. It was very late. We __should have left__ much earlier., 6. The teacher is very angry. His class __must have done__ something wrong., 7. Ralph failed his English exam. He __should have paid__ more attention in class., 8. My boss looks very upset. He __must have had__ a bad meeting., 9. Mary won’t talk to Mike. He __shouldn’t have said__ those bad things to her., 10. Henry’s cat hasn’t returned. He __must have let__ it out of the house., , 22, , gmatclub 265
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Exercise 38: Passive Voice, 1. Every day patients are treated (by the doctor)., 2. The visitors are being treated to lunch (by Allen)., 3. The tests should be scored today (by the teacher)., 4. A baby was left at the church doors (by somebody)., 5. Ten team members have been chosen (by Teresa) to help with the campaign., 6. The package was being delivered (by the driver) when the accident occurred., 7. The verdict has been delivered (by the judge)., 8. The tasks have been finished (by the staff) for the day., 9. The code will have been deciphered (by Renaldo) by the weekend., 10. The tickets should have been received (by my parents) yesterday., , Exercise 39: Using Enough, 1. Mary didn’t have (time enough / enough time) to go to Mark’s game., 2. Do you have (sugar enough / enough sugar) to make brownies?, 3. The teacher’s voice was (loud enough / enough loud) to be heard down the hall., 4. This board isn’t (long enough / enough long) to finish the project., 5. Jimmy didn’t have (jam enough / enough jam) for his toast., 6. Mr. Jenkins didn’t get up (early enough / enough early) to make the meeting., 7. Martin found (coins enough / enough coins) to buy a comic book., 8. Our youth group raised (money enough / enough money) to go on the mission trip., 9. The train couldn’t produce (steam enough / enough steam) to climb the mountain., 10. Johnny wasn’t (good enough / enough good) to go on the field trip., , 266 gmatclub, , 23
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Exercise 40: Using Subjunctives, 1. The professor insisted that Shelly turned turn in her paper., 2. It was imperative that they stopped stop the bleeding immediately., 3. It have has been suggested that Shaun give the ceremonial speech., 4. She is to propose proposed that the meeting end early for the holiday., 5. The president ordered that Congress takes take an action on the bill soon., 6. The officer demanded that the suspect should stop running., 7. It was urged that they leave the island before nightfall., 8. Johnny prefers that the girls cheer when he scores., , correct, , correct, , 9. The teacher asked that the students not stood stand in the middle of the hall., 10. It was recommended that we arrive at the theater early., , correct, , Exercise 41: Using Inclusives, Fill in the blank with the missing connector in the following sentences., 1. Jonathon plays violin __as well as__ guitar., 2. My sister bought __not only__ a new house but also a new car., 3. Our teacher can speak __both__ English and Spanish., 4. I am learning not only to speak English __but also__ to teach it., 5. Alison was sweating __as well as__ vomiting., 6. I can both rub my belly __and__ pat my head., 7. The new student speaks __not only__ fast but also unclear., 8. Mr. Milton is my football coach __as well as__ my baseball coach., 9. Sally is both pretty __and__ intelligent., 10. Randolph is not only intelligent __but also__ handsome., , 24, , gmatclub 267
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Exercise 42: Using Clauses of Concession, 1. My friend showed me how to do the magic trick despite having promised to keep it a, secret. (though), __My friend showed me how to do the magic trick though he promised to keep it a, secret.__, 2. In spite of it being expensive, Jack likes to dine at that fine restaurant. (even though), __Jack likes to dine at the fine restaurant even though it’s expensive.__, 3. Michael searched hours for his favorite photo even though he never found it. (although), __Although Michael searched hours for his favorite photo, he never found it.___, 4. Mary went for a long walk though it was raining. (despite), __Mary went for a long walk despite the rain.__, 5. He continued to exercise although his back hurt. (in spite of), __He continued to exercise in spite of the pain in his back.__, 6. The group enjoyed the concert even though it was noisy. (despite), __Despite it being noisy, the group enjoyed the concert.__, 7. In spite of his bad grades, Greg passed the class. (though), __Greg passed the class even though he had bad grades.__, 8. Fred asked Susie to the dance even though she didn’t like him. (although), __Although Susie didn’t like him, Fred asked her to the dance.__, 9. Though Roger was much older than Lisa, he looked much younger. (in spite of), __In spite of being older than Lisa, Roger looked much younger.__, 10. George joined the army despite his parent’s objections. (even though), __George joined the army even though his parents objected.__, , 268 gmatclub, , 25
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Ultimate GMAT Grammar, Answer Sheet, , Grammar, , Exercise 43: Identifying Vague Pronoun References, 1. A_____ Mel Gibson produced Brave Heart at the height of his career and it was a, phenomenal accomplishment., B__X__ Mel Gibson produced Brave Heart at the height of his career and the movie, was a phenomenal accomplishment., 2. A__X__ Gibson received much praise and made a lot of money, but he was very, modest about his achievements., B_____ Gibson received much praise and made a lot of money, but he was very modest, about it., 3. A_____ Henry bought a German made car because he read that they make the best, models., B__X__ Henry bought a German made car because he read that the Germans, make the best models., 4. A_____ Nancy was extremely overweight and it was hard., B__X___ Nancy was extremely overweight and her life was hard., 5. A__X__ Derrick’s father wondered if Derrick were good enough to play college ball., B_____ Derrick’s father wondered if he were good enough to play college ball., 6. A_____ Lowering the puppy into the mother’s cage, Janet felt it bite her., B__X_ Lowering the puppy into the mother’s cage, Janet felt the puppy bite her., 7. A_____ At the local fair, the manager allows children under five to enter free., B__X__ At the local fair, they allow children under five to enter free., 8. A_____ Mary and Allison left their purses at the table, but then they weren’t sure if they, were safe., B__X_ Mary and Allison left their purses at the table, but then they weren’t sure, if their purses were safe., 9. A__X__ My car scraped the farmer’s fence, but the fence wasn’t damaged., B_____ My car scraped the farmer’s fence, but it wasn’t damaged., , 26, , gmatclub 269
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Grammar, , GMAT Club, , Answer Sheet, , Exercise 44: Correcting Sentences with Dangling Modifiers, 1. To teach more thoroughly, the demonstration was given again., __The demonstration was repeated in order for it to be more thorough., 2. After reading the original manuscript, the play lacks excitement., __The original play manuscript lacked excitement so it was rewritten.__, 3. Leaving the stress of your job, your home should be a place to relax., __Your home should be a place to relax and escape the stress of your job.__, 4. The experiment was a failure, not having listened closely to instructions., __The experiment was a failure because the instructions were not closely followed.__, 5. Having been thrown in the air, the dog caught the stick., __The dog caught the stick that had been thrown in the air.__, 6. While playing a computer game, the telephone rang., __The telephone rang while I was playing a computer game.__, 7. Running across the floor, the rug slipped and I fell., __While running across the floor, I slipped on the rug and fell.__, 8. Standing on the hotel balcony, the mountainous view was spectacular., __The mountain view was spectacular from the hotel balcony.__, 9. Being piled up next to the washer, I began doing laundry., __I began to do laundry because the clothes were piled up next to the washer.__, 10. While taking out the trash, the sack broke., __The trash sack broke when I was taking it out.__, , 270 gmatclub, , 27
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